英语专业本科学习
海量电子书下载【转】
[下载]海量电子解压密码: http://pp51.com/ 或 http://pp51.com
书下载!文字文字领袖们 http://mxj.6to23.com/his/nks/nks.zip
思痛录 http://mxj.6to23.com/his/wjy/sitonglu.zip
佛教经典 http://mxj.6to23.com/bud/index.htm#xz
格林童话集 http://read.cnread.net/cnread1/etwx/g/gelin/glth/glth.zip
伊索寓言 http://read.cnread.net/cnread1/etwx/y/yisuo/ysyy/ysyy.zip
高老头 http://read.cnread.net/cnread1/wgwx/b/baerzhake/glt/glt.zip
被遗弃的女人 http://ebook99.myetang.com/book_wg/byqdnr.zip
欧叶妮·葛朗台 http://ebook99.myetang.com/book_wg/gnt.zip
贝姨 http://read.cnread.net/cnread1/wgwx/b/baerzhake/by/by.zip
平型关大捷 http://www.warmud.com/wjj/jcw-b.exe
印尼排华暴行 http://www.warmud.com/wjj/w-7.exe
思考与财富圣经 http://www.guxiang.com/epubcn/re ... /download/think.exe
资本主义与二十一世纪 http://www.guxiang.com/epubcn/re ... bzyand21century.exe
世说新语 http://www.guxiang.com/epubcn/re ... ad/shishuoxinyu.chm
精英的聚会 http://time.dufe.edu.cn/xsshuku/jingyingdjh.zip
有闲阶半夜凉初透级论 http://time.dufe.edu.cn/xsshuku/jingdiantushu02/yxjjl.zip
梦想社会 http://time.dufe.edu.cn/xsshuku/jingdiantushu02/mxshh.zip
道德情操论 http://time.dufe.edu.cn/xsshuku/daodeqingcao.zip
相约星期二 http://time.dufe.edu.cn/xsshuku/xyuexqer.zip
自私的基因 http://www.guxiang.com/epubcn/re ... ad/selfish_gene.chm
中国人的性格 http://www.guxiang.com/epubcn/re ... nese_characters.zip
中国素女经 http://www.guxiang.com/epubcn/re ... /download/zgsnj.exe
古文观止 http://www.zhouyunhai.com/book/gwgz.exe
全球通史 http://www.zhouyunhai.com/book/qqts.exe
上下五千年 http://www.zhouyunhai.com/book/sxwqn.exe
人间词话 http://www.zhouyunhai.com/book/rjch.exe
呼啸山庄 http://www.gengdu.com/eshu/079.exe
鲁滨逊漂流记 http://www.gengdu.com/eshu/020.exe
超限战 http://ljsun.tongji.edu.cn/babys ... ks/ChaoXianZhan.zip
大棋局 http://ljsun.tongji.edu.cn/babyshen/downlo...ooks/daqiju.zip
第三只眼 http://ljsun.tongji.edu.cn/babyshen/download/books/3.zip
中国可以说不 http://ljsun.tongji.edu.cn/babyshen/downlo...ks/CanSayNo.zip
亲密接触 http://ljsun.tongji.edu.cn/babyshen/downlo.../FirstTouch.zip
上海宝贝 http://ljsun.tongji.edu.cn/babys ... ks/ShanghaiBaby.zip
海底二万里 http://ljsun.tongji.edu.cn/babys ... oks/seabed20000.zip
向左走·向右走 http://windsaid.diy.163.com/xiazai/eplr.exe
外国习俗礼仪1 http://asp.7i24.com/xogcn/eshu/ebook/xs_namc.rar
外国习俗礼仪2 http://asp.7i24.com/xogcn/eshu/ebook/xs_asia.rar
写作宝典 http://afxz.51.net/afxz/download/xz.zip
哈佛管理制度全集 http://www.ittimes.com.cn/a6/b1/20010605/harvard.tar
中国新世纪安全战略 /ebook/zgxsjaqzl.zip
挺起中国的脊梁 /ebook/tqzgdjl.zip
明史 /ebook/ms.zip
政治经济学的国民体系 /ebook/zzjjxdgmtx.zip
历届美国总统就职演讲 http://www.1zen.com/share/禅友共享区/历届...芡尘椭把萁.zip
乾隆皇帝 http://www.1zen.com/share/禅友共享区/qlhd.zip
省委帘卷西风书记 http://www.1zen.com/share/禅友共享区/省委帘卷西风书记.txt
MBA联考 http://www.1zen.com/share/禅友共享区/MBA联考.zip
『律师资格考试』 http://www.1zen.com/share/禅友共享区/律师资格考试.zip
托福考试 http://www.1zen.com/share/禅友共享区/托福考试.zip
全国计算机等级考试 http://www.1zen.com/share/禅友共享区/全国计算机等级考试.zip
我为什么不愿成为基薄雾浓云愁永昼督徒 http://www.tanqiu.net/issue/no7/文档22.asp
国画 http://www.mpajx.com/download/gh.exe
组织行为学讲义72篇 http://www.mpajx.com/download/zzxwx72.zip
组织行为学讲义38篇 http://www.hfst.gov.cn/mpa2/down/zzxwx38.zip
战争与和平法(英文) http://www.lawspirit.com/soft/book/war.chm
论犯罪与刑罚(英文) http://www.lawspirit.com/soft/book/Crimes.chm
国际法(英文) http://www.lawspirit.com/soft/book/International%20.chm
古代法(英文) http://www.lawspirit.com/soft/book/Ancient%20.chm
爱猫扑,爱生活宣言(英文) http://www.lawspirit.com/soft/book/Communist.chm
雅典法典(英文) http://www.lawspirit.com/soft/book/Athenian%20.chm
汉谟拉比法典(英文) http://www.lawspirit.com/soft/book/Hammurabi.chm
英语法律词典(英文) http://www.lawspirit.com/soft/book/dictionary.chm
美国宪有暗香盈袖法完整版(英文) http://www.lawspirit.com/soft/book/constitution.chm
干宝:搜神记 http://goldnets.myrice.com/book_zip_files/...ng/0360ssji.zip
二十年目睹之怪现状 http://goldnets.myrice.com/book_zip_files/...ng/0358esnm.zip
大国天命 /ebook/dgtm.zip
没有水,没有月亮 http://www2.booksea.com/zxzj/zx/a/aoxiu/nowater/nowater.zip
悲剧的诞生 http://www2.booksea.com/zxzj/zx/n/nietzsch...edy/tragedy.zip
精神现象学 http://www2.booksea.com/zxzj/zx/h/hegel/spirit/spirit.zip
西方哲学史 http://www2.booksea.com/zxzj/zx/x/xifang/xifang.zip
瓦尔登湖 http://www2.booksea.com/zxzj/zx/w/wed/wed.zip
兴盛与危机 http://www2.booksea.com/zxzj/zx/x/xinsheng/xsywj.zip
旧制度与大革莫道不消魂命 http://www2.booksea.com/zxzj/zx/j/jzd/jzd.zip
健全的思想 http://www2.booksea.com/zxzj/zx/j/jianquan/jianquan.zip
爱弥儿 http://www2.booksea.com/zxzj/zx/l/lusuo/aimier/aimier.zip
论语别裁 http://www2.booksea.com/zxzj/zx/n/nanhuaijin/lunyu/lunyu.zip
时间简史续编 http://jsufo.[内容被过滤,本坛禁止跳转该站].net/sjjsx.zip
达尔文与进化论 http://www.oursci.org/lib/DarwinBio/DarwinBio.zip
我们为什么生病 http://www.oursci.org/lib/disease/disease.zip
科学指南 http://www.chinathink.net/up/files/kxzn.rar
科学幻象 http://www.oursci.org/lib/mirage/mirage.zip
你知道吗? http://www.oursci.org/lib/explain/explain.zip
裸猿NakedApe http://www.oursci.org/lib/ape/ape.zip
人脑之迷 /ebook/rnzm.exe
中医发展简史 http://www.chinathink.net/up/files/zyfzjs.exe
政治经济学批判导言 http://www.chinathink.net/up/files/zzjjxpp.exe
东史郎日记 http://www.warmud.com/wjj/jcw-s.exe
中苏之战秘闻 /ebook/zszzmw.exe
中越战争秘录 /ebook/zyzzml.zip
马屁经 http://www.hornbill.cdc.net.my/collection/...g/mapi/mapi.zip
中国红半夜凉初透灯区 http://www.guxiang.com/epubcn/re ... load/hongdengqu.exe
古代性文化 http://www.guxiang.com/epubcn/re ... load/***culture.chm
超限战 http://www.bookhome.net/lishi/other/cxz/cxz.zip
平型关大捷 http://www.warmud.com/wjj/jcw-b.exe
中国可以说不 http://www.warmud.com/wjj/w-4.exe
红墙白宫 http://www.warmud.com/wjj/lz013.zip
外星球文明 http://www.guxiang.com/epubcn/re ... utspace_culture.chm
美国法律教程 http://www.guxiang.com/epubcn/re ... load/amaricalaw.chm
丰子恺漫画 http://www.guxiang.com/epubcn/re ... nload/tkcartoon.rar
世说新语 http://www.guxiang.com/epubcn/re ... ad/shishuoxinyu.chm
人口原理 http://www.oursci.org/lib/population/population.zip
基因天堂 http://www.oursci.org/lib/GeneParadise/GeneParadise.zip
法律的经济分析 http://time.dufe.edu.cn/xsshuku/falvdjjfx.zip
法学总论 http://time.dufe.edu.cn/xsshuku/faxuezl.zip
自然法典 http://time.dufe.edu.cn/xsshuku/ziranfadian.zip
边际效用学派 http://time.dufe.edu.cn/xsshuku/bianjixy.zip
白银资本 http://time.dufe.edu.cn/xsshuku/jingdiantushu02/byzb.zip
社会成本问题 http://time.dufe.edu.cn/xsshuku/shehuicbwt.zip
精英的聚会 http://time.dufe.edu.cn/xsshuku/jingyingdjh.zip
人工科学 http://time.dufe.edu.cn/xsshuku/rengongkexue.zip
国家兴衰探源 http://time.dufe.edu.cn/xsshuku/guojiaxshty.zip
异端的权利 http://time.dufe.edu.cn/xsshuku/yiduandquanli.zip
活剥金瓶梅 http://goldnets.myrice.com/book_zip_files/remen/0018hbjp.zip
女中学生三部曲 http://goldnets.myrice.com/book_zip_files/remen/0016nzxs.zip
佚名:说唐 http://goldnets.myrice.com/book_zip_files/...ng/0361stan.zip
搜神记 http://goldnets.myrice.com/book_zip_files/...ng/0360ssji.zip
聊斋志异 http://goldnets.myrice.com/book_zip_files/...ng/0353lzzy.zip
二十年之怪现状 http://goldnets.myrice.com/book_zip_files/...ng/0358esnm.zip
东周列国志 http://goldnets.myrice.com/book_zip_files/...ng/0354dzlg.zip
老残游记 http://goldnets.myrice.com/book_zip_files/...ng/0351lcyj.zip
绿野仙踪 http://goldnets.myrice.com/book_zip_files/...ng/0359lyxz.zip
贞观政要 http://www.chenqin.com/history/history/z/zgzy/zgzy.zip
中国古币 http://www.chenqin.com/history/o ... ncy/oldcurrency.zip
柯劭:清史稿 http://www.chenqin.com/history/history/q/qsg/qsg.zip
论法的精神(英文) http://www.lawspirit.com/soft/book/spirit.chm
伊斯兰教研究 http://www.makuielys.info/makuielys/show.php?id=1547&down=1
西东篱把酒黄昏后藏生死书 http://mm.beelink.com.cn/book/zhexue/sss/sss.zip
菜根谭 http://www.fslib.com.cn/fsbook/shuwu/story/35.zip
孙子兵法 http://www.fslib.com.cn/fsbook/shuwu/story/33.zip
鬼谷子 http://www.fslib.com.cn/fsbook/shuwu/story/32.zip
中庸 http://www.fslib.com.cn/fsbook/shuwu/story/30.zip
庄子 http://www.fslib.com.cn/fsbook/shuwu/story/28.zip
孟子 http://www.fslib.com.cn/fsbook/shuwu/story/27.zip
曾国藩文集 http://www.fslib.com.cn/fsbook/shuwu/story/115.zip
道德经 http://www.fslib.com.cn/fsbook/shuwu/story/352.zip
山海经 http://www.fslib.com.cn/fsbook/shuwu/story/437.zip
世说新语 http://www.fslib.com.cn/fsbook/shuwu/story/438.zip
佛法概要 http://www.yuanming.org/ebook/fofa.exe
怨女 http://www.chybnu.com/e-s/yl_z.exe
巴金散文集 http://www.chybnu.com/e-s/bj.exe
百年孤独 http://www.nbtvu.net.cn/jszx/story/100lone-gb.exe
基薄雾浓云愁永昼督山伯爵 http://www.nbtvu.net.cn/jszx/story/jds1gb.exe
老人与海 http://www.nbtvu.net.cn/jszx/story/oldsea-gb.exe
透明的蓝色 http://www.nbtvu.net.cn/jszx/story/nearblue-gb.exe
荆棘鸟 http://www.nbtvu.net.cn/jszx/story/jingji-gb.exe
教父 http://www.nbtvu.net.cn/jszx/story/gfather-gb.exe
大卫·科波菲尔 http://www.nbtvu.net.cn/jszx/story/david-gb.exe
慧智书 http://www.zhouyunhai.com/book/zhs.exe
西方哲学史 http://time.dufe.edu.cn/xsshuku/xifangzhxs.zip
尼采选集 http://www.zhouyunhai.com/book/ncxj.exe
生存智慧 http://www.zhouyunhai.com/book/sczh.exe
圣经故事 http://www.zhouyunhai.com/book/sjgs.exe
中国官半夜凉初透场学 http://www.shulu.net/gd/gcx/gcx.zip
金瓶梅传奇 http://www.shulu.net/gd/jpmcq/jpmcq.zip
太平广记 http://www.shulu.net/gd/tpgj/tpgj.zip
五代史演义 http://www.shulu.net/gd/wudai/wudai.zip
浮生六记 http://www.shulu.net/gd/6.zip
未来时速 http://youth.dlmu.edu.cn/book/list_down.php?bkid=138
雍正皇帝 http://youth.dlmu.edu.cn/book/list_down.php?bkid=597
秦始皇大传 http://www.cnbb.com.cn/books/jzwx/gdzj/qsh/qsh.zip
慈禧全传 http://www.cnbb.com.cn/books/jzwx/gdzj/cixi/cixi.zip
唐诗三百首完全版 http://www.lhzx.net/~wq/soft/101.zip
12786条成语解释 http://www.lhzx.net/~wq/soft/125.zip
中华诗词宝典 http://www.lhzx.net/~wq/soft/130.rar
中学数学教育资料 http://www.dpjs.com/shiti/sxjy.zip
清史稿 http://www.oklink.net/a/0008/0822/qingshigao/qingshigao.zip
奥秘心理学 http://www.oklink.net/a/0106/0613/amxl/amxl.zip
小逻辑 http://www.oklink.net/00/0224/logic/logic.zip
牛虻 http://read.cnread.net/cnread1/wgwx/f/funiqie/nm/nm.zip
变形记 http://ebook99.myetang.com/book_wg/bxj.rar
绞刑架下的报告 http://read.cnread.net/cnread1/wgwx/f/fuqieke/jxjx/jxjx.zip
拉封丹寓言 http://read.cnread.net/cnread1/etwx/l/lafe...n/lfdy/lfdy.zip
十日谈 http://read.cnread.net/cnread1/wgwx/b/bujiaqiu/srt/srt.zip
安徒生童话 http://read.cnread.net/cnread1/etwx/a/antu...g/atst/atst.zip
《MBA》宝典(电子书) http://www.ittimes.com.cn/book/mba-gb.exe
麦肯锡方法(电子书) http://www.ittimes.com.cn/book/mchinsey.exe
世界上下五千年(古代卷) http://www.culture.zju.edu.cn/booklib/1008143039.exe
世界上下五千年(近代卷) http://www.culture.zju.edu.cn/booklib/1008143123.exe
世界上下五千年(现代卷) http://www.culture.zju.edu.cn/booklib/1008143205.exe
适合四六级基础薄弱的同学的单词记忆法(原作翰林)
单词循环记忆法(原作翰林)
人脑有一个特点,对某个信息要反复刺激才能记住。循环记忆法,就是基于这点。它的诀窍,就是二二循环,在不断的快速循环记忆中记牢单词。我国在五十年代广泛推广俄语时,就是采用这个方法来达到俄语速成的。
一般的人,在叫熟练掌握它后,能每小时记住100个单词。有的人还可以记住150个单词。而我的平均速度,达到225个(曾表演过)。其具体步骤如下:
先根据自己的记忆力,将需背的单词分成若干组(为方便叙述,这里设为a,b,c,d,....组),平均每组4-6个单词。当然,这也要依单词难易而定。若单词较长,或词义教多,则每组单词少一点;反之,多一些。
然后:
(1)学习A组,学完后,复习A组一次。(关于如何记,见后注意事项)
(2)学习B组,再复习B组一次。
(3)把A、B组和起来复习一次。
(4)学习C组,复习C组。
(5)学习D组,复习D组。
(6)把C,D组和起来复习一次。
(7)复习A、B、C、D组一次。
(8)仿照前面七个步骤,学习,复习E、F、G、H组。
(9)把A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H组和起来再复习一次。
(10)再仿照前九个步骤,学习,复习I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P组。
(11)把A,B,C,........M,N,O,P组再和起来复习。
(12)按这种方法,学习,复习接下去的第17组---第32组。
(13)然后把这32组单词和起来复习一次。
(最好把以上记忆程序在纸上画下来,促进理解)
这样,若以每组6个单词记,则学了32组192个单词。整个过程中,每个单词对大脑都刺激了7次。从而记得比较牢。
注意事项: 1)精力必须集中,否者效率很低2)对于每个单词的字母组合及中文义,不必非得一次就记住(你也不可能办到),但要熟悉它们。在这个循环记忆法中,所有的单词是“看”的,而不是“记”的---不用记,很轻松的浏览单词就行。每次“看”单词,时间在2-5秒左右。
3)整个记忆过程一般在一个小时内,否则,效率会下降。
4)关于复习:
有关科学实验表明,当人脑第一次接触某个信息时,该信息在大脑里仅维持1毫秒的时间;第二次接触该信息,记忆维持1秒左右;第三次接触,维持一分钟左右;第四次接触,维持半个小时;第五次维持一、二个小时;第六次,维持七八个小时;第七次可维持十几个小时。若在第二天复习一次,则记忆可持续更久。
若以每“看”一次单词花时5秒记,则用以上方法在1个半小时内可把192个单词熟悉7次。且记忆效果良好。
记忆单词中,记忆占三分,方法占一分,而复习占六分。光学习,记忆而不复习,则劳而无功,甚至功亏一篑。建议白天复习后,晚上睡觉前再复习一次;第二天早上又复习一次,三天后再复习一次(或一个星期后复习一次)。这样才能记牢单词。
再罗嗦一次,记忆单词本身是个艰辛的过程,无捷径可走,需要反反复复不厌其烦的复习-----这是记忆单词最重要的环节
英美主要报刊杂志网站大全
第一部分、美国著名报刊杂志介绍
一、美国报纸
美国是世界新闻事业十分发达的国家之一。全国有各类报纸11000其中日报1600多家,包括晨报、下午报、晚报和星期日报及8000多家周报和半周报,街头小报无法计数。
1、最有影响的报纸有:
1)、The Los Angeles Times《洛杉矶时报》www.latimes.com
2)、The New York Times《纽约时报》 www.nytimes.com
3)、Washington Post《华盛顿邮报》 www.washingtonpost.com
4)、The Wall Street Journal《华尔街日报》www.wsj.com
5)、The New York Daily News 《纽约每日新闻》 www.nydailynews.com
6)、Chicago Daily Tribune《芝加哥论坛报》 www.chicagotribune.com/
7)、USA Today 《今日美国》 www.usatoday.com
8)、New York Post《纽约邮报》www.nypost.com
2、较有影响的报纸有:
1)、The Christian Science Monitor 《基薄雾浓云愁永昼督教科学箴言报》www.csmonitor.com
2)、International Herald Tribune 《国际先驱论坛报》www.iht.com
3)、Washington News 《华盛顿新闻报》www.newsday.com
4)、Washington Daily News 《华盛顿每日新闻》www.wdnweb.com
5)、Baltimore Sun 《巴尔的摩太阳报》www.baltimoresun.com
3、较受欢迎的报纸有:
1)、Herald Journal 《先驱日报》 http://hjnews.townnews.com/
2)、American Express 《美国快报》 http://home.americanexpress.com
3)、Journal of Commerce 《商业日报》 www.joc.com
4)、Tribune 《论坛报》www.tribune.com
5)、American News 《美国新闻》www.usnews.com/usnews/home.htm
6)、News Weekly 《新闻周刊》 www.newsweekly.com.au
7)、The World Report 《世界报道》
《纽约时报》、《华盛顿邮报》、《洛杉矶时报》是当今美国最有影响的3大报纸。垄断美国报业的集团、公司有: 甘尼特集团(Gannett Newspapers)、科普利报系 (Copley Newspapers)、詹姆斯?M?考克斯报系 (James M. Cox Newspapers)、赫斯特报系 (Hearst Newspapers)、奈特—里德报系(Knight- Ridder Newspapers)、道?琼斯公司(Dow-Jones Corp. )、 纽约时报公司(New York Times Corp. )、汤姆森报系(Thomson Newspapers)、 时报—镜报公司(Times-Mirror Corp. )、 斯克里普斯—霍华德报系 (Scripps-Howard Newspapers)等。其中,甘尼特集团是最大的报业集团,它拥有90家日报、30多家周报和半周报、7个电视台和16个广播电台。
二、美国杂志
美国现有一万多种杂志,发行量在百万以上的有60多种。有影响的杂志如下:
1、Reader’s Digest 《读者文摘》:www.rd.com
2、TIME 《时代周刊》:www.time.com
3、Life 《生活》 www.life.com
4、People 《人民》 www.people.com
5、Cosmopolitan women《世界妇女》 www.cosmomag.com
6、American Home 《美国家庭》 www.americanhomeshield.com
7、American Child 《美国儿童》 www.americanbaby.com
8、American Literature 《美国文学》未找到
http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/faculty/campbell/enl310/sites.htm (很多美国名著)
http://www.nagasaki-gaigo.ac.jp/ishikawa/amlit/
9、Scientific American 《美国科学》 www.sciam.com
10、Playboy 《花人比黄花瘦花公半夜凉初透子》 www.playboy.com (里面很多内容少儿不宜,只适合成年人阅读)
11、Beautify Home and Garden 《美化家庭和园林》
12、Homes Circle 《家庭圈》 www.newhomes.com
13、Good Manager 《好管家》
14、Magus 《麦哥氏》 www.magusbooks.com
15、、American Television Magazine 《电视指南》www.realitytvmagazine.com
三、美国主要报纸简介
1、《纽约时报》 (The New York Times) 1851年创刊,为苏兹贝格家族(Sulzberger)所有。
2、《华盛顿邮报》(The Washington Post) 1877年创刊华盛顿,属格雷厄姆家族(Graham)所有。
3、《洛杉矶时报》(The Los Angeles Times) 创刊于1881年,属钱德勒家族(Chandler)所有。
4、《华尔街日报》 (The Wall Street Journal) 1889年创刊。
5、《基薄雾浓云愁永昼督教科学箴言报》 (The Christian Science Monitor) 1909年创刊,由基薄雾浓云愁永昼督教科学出版社出版。
6、《芝加哥论坛报》(The Chicago Tribune) 创刊于1947年,在芝加哥出版。
7、《今日美国》(Gannett Newspapers) 由甘尼特集团于1982年创刊。
四、美国主要期刊简介:
1、《时代周刊》 (TIME) www.time.com
2、《新闻周刊》 (NEWS WEEK) www.Newsweek.com
3、《美国新闻与世界报道》 (U.S. NEWS &WORLD REPORT) www.usnews.com
4、《读者文摘》 (READER’S DIGEST) www.rd.com
5、《商业周刊》 (Business Week) www.businessweek.com
6、《财富》 (Fortune) www.fortune.com
五、美国的党报
1、支持政府的报纸:
《国务院公报》 (Department of State Bulletin) www.findarticles.com
《纽约时报》 (The New York Times) www.nytimes.com
《华盛顿明星报》 (Washington Star) www.washingtonstar.com
《美国新闻与世界报道》 (U.S. News &World Report) www.usnews.com
2、支持共和党的报纸:
《纽约先驱论坛报》 (New York Herald)
《芝加哥论坛报》 (Chicago Tribune) www.chicagotribune.com
《洛杉矶时报》 (Los Angeles Times) www.latimes.com
《旧金山纪事报》 (San Francisco Chronicle) www.sfgate.com
3、支持民瑞脑消金兽主党的报纸:
《巴尔的摩太阳报》 (Baltimore Sun) www.baltimoresun.com
《芝加哥太阳时报》 (Chicago Sun-Times) www.suntimes.com
《圣路易邮电报》 (St. Louis Post) www.stltoday.com
4、中立的报刊:
《基薄雾浓云愁永昼督教科学箴言报》 (The Christian Science Monitor) www.csmonitor.com
《纽约邮报》 (New York Post) www.nypost.com
《纽约每日新闻》 (New York Daily News) www.nydailynews.com&<60;&<60;
《华尔街日报》 (Wall Street Journal) www.wsj.com
5、杂志方面:
1)、《新闻周刊》 (Newsweek) www.Newsweek.com
2)、《时代周刊》 (Time) www.time.com
3)、《展望周刊》 (Look) www.onelook.com
六、美国广播公司
1、全国广播公司(National Broadcasting Company 简称 NBC )于1926年创办: www.nbc.com
2、哥伦比亚广播公司(Columbia Broadcasting System,简称CBS)于1927年创办:www.cbs.com
3、美国广播公司(American Broadcasting Company, 简称ABC) www.abc.com
4、美半夜凉初透国之莫道不消魂音 (Voice of America,简称VOA) 于1942年创办: www.voa.gov
5、美联社 (Associated Press,简称AP)于1848年创办: www.ap.org
6、合众国际社 (United Press-International News Service,简称UPI)于1907年创办:www.upi.com
第二部分、英国报刊杂志介绍
一、英国全国性高级报纸有:
1、《泰晤士报》 Times:http://www.thetimes.co.uk
2、《每日电讯报》 The Daily Telegraph:http://www.dailytelegraph.co.uk
3、《卫报》 The Guardian:http://www.guardian.co.uk/
4、《金融时报》 The Financial Times:http://news.ft.com/home/rw
5、《星期日电讯报》 Sunday Dispatch:
6、《观察家报》 The Observer:http://www.observer.co.uk
7、《星期日泰晤士报》The Sunday Times:www.sunday-times.co.uk/
二、英国全国性通俗报纸有:
1、《每日快报》 The Daily Express:http://www.express.co.uk/
2、《每日邮报》 The Daily Mail:http://www.dailymail.co.uk/
3、《每日镜报》 Daily Mirror:http://www.mirror.co.uk/
4、《星期日快报》 The Sunday Express
5、《世界新闻报》 The News of the World:www.newsoftheworld.co.uk (一个很有特点的英语新闻网站)
三、地方性报纸
它主要以刊登本地新闻和广告为主,具有浓厚的地方特色。包括晨报、晚报、周报、3日刊。
1、《格拉斯哥先驱报》 (Glasgow Herald) http://www.theherald.co.uk/
2、《旗帜晚报》 ( The Evening Standard ) http://www.thisislondon.com/
3、《新闻晚报》 (The Evening News):www.eveningtimes.co.uk
四、主要报纸简介
1、《泰晤士报》(Times):1785年由约翰?沃尔特在创敦创刊,誉为“世界第一大报纸”(the First Newspaper in the World).
http://www.thetimes.co.uk
2、《卫报》(The Guardian):原名《曼彻斯特卫报》(The Man- Chester Guardian),1821年创刊于曼彻斯特,后迁伦敦,1959年改称《卫报》.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/
3、《金融时报》(The Financial Times) :1888年于伦敦创刊,是英国金融资本的晴雨表. http://news.ft.com/home/rw
4、《每日电讯报》(The Daily Telegraph) :1855年于伦敦创刊,该报以“时效性”而著称。 http://www.dailytelegraph.co.uk
5、《观察家报》(The Observer) :1791年创刊。
http://www.observer.co.uk
6、《每日快报》(The Daily Express) :1900年由比弗布鲁克爵士 ( Lord Beaverbrook) 在伦敦创刊。 http://www.express.co.uk/
7、《每日邮报》(The Daily Mail): 1896年创刊,是一种知识性很强的通俗日报。http://www.dailymail.co.uk/
8、《镜报》(The Mirror) :1903年创刊,1985年以前名为《每日镜报》(Daily Mirror) 。http://www.mirror.co.uk/
五、英国主要期刊简介
1、《经济学家》(The Economist) :1843年创刊,与《金融时报》同属“皮尔逊父子公司”所有。
http://www.economist.com
2、《旁观者》(The Spectator) :创刊于1828年,是英国全国性周刊中历史最久的杂志。
www.spectator.co.uk
3、《新政治家》(The New Statesman) :创刊于1934年,主要发表有关政治、社会问题、书刊、电影、戏剧等方面的评论。
www.newstatesman.co.uk
4、《妇女界》(The Woman’s Own) :1932年创刊,是图文并茂的妇女月刊,女性朋友必看。
http://www.ipcmedia.com
5、《妇女之国》(Woman’s Realm) :创刊于1958年,适合新成家的青年妇女。
http://www.anagramgenius.com/
6、《泰晤士报文学增刊》(The Times Literary Supplement, The TLS) :每周出一期,是英国最有影响的文学周刊之一。
www.the-tls.co.uk
六、英国其他周刊及科普刊物
1、周刊 (Weeklies) :
1)、《现在》 (Now) :www.nowmagazine.co.uk
2)、《侦探》 (Private Eye):www.private-eye.co.uk (适合喜欢破案类小说的中学生)
3)、《笨拙》 (Punch):www.punch.co.uk (非常不错的漫画类杂志)
4)、 《听众》 (The Listener) http://www.listener.co.nz/
5)、《新社会》 (New Society) www.newsociety.com
6)、《闲暇》 (Time Out) www.timeout.com/london/ (是伦敦一本很好的休闲杂志,它的网站也很棒!)
2、科普 (Scientific periodicals)
1)、《发现》 (Discovery) www.discovery.com/
2)、《自然》 (Nature) www.nature.com /
中国地区自然杂志网址:http://www.natureasia.com/ch/gta/index.php
简单介绍:《自然》系列期刊是由每周出版的多学科《自然》杂志和8种每月出版的期刊组成。《自然》杂志发表在某一学科内具有高最影响、其它领域的科学家也会感兴趣的研究工作;8种学术期刊的名称是根据其报道领域命名的,它们都发表在其领域中质量最高、影响力显著的论文,这8种期刊的名称分别是:《自然生物技术》、《自然细胞生物学》、《自然遗传学》、《自然免疫学》、《自然材料学》、《自然医学》、《自然方法学》、《自然结构和分子生物学》。所有的这些期刊都是国际性的,它们在美国、英国和日本出版和印刷。
3)、《科学通讯》 (Science News) www.sciencenews.org
4)、《地理杂志》 (The Geographical Magazine) www.geographical.co.uk
5)、《新科学家》 (New Scientist) www.newscientist.com
6)、《科学世界》 (Scientific World) www.thescientificworld.com
7)、《未来音乐》 (Future Music) www.futuremusic.co.uk
8)、《学科进展》 (Science Progress) www.scilet.com
第三部分、世界主要英文报刊:
《泰晤士报》:The Times
《每日电讯报》:The Daily Telegraph
《金融时报》:The Financial Times
《卫报》:The Guardians
《太阳报》:The Sun
《纽约时报》: The New York Times
《华盛顿邮报》:The Washington Post
《洛杉矶时报》:Los Angeles Times
《国际先驱论坛报》:International Herald Tribune
《华尔街日报》:The Wall Street Journal
《今日美国》:USA Today
《时代》:Time
《财富》:Fortune
《新闻周刊》:News Week
《商业周刊》:Business Week
香港《新岛日报》:Singtao Daily of Hong Kong
《中国日报》:China Daily
来源:英语教学学术交流
英语学习的网站 & 有用的网站【转】
1. http://www.texun.cn/addrso/index.htm 特训网:English Learning Websites
2. http://broadcast-live.com/ Live Radio and TV from Around the World
3. http://www.nxenglish.com/voa01_1.aspx VOA Special English Introduction
4. http://www.vocaboly.com/vocabulary-test/ Various Vocabulary Testonline
20-40 quick- medium – thorough different levels of test
5. http://www.tomx.com/listen/vocabulary/1402.html VOA Special English Vocabulary 1500
6. http://tv.etshow.net/ ETSHOW 网络电视其次推荐我和同事们一起收集的网址:(特别要强调一点:希望大家对这些资源要取之,学之,用之!因为If you don’t use it, you will lose it!)
adventuretv,提供视频资料,内容多是各地的风土人情,很不错:http://www.adventuretv.com/
纽约时报,网上看新闻的好地方 http://www.nytimes.com/
英文MP3下载的好地方 http://www.mp3raid.com/archive/archive/m/2/
英文剧本下载的好地方 http://huajun.com/juben.htm
一个个人主页,从这里可以在线收听新东方的25盘磁带 http://www.intron.ac/study/toefl.html
英文锁定,每日读图 http://www.icansay.com/index.php?ChannelID=12
英文锁定,综合学习网站,全面的英语教堂 www.icansay.com
旺旺英语网,英语语音电子杂志 www.wwenglish.org
Englishtown ,专业英语培训 www.englishtown.com
新东方网络课堂,名校在线 class.tol24.com
疯狂英语俱乐部,李阳疯狂英语 www.crazyenglish.org
天英语,词汇中心 english.chinaschool.net
时尚英语,丰富的学习资料 www.oh100.com/huayuan/english
当当当,免费英语学习资料 www.downdowndown.net
英语时空,英语文章大全 www.yysk.net
英语麦当劳,英语教学快餐 english23.6to23.com
听世界,各级听力训练 www.icanlisten.com
Be Beyond,英美风土人情 www.bebeyond.com.cn
洪恩,英语学习的好去处 www.hongen.com
空中美语 http://www.englishtide.com
英国教育部和中国教育部联合搞的免费学习网站,适合初学英语者 http://www.in2english.com.cn/
GARFIELD官方网站 www.garfield.com
语法 http://www.dailygrammar.com/
大量的資料﹐非常不錯 http://www.english.ac.cn/
无忧雅思 http://211.147.1.40 ;
雅思的官方网站 http://www.ielts.org/
雅思考试网东西不多 http://www.ieltsnet.net/index.htm
关于雅思的一些资料 http://www.rotolife.com/cgi-bin/newarticle/list.cgi?class=1&type=4 ;
英文电影剧本站专题 提供14部电影英文剧本 http://snowbear.3322.net/spelling/film.htm
提供了24部英文电影剧本 http://www.c2000.com.cn/mov/m4.asp
提供了10部英文电影剧本 http://goldnets.myrice.com/navi/50250.html
子曰电影网的电影剧本下载太多了 http://www.ziyue.com/downloads/s.php?type=s | http://www.21zx.net/movie/m4.htm
银海网 下载电影剧本好多啊 http://www.filmsea.com/download/_index.asp?swzm=a
Screenplay电影剧本 http://www.babelcn.com/ebook/screen/index1.htm
这里的囊括了现在流行电影的剧本 http://www.english.ac.cn/movies/playwright.htm
一个教育网站提供的英文剧本下载 http://www.dreamabroad.net/chinese/html/download/movie_01.html
看电影学英语 http://211.154.143.185/gate/gb/www.chenhen.com/html/english/speech/movie-english.htm
听力专题
一个很不错的英语学习网站,VOA资料很全 http://zflyingbird.myetang.com/index.htm
http://www.quancheng.org/tabwork/catelist.asp?cateid=23 一些VOA新闻的文本
http://www.icanlisten.com/standard_english/index.htm 有一部分听力
http://www.englishabc.net/ae/ 《美国习惯用语 Words & Idiom》是Voice of America推出的免费广播讲座
http://mpfree.org/english/voamain.htm 自由MP3的VOA资料下载不少哦
http://edu.china.com/zh_cn/elearn/second/test/index.html 中华网关于VOA的听力技巧的一些文章,当然也有别的好东东
http://www.cgeng.com/memberarea/listen/listen.asp 很不错的听力网站,有初级中级高级
http://www.22av.net/ 免费的听力新闻,带文本
http://www.xsrtvu.com/jiao/lgs/wangye/VOA1.htm VOA 英语广播收听技巧听VOA的朋友可以看看
http://www.100steps.net/newsshow.php?serial=311&good=%CA%C7 2002年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语听力样题录音下载
http://www.xsrtvu.com/jiao/lgs/wangye/VOA1.htm VOA英语广播收听技巧很不错的技巧文本
http://www.english.ac.cn/listen/index.htm 超酷的英语听力站,也是个老站点了,有如下内容:新概念英语 听力入门 现代文阅读 ESL-Lab分级测试 CNNSF新闻测试 《圣经》在线 ,强烈推荐
http://putclub.6to23.com/ 普特英语听力网站
http://www.oeol.net/ “牛津英语在线” ( Oxford English On line )
http://www.putclub.com/ 英语新闻听力Put English Club,网站主要由五个部分组成: A. 新闻英语;B. 英语教程;C. 资料下载; D. 科技英语; E. 普特论坛
通用英语百句(视频)*** http://www.ol.com.cn/class/train/english.htm
CNN英语学习资源***** http://literacynet.org/cnnsf/
现代交际英语(视频)**** http://www.gz.supergnet.com/local_content/zhang/edu/index.html
想坚持每天学英语的必看,CNN每天更新
BBC英语新闻听力,每天更新:
http://www.hxen.com/englishlistening/bbc/index.html
VOA英语新闻听力,每天更新:
http://www.hxen.com/englishlistening/voaenglish/index.html
CNN英语新闻听力,每天更新:
http://www.hxen.com/englishlistening/cnn/index.html
在线英语电视台:
http://www.hxen.com/englishTV/index.html
在线英语电台:
http://www.hxen.com/englishradio/index.html
英语新闻:
http://www.hxen.com/englishnews/index.html
中英双语新闻:
http://www.hxen.com/interpretation/bilingualnews/index.html
每天英语学习:
http://www.hxen.com/meitianyingyu/index.html
希望对大家能有所帮助!!好好学习,天天向上哈!!加油!!
有用的网站
http://www.fanwen8.com/2005/12-19/152510.html
论文学习网站:)~
http://www.fanwen8.com/2005/6-4/21183.html
另外,推荐下面的论文网,希望你会找到相关题材的论文:)
优秀论文杂志,以科技类为主。
http://www.interpapers.com/kj/
综合类
学生大论文中心
http://www.studa.com/newpaper/
大论文中心:
http://www.studa.com/newpaper/
教育论文:
http://dhzyzz.porcelain-china.com/teach.asp
学位论文:http://www.lib.tsinghua.edu.cn/NEW/thesis.html
无忧论文网:http://www.51lunwen.com/
北京语言文化大学论文库:http://lib.blcu.edu.cn/dt1000/bys/bys.htm
中国科技论文在线http://www.paper.edu.cn/
论文中国 :http://www.chinawrite.com/
新浪论文网分类:http://dir.sina.com.cn/search_dir/jy/lw/
中国论文联盟:http://www.lwlm.com/
论文资料网--:http://www.51paper.net/
VTK--可视化工具
http://vtk.org/VTK/resources/software.html
专业学术翻译必备
http://dict.cnki.net/essential/I138.html
VOA标准英语
http://news.iciba.com/1596/index_1.html
中国可视化实验室
http://www.vislab.cn/bbs/forumdisplay.php?fid=3
MPEG-7 OVERVIEW
http://www.nlpr.ia.ac.cn/html/2007/3/20070305153832.htm
考试吧
http://www.exam8.com/english/CET46/ziliao/
中科院自动化研究所模式识别实验室
http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/standards/mpeg-7/mpeg-7.htm#E11E2
2003JIANPING FAN
http://www.cs.uncc.edu/~jfan/
WINDOW LIVE
http://home.live.com/?wa=wsignin1.0
中国视频教程基地
http://www.shpnet.cn/index.php?fromuid=7328
天津大学图书馆
http://www2.lib.tju.edu.cn/n446909/database/database.htm
SIGGRAPH 2009 papers on the web
http://kesen.huang.googlepages.com/sig2009.html
一个开放的标注工具
http://labelme.csail.mit.edu/
图像库下载
http://people.csail.mit.edu/brussell/research/LabelMe
flex应用开发视频教程
http://subject.csdn.net/flexapp/
支持向量机(SVM)资源连接
http://old.blog.edu.cn/user2/huangbo929/archives/2007/1757803.shtml
给中国学生的第四封信——大学四年应该这么度过【转】
转自:http://www.5xue.com/modules/wordpress/?p=1255
引言
2004年6月“开复学生网”开通之后,越来越多的学生在网上提出了各种各样的问题。我发现,除了我在前三封信中已经讨论过的问题以外,大家问得最多也最关心的主要是和大学四年的学习生活相关的话题。例如:怎样才能学好英语?虚度了光阴该怎么办?毕业时是选择出国还是选择就业?如何学好专业课程?如果不喜欢自己的专业该怎么办?等等。
此外,在那段时间里,我有机会参加了一些教育部举办的研讨会或类似的活动。通过与更多的老师和学生接触,我逐渐发现,中国学生在学习计算机科学专业时存在不少学习方法方面的问题。例如,许多学生在学习计算机课程时都只把课程内容当做书本上的知识来学习,很少想到要联系实际,用课堂知识解决实际问题。此外,还有的学生只重视与就业直接相关的知识,如具体的语言、平台等等,而不重视那些真正能锻炼和提高个人能力的基础知识,如数学、算法、数据结构等等。
基于这些考虑,我认为自己有必要给大学生们写一封讨论学习方法,介绍学习经验,引导大家顺利度过大学时代的信,这就是《第四封信》的由来了。
这封信写好后,我曾请我认识的一位很优秀的大学生帮忙看一下,提提意见。他看了以后对我说:“开复老师,我觉得您在这封信里讲到的内容都是再明白不过的道理和方法,是任何一个合格的学生都应该懂得的。您觉得,真有必要在文章中反复强调这些大家都知道或明白的东西吗?”我想了想,然后对他说:“其实不少学生可能知道这些东西,但只有部分同学才能在大学四年里自觉地实践它们,其他的学生总会因为这样或那样的原因而缺乏将这些道理、方法付诸实践的毅力和勇气。我用我的真实感受和亲身经历再一次强调这些道理和方法的重要,这不但可以加深学生们对它们的理解和认识,还可以给那些缺乏勇气和毅力的人送去最真诚的鼓励!”
果然,《第四封信》在《中国青年报》、《大学生》杂志、《中国青年》杂志等媒体陆续发表后,无数被信件内容打动了的学生或是发来充满感激的邮件或留言,或是在“开复学生网”的论坛上主动地参加关于学习方法的讨论。甚至有人告诉我说,一位母亲曾把我的每一封信都亲笔抄下来,送给她的孩子——这样的事让我十分感动,也坚定了为广大青年学生们继续写信的决心。
今天,我回复了“开复学生网”开通以来的第1000个问题。关掉电脑后,始终有一封学生来信萦绕在我的脑海里,挥之不去:
开复老师:
就要毕业了。
回头看自己所谓的大学生活,
我想哭,不是因为离别,而是因为什么都没学到。
我不知,简历该怎么写,若是以往我会让它空白。
最大的收获也许是……对什么都没有的忍耐和适应……
这封来信道出了不少大三、大四学生的心声。大学期间,有许多学生放任自己、虚度光阴,还有许多学生始终也找不到正确的学习方向。当他们被第一次补考通知唤醒时,当他们收到第一封来自应聘企业的婉拒信时,这些学生才惊讶地发现,自己的前途是那么渺茫,一切努力似乎都为时已晚……
这“第四封信”是写给那些希望早些从懵懂中警醒过来的大学生,那些从未贪睡并希望把握自己的前途和命运的大学生以及那些即将迈进大学门槛的未来大学生们的。在这封信中,我想对所有同学说:
大学是人一生中最为关键的阶段。从入学的第一天起,你就应当对大学四年有一个正确的认识和规划。为了在学习中享受到最大的快乐,为了在毕业时找到自己最喜爱的工作,每一个刚进入大学校园的人都应当掌握七项学习:学习自修之道、基础知识、实践贯通、培养兴趣、积极主动、掌控时间、为人处事。只要做好了这七点,大学生临到毕业时的最大收获就绝不会是“对什么都没有的忍耐和适应”,而应当是“对什么都可以有的自信和渴望”。只要做好了这七点,你就能成为一个有潜力、有思想、有价值、有前途的快乐的毕业生。
大学:人生的关键
大学是人生的关键阶段。这是因为,进入大学是你一生中第一次放下高半夜凉初透考的重担,开始追逐自己的理想、兴趣。这是你第一次离开家庭生活,独立参与团体和社会生活。这是你第一次不再单纯地学习或背诵书本上的理论知识,而是有机会在学习理论的同时亲身实践。这是你第一次不再由父母安排生活和学习中的一切,而是有足够的自由处置生活和学习中遇到的各类问题,支配所有属于自己的时间。
大学是人生的关键阶段。这是因为,这是你一生中最后一次有机会系统性地接受教育。这是你最后一次能够全心建立你的知识基础。这可能是你最后一次可以将大段时间用于学习的人生阶段,也可能是最后一次可以拥有较高的可塑性、可以不断修正自我的成长历程。这也许是你最后一次能在相对宽容的,可以置身其中学习为人处世之道的理想环境。
大学是人生的关键阶段。在这个阶段里,所有大学生都应当认真把握每一个“第一次”,让它们成为未来人生道路的基石;在这个阶段里,所有大学生也要珍惜每一个“最后一次”,不要让自己在不远的将来追悔莫及。在大学四年里,大家应该努力编织自己的梦想,明确自己的方向,奠定自己的基础。
我们可以用下图来描述大学四年在人一生中的地位和价值:
我们可以看出,大学是一生中学习能力转变最大的时候,是把“基础学习”和“进入社会”这两个阶段衔接起来的重要时期。因此,在大学四年中,要努力培养自己的学习能力,提高自己的学习境界,让自己成为一个擅长终身学习的人。
大学四年每个人都只有一次,大学四年应该这么度过……
自修之道:从举一反三到无师自通
记得我在哥伦比亚大学任助教时,曾有位中国学生的家长向我抱怨说:“你们大学里到底在教些什么?我孩子读完了大二计算机系,居然连VisiCalc[1]都不会用。”
我当时回答道:“电脑的发展日新月异。我们不能保证大学里所教的任何一项技术在五年以后仍然管用,我们也不能保证学生可以学会每一种技术和工具。我们能保证的是,你的孩子将学会思考,并掌握学习的方法,这样,无论五年以后出现什么样的新技术或新工具,你的孩子都能游刃有余。”
她接着问:“学最新的软件不是教育,那教育的本质究竟是什么呢?”
我回答说:“如果我们将学过的东西忘得一干二净时,最后剩下来的东西就是教育的本质了。”
我当时说的这句话来自教育家B. F. Skinner的名言。所谓“剩下来的东西”,其实就是自学的能力,也就是举一反三或无师自通的能力。大学不是“职业培训班”,而是一个让学生适应社会,适应不同工作岗位的平台。在大学期间,学习专业知识固然重要,但更重要的还是要学习思考的方法,培养举一反三的能力,只有这样,大学毕业生才能适应瞬息万变的未来世界。
上中学时,老师会一次又一次重复每一课里的关键内容。但进了大学以后,老师只会充当引路人的角色,学生必须自主地学习、探索和实践。走上工作岗位后,自学能力就显得更为重要了。微软公司曾做过一个统计:在每一名微软员工所掌握的知识内容里,只有大约10%是员工在过去的学习和工作中积累得到的,其他知识都是在加入微软后重新学习的。这一数据充分表明,一个缺乏自学能力的人是难以在微软这样的现代企业中立足的。
自学能力必须在大学期间开始培养。许多同学总是抱怨老师教得不好,懂得不多,学校的课程安排也不合理。我通常会劝这些学生说:“与其诅咒黑暗,不如点亮蜡烛”。 大学生不应该只会跟在老师的身后亦步亦趋,而应当主动走在老师的前面。例如,大学老师在一个课时里通常要涵盖课本中几十页的信息内容,仅仅通过课堂听讲是无法把所有知识学通、学透的。最好的学习方法是在老师讲课之前就把课本中的相关问题琢磨清楚,然后在课堂上对照老师的讲解弥补自己在理解和认识上的不足之处。
中学生在学习知识时更多地是追求“记住”知识,而大学生就应当要求自己“理解”知识并善于提出问题。对每一个知识点,都应当多问几个“为什么”。对怀疑的地方,都应该多问几个“为什么不”。有一句名言:“多问为什么,可以帮助理解。多问问什么不,可以带来突破”。一旦真正理解了理论或方法的来龙去脉,大家就能举一反三地学习其他知识,解决其他问题,甚至达到无师自通的境界。
事实上,很多问题都有不同的思路或观察角度。在学习知识或解决问题时,不要总是死守一种思维模式,不要让自己成为课本或经验的奴隶。只有在学习中敢于创新,善于从全新的角度出发思考问题,学生潜在的思考能力、创造能力和学习能力才能被真正激发出来。
《礼记·学记》上讲:“独学而无友,则孤陋而寡闻”。也就是说,大学生应当充分利用学校里的人才资源,从各种渠道吸收知识和方法。如果遇到好的老师,你可以主动向他们请教,或者请他们推荐一些课外的参考读物。除了资深的教授以外,大学中的青年教师、博士生、硕士生乃至自己的同班同学都是最好的知识来源和学习伙伴。每个人对问题的理解和认识都不尽相同,只有互帮互学,大家才能共同进步。
有些同学曾告诉我说,他们很羡慕我在读书时能有一位获得过图灵奖的大师传道授业。其实,虽然我非常推崇我的老师,但他在大学期间并没有教给我多少专业知识。他只是给我指明了大方向,让我分享他的经验,给我提供研究的资源,并教我做人的方法。他没有时间也没有必要指导我学习具体的专业知识。我在大学期间积累的专业知识都是通过自学获得的。刚入门时,我曾多次红着脸向我的师兄请教最基本的知识内容,开会讨论时我曾问过不少肤浅的问题,课余时间我还主动与同学探讨、切磋。“三人行必有我师”,大学生的周围到处是良师益友。只要珍惜这些难得的机会,大胆发问,经常切磋,我们就能学到最有用的知识和方法。
大学生应该充分利用图书馆和互联网,培养独立学习和研究的本领,为适应今后的工作或进一步的深造做准备。首先,除了学习老师规定的课程以外,大学生一定要学会查找书籍和文献,以便接触更广泛的知识和研究成果。例如,当我们在一门课上发现了自己感兴趣的课题,就应当积极去图书馆查阅相关文献,了解这个课题的来龙去脉和目前的研究动态。熟练和充分地使用图书馆资源,这是大学生特别是那些有志于科学研究的大学生的必备技能之一。读书时,应尽量多读一些英文原版教材。有些原版教材写得深入浅出,附有大量实例,比中文教材还适于自学。其次,在书本之外,互联网也是一个巨大的资源库,大学生们可以借助搜索引擎在网上查找各类信息。“开复学生网”开通半年以来,我发现很多同学其实并没有很好地掌握互联网的搜索技巧,有时他们提出的问题只要在搜索引擎中简单检索一下,就能轻易找到答案。还有些同学很容易相信网上的谣言,而不会利用搜索引擎自己查考、求证。除了搜索引擎以外,网上还有许多网站和社区也是很好的学习园地。
自学时,不要因为达到了学校的要求就沾沾自喜,也不要认为自己在大学里功课好就足够了。在二十一世纪的今天,人才已经变成了一个国际化的概念。当你对自己的成绩感到满意时,我建议你开始自学一些国际一流大学的课程。例如,美国麻省理工学院(MIT)的开放式课程已经在网上无偿发布出来,大家不妨去看看MIT的网上课程,做做MIT的网上试题。当你可以自如地掌握MIT课程时,你就可以更加自信地面对国际化的挑战了。
总之,善于举一反三,学会无师自通,这是大学四年中你可以送给自己的最好的礼物。
基础知识:数学、英语、信息技术、专业基础课
我曾经说过,中国学生的一大优势是扎实的基础知识,如数学、物理等。但是,最近几年,同学们在目睹了很多速成的例子(如丁磊、陈天桥等)之后,也迫切希望能驶上成功的快车道。这渐渐形成了一种追求速成的浮躁风气。有许多大学生梦想在毕业后就立即能做“经理”、“老板”,还有许多大学生入学时直接选择了“管理”专业,因为他们认为从这样的专业毕业后马上就可以成为企业的管理者。可不少学生进入了管理专业后,才发现自己对本专业的学习毫无兴趣。其实,管理专业和其他专业一样,都是传授基础知识和基本方法的地方,没有哪个专业可以保证学生在毕业时就能走上领佳节又重阳导岗位。无论同学们所学的是哪个专业,大学毕业才是个人事业的真正开始。想做企业领佳节又重阳导或想做管理工作的同学也必须从基层做起,必须首先在人品方面学会做人,在学业方面打好基础。
如果说大学是一个学习和进步的平台,那么,这个平台的地基就是大学里的基础课程。在大学期间,同学们一定要学好基础知识(数学、英语、计算机和互联网的使用,以及本专业要求的基础课程,如商学院的财务、经济等课程)。在科技发展日新月异的今天,应用领域里很多看似高深的技术在几年后就会被新的技术或工具取代。只有对基础知识的学习才可以受用终身。另一方面,如果没有打下好的基础,大学生们也很难真正理解高深的应用技术。最后,在许多的中国大学里,教授对基础课程也比对最新技术有更丰富的教学经验。
数学是理工科学生必备的基础。很多学生在高中时认为数学是最难学的,到了大学里,一旦发现本专业对数学的要求不高,就会彻底放松对数学知识的学习,而且他们看不出数学知识有什么现实的应用或就业前景。但大家不要忘记,绝大多数理工科专业的知识体系都建立在数学的基石之上。例如,要想学好计算机工程专业,那至少要把离散数学(包括集合论、图论、数理逻辑等)、线性代数、概率统计和数学分析学好;要想进一步攻读计算机科学专业的硕士或博士学位,可能还需要更高的数学素养。同时,数学也是人类几千年积累的智慧结晶,学习数学知识可以培养和训练人的思维能力。通过对几何的学习,我们可以学会用演绎、推理来求证和思考的方法;通过学习概率统计,我们可以知道该如何避免钻进思维的死胡同,该如何让自己面前的机会最大化。所以,大家一定要用心把数学学好,不能敷衍了事。学习数学也不能仅仅局限于选修多门数学课程,而是要知道自己为什么学习数学,要从学习数学的过程中掌握认知和思考的方法。
二十一世纪里最重要的沟通工具就是英语。有些同学在大学里只为了考过四级、六级而学习英语,有的同学仅仅把英语当作一种求职必备的技能来学习,甚至还有人认为学习和使用英语等于崇洋媚外。其实,学习英语的根本目的是为了掌握一种重要的学习和沟通工具。在未来的几十年里,世界上最全面的新闻内容,最先进的思想和最高深的技术,以及大多数知识分子间的相互交流都将用英语进行。因此,英语学习是至关重要的,除非你想做一个与国际脱节的人。在软件行业里,不但编程语言是以英语为基础设计出来的,最重要的教材、论文、参考资料、用户手册等资源也大多是用英语写就的。学英语绝不等于崇洋媚外。中国正在走向世界,中国需要学习西方的先进思想和先进科学技术,学好英语才是真正的爱国。
很多中国留学生的英语考试成绩不错,也高分考过四级、六级、托福,但是留学美国后上课时却很难听懂课程内容,和外国同学交流时就更加困难。我们该如何学好英语呢?既然英语是最重要的沟通工具,那么,最重要的学习方法就是尽量与实践结合起来,不能只“学”不“用”,更不能只靠背诵的方式学习英语。读书时,大家尽量阅读原版的专业教材(如果英语不够好,可以先从中英对照的教材看起),并适当地阅读一些自己感兴趣的专业论文,这可以同时提高英语和相关专业的知识水平。其次,提高英语听说能力的最好方法是直接与那些以英语为母语的外国人对话。现在有很多在中国学习和工作的外国人,他们中的不少人为了学中文,很愿意与中国学生对话、交流,这是很好的学习机会。此外,大家不要把学英语当作一件苦差事,完全可以用有趣的方法学习英语。例如,可以多看一些名人的对话或演讲,多看一些小说、戏剧甚至漫画。初学者可以找英文原版的教学节目和录像来学习,有一定基础的则应该看英文电视或电影。看一部英文电影时,最好先在有字幕的时候看一遍,同时查考生词、熟悉句式,然后在不加字幕的情况下再看一遍,仅靠耳朵去听。听英文广播也是很好的练习英文听力的方法,大家每天最好能抽出半小时到一小时的时间收听广播并尽量理解其中的内容,有必要的话还可以录下来反复收听。在互联网上也有许多互动式的英语学习网站,大家可以在网站上用游戏、自我测试、双语阅读等方式提升英语水平。总之,勇于实践、持之以恒是学习英语的必由之路。
信息时代已经到来,大学生在信息科学与信息技术方面的素养也已成为他们进入社会的必备基础之一。虽然不是每个大学生都需要懂得计算机原理和编程知识,但所有大学生都应能熟练地使用计算机、互联网、办公软件和搜索引擎,都应能熟练地在网上浏览信息和查找专业知识。在二十一世纪里,使用计算机和网络就像使用纸和笔一样是人人必备的基本功。不学好计算机,你就无法快捷全面地获得自己需要的知识或信息。
最后,每个特定的专业也有它自己的基础课程。以计算机专业为例,许多大学生只热衷于学习最新的语言、技术、平台、标准和工具,因为很多公司在招聘时都会要求这些方面的基础或经验。这些新技术虽然应该学习,但计算机基础课程的学习更为重要,因为语言和平台的发展日新月异,但只要学好基础课程(如数据结构、算法、编译原理、计算机原理、数据库原理等)就可以万变不离其宗。有位同学生动地把这些基础课程比拟为计算机专业的内功,而把新的语言、技术、平台、标准和工具比拟为外功。那些只懂得追求时髦的学生最终只知道些招式的皮毛,而没有内功的积累,他们是不可能成为真正的高手的。
虽然我一向鼓励大家追寻自己的兴趣,但在这里仍需强调,生活中有些事情即便不感兴趣也是必须要做的。例如,打好基础,学好数学、英语和计算机的使用就是这一类必须做的事情。如果你对数学、英语和计算机有兴趣,那你是幸运儿,可以享受学习的乐趣;但就算你没有兴趣,你也必须把这些基础打好。打基础是苦功夫,不愿吃苦是不能修得正果的。
实践贯通:“做过的才真正明白”
上高中时,许多学生会向老师提出“为什么?有什么用?”的问题,通常,老师给出的答案都是“不准问”。进入大学后,这些问题的答案应该是“不准不问”。在大学里,同学们应该懂得每一个学科的知识、理论、方法与具体的实践、应用如何结合起来,尤其是工科的学生更是如此。
有一句关于实践的谚语是这样说的:“我听到的会忘掉,我看到的能记住,我做过的才真正明白。”
无论学习何种专业、何种课程,如果能在学习中努力实践,做到融会贯通,我们就可以更深入地理解知识体系,可以牢牢地记住学过的知识。因此,我建议同学们多选些与实践相关的专业课。实践时,最好是几个同学合作,这样,既可经过实践理解专业知识,也可以学会如何与人合作,培养团队精神。如果有机会在老师手下做些实际的项目,或者走出校门打工,只要不影响课业,这些做法都是值得鼓励的。外出打工或做项目时,不要只看重薪酬待遇(除非生活上确实有困难),有时候,即便待遇不满意,但有许多培训和实践的机会,我们也值得一试。
以计算机专业为例,实践经验对于软件开发来说更是必不可少的。微软公司希望应聘程序员的大学毕业生最好有十万行的编程经验。理由很简单:实践性的技术要在实践中提高。计算机归根结底是一门实践的学问,不动手是永远也学不会的。因此,最重要的不是在笔试中考高分,而是实践能力。但是,在与中国学生的交流过程中,我很惊讶地发现,中国某些学校计算机系的学生到了大三还不会编程。这些大学里的教学方法和课程的确需要更新。如果你不巧是在这样的学校中就读,那你就应该从打工、自学或上网的过程中寻求学习和实践的机会。在网上可以找到许多实践项目,例如,有一批爱好编程的学生建立了一个讨论软件技术的网站(www.diyinside.com),在其中共享他们的知识和实践经验,并成功举办了很多次活动(如在各大高校举办校园技术教育会议),还出版了帮助学生提高技术、解答疑难方面的图书,该网站有多位成员获得了“微软最有价值的专家”的称号。
培养兴趣:开拓视野,立定志向
孔子说:“知之者不如好之者,好之者不如乐之者。”我在“给中国学生的第三封信”中曾深入论述了快乐和兴趣是一个人成功的关键。如果你对某个领域充满激情,你就有可能在该领域中发挥自己所有的潜力,甚至为它而废寝忘食。这时候,你已经不是为了成功而学习,而是为了“享受”而学习了。在“第三封信”中,我也曾谈到我自己是如何在大学期间放弃了我不感兴趣的法律专业而进入我所热爱的计算机专业学习的。
有些同学问我,如何像我一样能找到自己的兴趣呢?我觉得,首先要客观地评估和寻找自己的兴趣所在:不要把社会、家人或朋友认可和看重的事当作自己的爱好;不要以为有趣的事就是自己的兴趣所在,而是要亲身体验它并用自己的头脑做出判断;不要以为有兴趣的事情就可以成为自己的职业,例如,喜欢玩网络游戏并不代表你会喜欢或有能力开发网络游戏;不要以为有兴趣就意味着自己有这方面的天赋,不过,你可以尽量寻找天赋和兴趣的最佳结合点,例如,如果你对数学有天赋但又喜欢计算机专业,那么你完全可以做计算机理论方面的研究工作。
最好的寻找兴趣点的方法是开拓自己的视野,接触众多的领域。唯有接触你才能尝试,唯有尝试你才能找到自己的最爱。而大学正是这样一个可以让你接触并尝试众多领域的独一无二的场所。因此,大学生应当更好地把握在校时间,充分利用学校的资源,通过使用图书馆资源、旁听课程、搜索网络、听讲座、打工、参加社团活动、与朋友交流、使用电子邮件和电子论坛等不同方式接触更多的领域、更多的工作类型和更多的专家学者。当年,如果我只是乖乖地到法律系上课,而不去尝试旁听计算机系的课程,我就不会去计算机中心打工,也不去找计算机系的助教切磋,就更不会发现自己对计算机的浓厚兴趣。
通过开拓视野和接触尝试,如果你发现了自己真正的兴趣爱好,这时就可以去尝试转系的可能性、尝试课外学习、选修或旁听相关课程;你也可以去找一些打工或假期实习的机会,进一步理解相关行业的工作性质;或者,努力去考自己感兴趣专业的研究生,重新进行一次专业选择。其实,本科读什么专业并不能完全决定毕业后的工作方向,正如我所强调的那样,大学期间的学习过程培养的是你的学习能力,只要具备了这种能力,即使从事的是全新的工作,你也能在边做边学的过程中获取足够的知识和经验。
除了“选你所爱”,大家也不妨试试“爱你所选”。有些同学后悔自己在入学时选错了专业,以至于对所学的专业缺乏兴趣,没有学习动力;有些同学则因为追寻兴趣而“走火入魔”,毕业后才发现荒废了本专业的课程;另一些同学因为在学习上遇到了困难或对本专业抱有偏见,就以兴趣为借口,不愿意面对自己的专业。这些做法都是不正确的。在大学中,转系可能并不容易,所以,大家首先应尽力试着把本专业读好,并在学习过程中逐渐培养自己对本专业的兴趣。此外,一个专业里可能有很多不同的领域,也许你对专业里的某一个领域会有兴趣。现在,有很多专业发展了交叉学科,两个专业的结合往往是新的增长点。因此,只要多接触、多尝试,你也许就会碰到自己真正感兴趣的方向。“数字笔”的发明人王坚博士在微软亚洲研究院负责用户界面的研究,可是谁又能想到他从本科到博士所学的都是心理学专业,而用户界面又正是计算机和心理学专业的最佳结合点。另一方面,就算你毕业后要从事其他的行业,你依然可以把自己的专业读好,这同样能成为你在新行业中的优势。例如,有一位同学不喜欢读工科,想毕业后进入服务业发展,我就建议他先把工科读好,将来可以在服务业中以精通技术作为自己的特长。
人生的路很长,每个人都可以有很多不同的兴趣爱好。在追寻兴趣之外,更重要的是要找寻自己终身不变的志向。有一本书的作者曾访问了几百个成功者,问他们有哪件事是他们今天已经懂得,但在年轻时却留下了遗憾的事情。在受访者的回答中,最多的一种是:“希望在年轻时就有前辈告诉我、鼓励我去追寻自己的理想和志向。”相比之下,兴趣固然关键,但志向更为重要。例如,我的志向是“使影响力最大化”,多年以来,我有许多兴趣爱好,如语音识别、对弈软件、多媒体、研究到开发的转换、管理学、满足用户的需求、演讲和写作、帮助中国学生等等,兴趣可以改变,但我的志向是始终不渝的。因此,大家不必把某种兴趣当作自己最后的目标,也不必把任何一种兴趣的发展道路完全切断,在志向的指引下,不同的兴趣完全可以平行发展,实在必要时再做出最佳的抉择。志向就像罗盘,兴趣就像风帆,两者相辅相成、缺一不可,它们可以让你驶向理想的港湾。
积极主动:果断负责,创造机遇
创立“开复学生网”时,我的初衷是“帮助学生帮助自己”。但让我很惊讶的是,更多的学生希望我直接帮他们做出决定,甚至仅在简短的几句自我介绍后就直接对我说:“只有你能告诉我,我该怎么做”。难道一个陌生人会比你更知道自己该怎么做吗?我慢慢认识到,这种被动的思维方式是从小在中国的教育环境中培养出来的。被动的人总是习惯性地认为他们现在的境况是他人和环境造成的,如果别人不指点,环境不改变,自己就只有消极地生活下去。持有这种态度的人,事业还没有开始,自己就已经被击败,我从来没见过这样消极的人可以取得持续的成功。
从大学的第一天开始,你就必须从被动转向主动,你必须成为自己未来的主人,你必须积极地管理自己的学业和将来的事业,理由很简单:因为没有人比你更在乎你自己的工作与生活。“让大学生活对自己有价值”是你的责任。许多同学到了大四才开始做人生和职业规划,而一个主动的学生应该从进入大学时就开始规划自己的未来。
积极主动的第一步是要有积极的态度。大家可以用我在“第三封信”里推荐的方法,积极规划自己的人生目标,追寻兴趣并尝试新的知识和领域。纳粹德国某集中营的一位幸存者维克托·弗兰克尔曾说过:“在任何特定的环境中,人们还有一种最后的自由,就是选择自己的态度。”
积极主动的第二步是对自己的一切负责,勇敢面对人生。不要把不确定的或困难的事情一味搁置起来。比如说,有些同学认为英语重要,但学校不考试就不学英语;或者,有些同学觉得自己需要参加社团磨练人际关系,但是因为害羞就不积极报名。但是,我们必须认识到,不去解决也是一种解决,不做决定也是一个决定,这样的解决和决定将使你面前的机会丧失殆尽。对于这种消极、胆怯的作风,你终有一天会付出代价的。
积极主动的第三步是要做好充分的准备:事事用心,事事尽力,不要等机遇上门;要把握住机遇,创造机遇。中国科技大学校长朱清时院士在大三时被分配到青海做铸造工人。但他不像其他同学那样放弃学习,整天打扑克、喝酒。他依然终日钻研数理化和英语。六年后,中国科学院要在青海做一个重要的项目,这时朱校长就脱颖而出,开始了他辉煌的事业。很多人可能说他运气好,被分配到缺乏人才的青海,才有这机会。但是,如果他没有努力学习,也无法抓住这个机遇。所以,做好充分的准备,当机遇来临时,你才能抓住它。
积极主动的第四步是“以终为始”,积极地规划大学四年。任何规划都将成为你某个阶段的终点,也将成为你下一个阶段的起点,而你的志向和兴趣将为你提供方向和动力。如果不知道自己的志向和兴趣,你应该马上做一个发掘志向和兴趣的计划;如果不知道毕业后要做什么,你应该马上制定一个尝试新领域的计划;如果不知道自己最欠缺什么,你应该马上写一份简历,找你的老师、朋友打分,或自己审阅,看看哪里需要改进;如果毕业后想出国读博士,你应该想想如何让自己在申请出国前有具体的研究经验和学术论文;如果毕业后想进入某个公司工作,你应该收集该公司的招聘广告,以便和你自己的履历对比,看自己还欠缺哪些经验。只要认真制定、管理、评估和调整自己的人生规划,你就会离你自己的目标越来越近。
掌控时间:事分轻重缓急,人应自控自觉
除了积极主动的态度,大学生还要学会安排自己的时间,管理自己的事务。一位同学是这么描述大学生活的:
“大学和高中相比似乎没有什么太大的区别,每天依旧是学习,每次考试后依旧是担心考试成绩……不同的只是大学里上网的时间和睡觉的时间多了很多,压力也小了很多。”
这位同学并不明白,“时间多了很多”正是大学与高中之间巨大的差别。时间多了,就需要自己安排时间、计划时间、管理时间。
安排时间出了做一个时间表外,更重要的是“事分轻重缓急”。在《高效能人士的七个习惯》一书中,作者史蒂芬·柯维提出,“重要事”和“紧急事”的差别是人们浪费时间的最大理由之一。因为人的惯性是先做最紧急的事,但这么做会导致一些重要的事被荒废掉。例如,我认为这篇文章里谈到的各种学习都是“重要的”,但它们不见得都是老师布置的必修课业,采纳我的建议的同学们依然会因为考试、交作业等紧急的事情而荒废了打好基础、学习做人等重要的事情。因此,每天管理时间的一种好方法是,早上确定今天要做的紧急事和重要事,睡前回顾一下,这一天有没有做到两者的平衡。
每个人都有许多“紧急事”和“重要事”,想把每件事都做到最好是不切实际的。我建议大家把“必须做的事”和“尽量做的事”分开。必须做的事要做到最好,但尽量做的事尽力而为即可。建议大家用良好的态度和宽广的胸怀接受那些你暂时不能改变的事情,多关注那些你能够改变的事情。此外,还要注意生物钟的运行规律,按时作息,劳逸结合,这样才能在学习时有最好的状态。
大学四年是最容易迷失方向的时期。大学生必须有自控的能力,让自己交些好朋友,学些好习惯,不要沉迷于对自己无益的习惯(如网络游戏)里。一位积极、主动的中国学生在“开复学生网”上劝告其他同学:“不要玩游戏,至少不要玩网络游戏。我所认识的专业水平比较高的大学朋友中没有一个玩网络游戏的。沉迷于网络游戏是对于现实的逃避,是不愿面对自己不足的一面。我认为,要脱离网络游戏,就得珍惜自己宝贵的大学时间,找到自己感兴趣的方向,做一些有意义并能给自己带来满足感的事情。”
为人处事:培养友情,参与群体
很多大学生入校时都是第一次离开父母,离开自己生长的环境。进入校园开始集体生活后,如何与同学、朋友以及社团的同事相处就成为了大学生学习内容的一部分。大学是大家最后一次可以在相对宽松的环境中学习、培养、训练如何与人相处的机会。在未来,人们在社会里、在工作中与人相处的能力会变得越来越重要,甚至超过了工作本身。所以,大学生要好好把握机会,培养自己的交流意识和团队精神。
“人际交往能力不够强,人际圈子不够广,但又没有什么特长可以引起大家的注意,在社团里也不知道怎么和其他人有效地建立联系。”这是一些大学生在人际交往方面经常遇到的困惑。对于如何在大学期间提高人际交往能力,我的建议是:
第一,以诚待人,以责人之心责己、以恕己之心恕人。对别人要抱着诚挚、宽容的胸襟,对自己要怀着自我批评、有过必改的态度。与人交往时,你怎样对待别人,别人也会怎样对待你。这就好比照镜子一样,你自己的表情和态度,可以从他人对你流露出的表情和态度中一览无遗。你若以诚待人,别人也会以诚待你。你若敌视别人,别人也会敌视你。最真挚的友情和最难解的仇恨都是由这种“反射”原理逐步造成的。因此,当你想修正别人时,你应该先修正自己。你想别人怎么对你,你就应该怎么对人。你想他人理解你,你就要首先理解他人。
第二,培养真正的友情。如果能做到第一点,很多大学时的朋友就会成为你一辈子的知己。在一起求学和寻求自身发展的道路上,这样的友谊弥足珍贵。交朋友时,不要只去找与你性情相近或只会附和你的人做朋友。好朋友有很多种:乐观的朋友、智慧的朋友、脚踏实地的朋友、幽默风趣的朋友、激励你上进的朋友、提升你能力的朋友、帮你了解自己的朋友、对你说实话的朋友等等。此外,大学时谈恋爱也可以教你如何照顾别人,增进同理心和自控力,但恋爱这件事要一切随缘,不必为了谈恋爱而谈恋爱。
第三,学习团队精神和沟通能力。社团是微观的社会,参与社团是步入社会前最好的磨练。在社团中,可以培养团队合作的能力和领佳节又重阳导才能,也可以发挥你的专业特长。但更重要的是,你要做一个诚心诚意的服务者和志愿者,或在担任学生工作时主动扮演同学和老师之间沟通桥梁的角色,并以此锻炼自己的沟通能力,为同学和老师服务。这样的学习过程也不会很轻松,挫折是肯定有的,但是不要灰心,大学社团里的人际交往是一种不用“付学费”的学习,犯了错误也可以重头来过。
第四,从周围的人身上学习。在班级里、社团中,多观察周围的同学,特别是那些你觉得交往能力和沟通能力特别强的同学,看他们是如何与人相处的。比如,看他们如何处理交往中的冲突、如何说服他人和影响他人、如何发挥自己的合作和协调能力、如何表达对他人的尊重和真诚、如何表示赞许或反对,如何在不冒犯他人的情况下充分展示个性等等。通过观察和模仿,你渐渐地会发现,自己的人际交往能力会有意想不到的改进。在学校里,每一个朋友都可以成为你的良师,他们的热心、幽默、机智、博学、正直、沟通、礼貌等品德都可以成为你的学习对象。当然,你也应当慷慨地帮助每一个朋友,试着做他们的良师和模范。
第五,提高自身修养和人格魅力。如果觉得没有特长、没有爱好可能会成为自己人际交往能力提高的一个障碍,那么,你可以有意识地去选择和培养一些兴趣爱好。共同的兴趣和爱好也是你与朋友建立深厚感情的途径之一。很多在事业上有所建树的人都不是只会闭门苦读的书呆子,他们大多都有自己的兴趣和爱好。我在微软亚洲研究院的同事中就有绘画、桥牌和体育运动方面的高手。业余爱好不仅是人际交往的一种方式,还可以让大家发掘出自己在读书以外的潜能。例如,体育锻炼既可以发挥你的运动潜能,也可以培养你的团队合作精神。如果真的没有什么兴趣爱好,那么,多读些好书丰富自己的知识也可以改进自己的人际交往能力,因为没有什么比智慧和渊博更能体现一个人的人格魅力了。
所以,学会与人相处,这也是大学中的一门“必修课”。
对大学生们的期望
踏入大学校门时,你还是一个忙碌的、青涩的、被动的、为分数读书的、被家庭呵护着的中学毕业生。
就读大学时,你应当掌握七项学习,学好自修之道、基础知识、实践贯通、培养兴趣、积极主动、掌控时间、为人处事。
经过大学四年,你会从思考中确立自我,从学习中寻求真理,从独立中体验自主,从计划中把握时间,从表达中锻炼口才,从交友中品味成熟,从实践中赢得价值,从兴趣中攫取快乐,从追求中获得力量。
离开大学时,只要做到了这些,你最大的收获将是“对什么都可以拥有的自信和渴望”。你就能成为一个有潜力、有思想、有价值、有前途的中国未来的主人翁。
所以,大学四年应该这么度过。
试论因特网在第二语言习得中的辅助作用【转】
宁静
(广西师范大学外国语学院 广西桂林 541004)
摘要 :本文从第二语言习得过程中语言输入的角度,阐述了因特网网络资源可成为语言输入的理想语料所具备的条件和丰富内容以及利用因特网来辅助第二语言习得的探索实践。
关键词: 因特网,第二语言习得,语言输入。
引言
第二语言习得过程是指在已经掌握了一定母语系统的前提下,多数情况又是在脱离目的语的社会环境下进行学习第二语言的过程。本文主要以英语学习为例子来探讨因特网在二语习得中的辅助作用。近些年来,利用因特网网络技术和资源来辅助英语学习的趋向于越来越激烈的讨论之中。研究者们从不同的角度的理论研究中寻找网络技术对外语学习辅助作用的理论基础。其中第二语言习得理论是研究使用网络技术辅助外语学习必须依据的原理之一。语言习得的过程必须有语言环境的存在及语言输入才能实现。因此,创造语言环境和提供语言输入便自然成为第二语言习得过程中极为重要的条件。然而,作为丰富的语言及文字信息的载体,网络资源和技术的使用无疑成为辅助二语习得的得力帮手。
一第二语言习得过程中语言输入必须符合的三个条件
1输入经常性的,丰富的语言
语言习得实现实际上要求要广泛而深入地接触丰富的语言材料,大量地吸收真实的目标交际语,通过接触、感知、分析、理解和接受目的语的信息,在潜移默化中把所理解和接受的语言信息储存,使得大脑有了充足的语言输入,从而为语言输出作好充分的准备。由此可见,必须为语言学习者提供丰富的自然目标语材料,才有可能促使语言习得的发生和完成。
而因特网可以提供各种各样的信息内容,包括了经济、政治、科技、教育等社会生活的方方面面。它是人们足不出户便可以了解世界的一面窗口。同时它还可以提供地道的英语材料,标准的语音语调以及各种现场真实的语言场景,使语言学习者杂器接触语言时有身临其境之感,为学习者创建了一个真实的语言交际环境。
2必须输入可理解的语言材料
有效的语言输入必须是为学习者所理解的。而可理解的输入是指:稍超过语言学习者现有能力的可理解的材料。即美国心理学家krashen所指出的:“要提供合适学习者水平的语言输入。”他曾指出著名的可懂输入模式:“I+1”,“i”是指学习者在现有的语言水平基础上略提高一步的输入,且输入应能被学习者所理解。他说:“当你对学习者讲话,使他们能理解其中的信息,并且让输入多少包括一点超过他们能力的语言时,习得就实现了。”可见,输入的语言能产生一种信息差异,它既能使学习者产生一种焦急感,同时也能激发学习的兴趣,促进语言习得。如果输入的语言全部都被学习者理解,习得就不能向前进,因为这样就意味着输入中再没有什么可以习得的东西了。
因特网上所提供的语言范围极广,既有地道的英语,也有不同地区国家的习惯用语,同时也包括不同的语音、语调的音像材料。但由于因特网的运作本身就是十分大众化的,因此它提供的语言应该是通俗易懂,可理解性较强的,而与学习者在课堂经常使用的中介语(interlanguage)相比,因特网所出现的语言材料仍存在较大差异,而这种差异也就构成信息差。语言学习者通过反复接触、分析、理解、接受这些材料,自然而然也慢慢地习得了这种语言。
3必须输入受感情过滤程度小的语言材料
Krashen在他的第二语言习得理论中尤其强调情感过滤的重要性。情感过滤指学习根据自身的动机、需要、兴趣、爱好等情感因素而对所接触到语言材料进行筛选,过滤。他认为主要有三种情感因素会导致习得者“情感障碍”的产生:1)动机(motivation),2)自信心(confidence),3)焦虑(anxiety)。一般而言,学习者都不会对所接触到的语言材料一概吸收。他们在选择学习材料时都参照自己的兴趣,爱好,需要或者材料的深浅程度等方面的因素而对材料进行过滤。况且,外语学习本身就不是一件轻而易举的事情。因此,语言学习者的输入的语言必须引人如胜,而且要能满足学习者的需要和口味就显得极为重要了。
因特网这个虚拟的语言环境可以帮助语言学习者减少情感障碍的产生,多种多样的语言材料可以使语言者任意选择,还可以极大激发语言学习者的兴趣。此外,在一个虚拟的交际世界里,语言学习者所面对的是不是显示存在的人,因此他们消除了许多担心被人笑话,怕丢脸的焦虑,大胆的使用所获得的语言进行交际,从而促进了第二语言习得的顺利进行。
总之,因特网能提供符合第二语言习得语言输入条件的语言材料,并能创造一种轻松、自由的学习气氛,使语言学习者有机会去接触更多真实、自然的语言,为二语习得创造了有利的条件。
二 因特网可以为第二语言习得提供的输入内容
1不同的语音输入
人们大脑中的语言信息主要靠2种途径来获得:一是听觉输入,二是视觉输入。在第二语言习得过程中,听觉输入主要目的是可以为语言习得提供可以接触目标语的语音特征,从而帮助语言习得者获得语言的读音能力。因特网能提供丰富的地道语音材料,网上的音乐,电影,网上电视,聊天,等网络资源都可以提供很多原汁原味的语音资源,可以使学习者模仿到标准的语言,通过这样的途径,语调,语速,联诵也在不知不觉的潜移默化中掌握了。
2丰富的信息输入
当今世界是一个信息时代,新信息,新知识层出不穷。而因特网包承载着罗万象的内容,其信息两涉及到社会的各个领域。因特网已经成为人们获取信息最便捷的渠道。人们可以随时随其所好地在网上选择自己所需的材料,而且,大多数的信息都具有时效性,真实性的特点,成为语言习得中的很好的语言输入材料来源。
3文化的输入
语言是文化的载体,学习一个国家语言的其中一个目的就是为了可以总中了解这个国家的文化。而相反的,文化又是人们语言学习的一个重要部分,不料界文化,也就不可能真正地领会语言的独特魅力。因此,第二语言习得过程中的文化输入自然就成为了一个很必要的条件。
因特网能提供很多有关西方国家文化、习俗的材料和信息,例如,西方的节日,西方国家的社会动态报道,西方国家经济、政治的特点介绍等,是帮助人们认识西方国家很好的一把钥匙。
三 使用因特网为第二语言习得提供语言输入的实践
当前,把因特网技术和网络资源应用于英语教学课堂已经成为比较普遍的实践及日益增长的趋势。同时,也有越来越多的学术研究、科学实验及出版物都论述了因特网应用于第二语言教学能激发学生的兴趣和动机,提高学生的听、说、读、写等语言技巧。而且,因特网的使用能使语言学习者在一定的文化背景下学习目的语,并能提供生动的交际语境,帮助学习者树立学习的信心。然而,由于应用因特网于第二语言教学还只处于一个实践的初级阶段,过程仍不算成熟,许多更为有效的实践方式仍有待于我们去进一步地深入摸索和探讨。以下,我将目前比较流行的几种实践方式作一个较为简单的概括,以供大家参考:
1利用因特网创造第二语言习得的语言环境
中国人学习英语最大的一个困难就在于严重缺少目的语的语言环境。因此,如何最大限度地扩大我国英语学习者的英语接触,改善英语学习的语言环境,使每一位英语学习者都能在自然、真实、有意义的交际过程中自然地习得语言,这是一个英语教学中一直来难以解决的问题。然而,因特网这一丰富信息载体的迅速发展为优化英语教学带来了极大的便捷。因特网应用于英语教学中的一个最大优势就是能为英语习得创造了一贯真实、自然的语言环境。因特网上的图书、音乐、电影、新闻、娱乐、旅游、聊天等服务信息和技术营造了轻松自如的虚拟环境,提供了语言习得者良好的语言习得条件。尤其是网上聊天的便捷,可利于语言习得者进入聊天室或通过ICQ与外国朋友聊天、交谈,这样不仅可以了解到国外的风土人情,还可以通过文字和谚语交流学到地道的英语。在因特网这个虚拟的语言世界里,英语学习者可以在这种自然的语言气氛里接受大量的语言输入,在潜移默化中慢慢实现语言的习得。
2好好利用网上的文字信息,提高语言学习者的读写能力。
因特网提供的网页种类繁多,内容丰富。这些网页的语言优美,地道,内容有趣,实在,能充分地引起英语学习者对输入的注意,使他们可以结合自己的能力及实际需要,选择不同的信息内容,进行语言习得。网络所提供的这些信息内容,英语学习者可以下载下来作为提高阅读和写作能力的有效资料。网上有许多很好的报刊网页,例如:中国日报http:/ / www.chinadaily.com.cn,二十一世纪报http:/ / www.21 st century.com.cn,今日中国http;//www.chinatoday.com.cn,英语俱乐部 http:/ / www.Englishclub.com.cn 等。英语学习者可以直接打开这些网页进行英语阅读。在阅读的过程中,遇到生词时,学习者可以利用“金山词霸”,“东方词圣‘等语言工具软件,来获得生词的中文意思。除此以外,英语学习者还可以利用因特网的一些有利条件来提高自身的英语写作能力。在许多网页的留言板上,学习者阅读完网页后,可以直接用英语留言发表自己的意见和建议,从而,练习自己的笔头能力。另外一个可以提高写作能力的网络技术是电子邮件E---mail的使用。利用这种电子网络传递信息的技术,英语学习者可以与说目的语的人以及学习兴趣相投的第二语言学习者就某一话题进行交流。这种建立在共同兴趣基础上的真正有意义的写作交流要比课堂上的协作任务更加能提高学生的动机。而且,网上写作在词汇和语法上要比口语对话更加复杂,它提供了很真实的写作对象。网络技术不仅为第二语言习得提供了真实的输入和交际的材料,而且还能使学习者通过有意义的语境练习具体的语言技能,可以有效地帮助语言学习者提高语言的实践能力。
3利用因特网资源,开展听力教学活动
现今,大多数英语教学听力教材的内容相对而言都比较陈旧,语言也比较老套,不能满足学习者学习现代英语需要。然而,因特网以其即使性和真实性,信息大,词汇丰富,时代感强的特点,大大激发学习者学习的兴趣,较好地适应了高等教育发展的趋势。因特网使用在听力教学中,能使经济、政治、科技、文化风俗、人物、环保等信息内容进入到听力教学中来,为语言习得提供了更多有用的语言输入。在开展听力教学的过程中,英语教学者可以按照学生的情况,直接从因特网上下载英语的音像材料,作为听力教学的内容,也可以给学生介绍一些较好的英语在线听力网站或者网上英文电台,让他们在空余时间自己通过这些网站来练习听力。一些较为英语学习者欢迎的英文网站有: http://www.englishabc.com/ ,数码英语世界, http://edu.china.com/zh_cn/elearn/ ,中华教育网, http://www.iselong.com/ ,英语爱好者家园, http://www.listeningexpress.com/ ,英语在线听力基地,http://www.putclub.com/,普特英语听力。此外,因特网上还有许多在线的英语歌曲,英文原声电影,这些都可以成为英语学习者练习英语听力的很好材料。值得推荐的网站有: http://music.English .com/,英语吧.
圣经典故
我们在英语的精进过程中经常见到一些典故,特别是在《圣经》中的典故比比皆是。
我们何不来学一学源自希腊罗马神话传说的英语成语典故呐?
1.An Apple of Discord争斗之源;不和之因;祸根
An Apple of Discord直译为“纠纷的苹果”,出自荷马史诗Iliad中的希腊神话故事
传说希腊阿耳戈英雄(Argonaut)珀琉斯(Peleus)和爱琴海海神涅柔斯的女儿西蒂斯(Thetis)在珀利翁山举行婚礼,大摆宴席。他们邀请了奥林匹斯上(Olympus)的诸神参加喜筵,不知是有意还是无心,惟独没有邀请掌管争执的女神厄里斯(Eris)。这位女神恼羞成怒,决定在这次喜筵上制造不和。于是,她不请自来,并悄悄在筵席上放了一个金苹果,上面镌刻着“属于最美者”几个字。天后赫拉(Hera),智慧女神雅典娜(Athena)、爱与美之神阿芙罗狄蒂(Aphrodite),都自以为最美,应得金苹果,获得“最美者”称号。她们争执不下,闹到众神之父宙斯(Zeus)那里,但宙斯碍于难言之隐,不愿偏袒任何一方,就要她们去找特洛伊的王子帕里斯(Paris)评判。三位女神为了获得金苹果,都各自私许帕里斯以某种好处:赫拉许给他以广袤国土和掌握富饶财宝的权利,雅典娜许以文武全才和胜利的荣誉,阿芙罗狄蒂则许他成为世界上最美艳女子的丈夫。年青的帕里斯在富贵、荣誉和美女之间选择了后者,便把金苹果判给爱与美之神。为此,赫拉和雅典娜怀恨帕里斯,连带也憎恨整个特洛伊人。后来阿芙罗狄蒂为了履行诺言,帮助帕里斯拐走了斯巴达国王墨涅俄斯的王后---绝世美女海伦(Helen),从而引起了历时10年的特洛伊战争。不和女神厄里斯丢下的那个苹果,不仅成了天上3位女神之间不和的根源,而且也成为了人间2个民族之间战争的起因。因此,在英语中产生了an apple of discord这个成语,常用来比喻any subject of disagreement and contention;the root of the trouble;dispute等意义
这个成语最初为公元2世纪时的古罗马历史学家马克·朱里·尤斯丁(Marcus Juninus Justinus)所使用,后来广泛的流传到欧洲许多语言中去,成为了一个国际性成语。
eg: He throwing us an apple of discord,we soon quarrelled again.
The dispute about inheriting estate formed an apple of discord between them.
This problem seems to be an apple of discord between the Soviet union and the USA.
2.The Heel of Achilles 亦作The Achilles' Heel唯一弱点;薄弱环节;要害
The Heel of Achilles直译是“阿基里斯的脚踵”,是个在欧洲广泛流行的国际性成语。它源自荷马史诗Iliad中的希腊神话故事。
阿基里斯是希腊联军里最英勇善战的骁将,也是荷马史诗Iliad里的主要人物之一。传说他是希腊密耳弥多涅斯人的国王珀琉斯和海神的女儿西蒂斯所生的儿子。阿基里斯瓜瓜坠地以后,母亲想使儿子健壮永生,把他放在火里锻炼,又捏着他的脚踵倒浸在冥河(Styx)圣水里浸泡。因此阿基里斯浑身象钢筋铁骨,刀枪不入,只有脚踵部位被母亲的手捏住,没有沾到冥河圣水,成为他的唯一要害。在特洛伊战争中,阿基里斯骁勇无敌,所向披靡,杀死了特洛伊主将,著名英雄赫克托耳(Hector),而特洛伊的任何武器都无法伤害他的身躯。后来,太阳神阿波罗(Apollo)把阿基里斯的弱点告诉了特洛伊王子帕里斯,阿基里斯终于被帕里斯诱到城门口,用暗箭射中他的脚踵,负伤而死。
因此,the heel of Achilles,也称the Achilles' heel,常用以表示a weak point in something that is otherwise without fault;the weakest spot等意思。
eg:The shortage of fortitude is his heel of Achilles.
His Achilles' heel was his pride--he would get very angry if anyone criticized his work.3.Helen of Troy
Helen of Troy 直译"特洛伊的海伦",源自源自荷马史诗Iliad中的希腊神话故事。
Helen是希腊的绝世佳人,美艳无比,嫁给希腊南部邦城斯巴达国王墨涅俄斯(Menelaus)为妻。后来,特洛伊王子帕里斯奉命出事希腊,在斯巴达国王那里做客,他在爱与美之神阿芙罗狄蒂的帮助下,趁着墨涅俄斯外出之际,诱走海伦,还带走了很多财宝
此事激起了希腊各部族的公愤,墨涅俄斯发誓说,宁死也要夺回海轮,报仇雪恨。为此,在希腊各城邦英雄的赞助下,调集十万大军和1180条战船,组成了希腊联军,公推墨涅俄斯的哥哥阿枷门农(Agamemnon)为联军统帅,浩浩荡荡,跨海东征,攻打特洛伊城,企图用武力夺回海轮。双方大战10年,死伤无数,许多英雄战死在沙场。甚至连奥林匹斯山的众神也分成2个阵营,有些支持希腊人,有些帮助特洛伊人,,彼此展开了一场持久的恶斗。最后希腊联军采用足智多谋的奥德修斯(Odusseus)的“木马计”,里应外合才攻陷了特洛伊。希腊人进城后,大肆杀戮,帕里斯王子也被杀死,特洛伊的妇女、儿童全部沦为奴隶。特洛伊城被掠夺一空,烧成了一片灰烬。战争结实后,希腊将士带着大量战利品回到希腊,墨涅俄斯抢回了美貌的海轮重返故土。这就是特洛伊战争的起因和结局。正是由于海轮,使特洛伊遭到毁灭的悲剧,真所谓“倾国倾城”,由此产生了Helen of Troy这个成语。
特洛伊战争的真实性,已为19世纪德国考古学家谢里曼在迈锡尼发掘和考证古代特洛伊古城废墟所证实。至于特洛伊城被毁的真正原因,虽然众说纷纭,但肯定决不是为了一个美女而爆发这场战争的,与其说是为了争夺海轮而打了起来,毋宁说是为了争夺该地区的商业霸权和抢劫财宝而引起战争的。所谓“特洛伊的海伦”,实质上是财富和商业霸权的化身。中国历史上也有过“妲己亡商”,“西施沼吴”等传说,以及唐明皇因宠杨贵妃而招致“安史之乱”,吴三桂“冲冠一怒为红颜”等说法。汉语中有个“倾国倾城”的成语(语出《汉书·外戚传》:‘一顾倾人城,再顾倾人国’。)这里的“倾”字一语双光,既可指美艳非凡,令人倾倒;也可纸倾覆邦国。其含义与Helen of troy十分近似。
在现代英语中,Helen of Troy这个成语,除了表示a beautiful girl or woman;a beauty who ruins her country等意义外,还可以用来表示a terrible disaster brought by sb or sth you like best的意思。
eg:It is unfair that historians always attribute the fall of kingdoms to Helen of Troy.
She didn't think of the beautiful umbrella bought the day before should become a Helen of Troy in her family.Because of this she and her husband quarreled for a long time.
4.The Trojan Horse木马计;暗藏的危险;奸细
The Trojan Horse直译"特洛伊木马",是个国际性成语,在世界各主要语言中都有。来自拉丁语equns Trojanus.这个成语甚至还进入到汉语词汇中,**同志在《矛盾论》中,谈到《水浒传》中宋江三打祝家庄时,就用了“木马计”这个典故。
这个成语出自荷马史诗《奥德赛》。希腊人和特洛伊人交战10年之久,胜负未决。最后,希腊著名的英雄奥德修斯(Odusseus)想出了一个木马计,用木头做了一匹巨马,放在特洛伊城外。全体希腊将士伪装撤退,乘船隐藏在附近的海湾里,而奥德修斯率领20名勇士事先藏进妈肚。特洛伊人误认为希腊人已经败退,大开城门,看到城外的巨大木马,以为这是希腊人敬神的礼物,就把它当作战利品拖进城来,大摆宴席,欢庆胜利。到了半夜,特洛伊人好梦正在酣,毫无戒备的时候,藏在木马里的希腊英雄们都爬了出来,打开城门,发出信号,与附近海湾里返回的希腊大军里应外合,一举摧毁了特洛伊城。
因此,The Trojan Horse经过不断引用而成为一个广泛流传的成语,常用来比喻the hidden danger;the covert wreckers(内奸);to engage in underhand activities等的意义。
eg:The superpowers are always sending the Trojan horses to many countries in the world.
They are defeated only because of the Trojan horse in their country.
5.Greek Gift(s)阴谋害人的礼物;黄鼠狼拜年,不安好心
Greek Gift(s)直译是“希腊人的礼物”,出自荷马史诗《奥德赛》以及古罗马杰出诗人维吉尔(Publius Virgilius Maro,公元前70-前19年)的史诗《伊尼特》(Aeneis)中关于特洛伊城陷落经过的叙述。
据《奥德赛》卷8记述:许多特洛伊人对如何处置希腊人留下的大木马展开了辩论,“他们有三种主张:有的主张用无情的铜矛刺透中空的木马;有的主张把它仍到岩石上;有的主张让它留在那里作为京观,来使天神喜悦”。结果是后一说占优势,把那匹木马拖进城里来,终于遭到了亡国之灾。
维吉尔的史诗《伊尼特》,写的是特洛伊被希腊攻陷后,王子伊尼斯从混乱中携家属出走,经由西西里、迦太基到达意大利,在各地漂泊流莫道不消魂亡的情况。史诗第2卷便是伊尼斯关于特洛伊城陷落经过的叙述,其中情节除了模拟荷马史诗的描述外,还做了更详细的补充。当特洛伊人要把大木马拖进城的时候,祭司拉奥孔(Laocoon)劝说不要接受希腊人留下的东西。他说:“我怕希腊人,即使他们来送礼”这句话后来成了一句拉丁谚语:“Timeo Danaos,et dona ferenteso."(原文的达奈人Danaos,即泛指希腊各部族人)译成英语就是:I fear the Greeks ,even when bringing gifts.其简化形式就是Greek Gifts.可惜特洛伊人不听拉奥孔的警告,把木马作为战利品拖进城里。木马里藏着希腊的精锐部队,给特洛伊人带来了屠有暗香盈袖杀和灭亡。由此,Greek gift成为一个成语,表示a gift with some sinister purposes of the enemy;one given with intent to harm;a gift sent inorder to murder sb等意思,按其形象意义,这个成语相当与英语的俚谚:When the fox preaches,take care of your geese;也与汉语“黄鼠狼给鸡拜年--不安好心”十分类似
eg:He is always buying you expensive clothes,I'm afraid they are Greek gifts for you.
Comrades,be on guard against the Greek gifts!
To meet Waterloo(倒霉,受毁灭性打击,灭顶之灾)
滑铁卢是一代天骄拿破仑遭受残败的地方。遭遇滑铁卢,对一个人来说,后果不堪设想。无怪据说二战期间,在准备诺曼底反东篱把酒黄昏后攻时,温斯顿·丘吉尔和随员冒雨去某地开会,其随员因路滑而摔了一跤,脱口说一句“To meet Waterloo!”丘吉尔竟联想到拿破仑兵败滑铁卢的典故,恼怒地斥责他:“胡说!我要去凯旋门呢!”
It's Greek to me.(我不知道)
英国人一般都不懂希腊语。这句话的直译是:对于我这是希腊语。自然是不明白的意思。
Greek Kalends(幽默,诙谐方式表达的永远不)
Kalends是罗马日历的第一天。古希腊不用罗马日历,永远不会有这一天。
Castle in Spain(西班牙城堡,幻想,梦想。相当于汉语中的空中楼阁)
中世纪某一时期,西班牙是一个颇富浪漫色彩的国家,这句成语是和Castle in air(空中城堡)相齐名的。
Set the Thames on fire(火烧泰晤士河,这是何等伟大的壮举)
但是这句成语经常是反其义应用,指那些人对某事只是夸下海口,而不是真正想去做。
From China to Peru(从中国到秘鲁)
它的意义非常明白,指从世界的这一边到世界的那一边,相当于汉语的远隔重洋。
Between Scylla and Charybdis(锡拉和卡津布迪斯之间———在两个同样危险的事物之间:一个人逃出一种危险,而又落入另一种危险)
锡拉是传说中生活在意大利岩石的怪兽,卡津布迪斯是住在海峡中一端经常产生旋涡的另一个怪兽。水手为了躲避其中一个的危害,而常又落入另一个灾难。意大利这一方的海角叫凯尼斯(Caenys),西西里岛那一方的海角叫皮罗鲁姆(Pelorum)。
Spoil Egyptians(掠夺埃及———迫使敌人提供自己所需要的东西)
源于圣经:上帝答应摩西,埃及人必须借给以色列他们所需要的东西。
Do in Rome as Romans Do(在罗马,就按罗马人的方式办)
和我们的入乡随俗的意思一样。
Carry Coals to Newcastle(把煤送到纽卡斯尔)
把某种东西送到一个人们根本不需要的地方。纽卡斯尔盛产煤,送煤到那里,岂不是多此一举。有趣的是法莫道不消魂国也有类似的成语“del'eau a la riviere(送水到大河里)。”
6.A Penelope's Web亦作The Web of Penelope故意拖延的策略;永远做不完的工作
A Penelope's Web或The Web of Penelope,直译为“珀涅罗珀的织物”,典故出自荷马史诗《奥德赛》卷2。
这部史诗的主人公奥德修斯是希腊半岛西南边伊大卡岛(Ithaca)的国王,他有个美丽而忠诚的旗子,名叫珀涅罗珀。奥德修斯随希腊联军远征特洛伊,十年苦战结束后,希腊将士纷纷凯旋归国。惟独奥德修斯命运坎坷,归途中又在海上漂泊了10年,历尽无数艰险,并盛传他已葬身鱼腹,或者客死异域。正当他在外流浪的最后三年间,有一百多个来自各地的王孙公子,聚集在他家里,向他的妻子求婚。坚贞不渝的珀涅罗珀为了摆脱求婚者的纠缠,想出个缓宾之策,她宣称等她为公公织完一匹做寿衣的布料后,就改嫁给他们中的一个。于是,她白天织这匹布,夜晚又在火炬光下把它拆掉。就这样织了又拆,拆了又织,没完没了,拖延时间,等待丈夫归来。后来,奥德修斯终于回转家园,夫妻儿子合力把那些在他家里宴饮作乐,胡作非为的求婚者一个个杀死,终于夫妻团圆了。
由于这个故事,英语中的Penelope一词成了a chaste woman(贞妇)的同义词,并产生了with a penelope faith(坚贞不渝)这个短语。而A Penelope's Web这个成语比喻the tactics of delaying sth on purposel;the task that can never be finished的意思
eg:Mr Jones made a long speech at the meeting.Everyone else thought it a Penelope's web.
My work is something like the Penelope's web,never done,but ever in hand.
7.Swan Song最后杰作;绝笔
Swan Song字面译做“天鹅之歌”,源于希腊成语Kykneion asma.
天鹅,我国古代叫鹄,是一种形状似鹅而体形较大的稀有珍禽,栖息于海滨湖畔,能游善飞,全身白色。因此,英语成语black swan,用以比喻稀有罕见的人或物,类似汉语成语“凤毛麟角”之意。
在古希腊神话中,阿波罗(Apollo)是太阳神、光明之神,由于他多才多艺,又是诗歌与音乐之神,后世奉他为文艺的保护神。天鹅是阿波罗的神鸟,故常用来比喻文艺。传说天鹅平素不唱歌,而在它死前,必引颈长鸣,高歌一曲,其歌声哀婉动听,感人肺腑。这是它一生中唯一的,也是最后的一次唱歌。因此,西方各国就用这个典故来比喻某诗人,作家,作曲家临终前的一部杰作,或者是某个演员,歌唱家的最后一次表演。即a last or farewell appearance;the last work before death之意;偶尔也可指某中最后残余的东西。
Swan Song是个古老的成语,源远流长。早在公元前6世纪的古希腊寓言作家伊索(Aisopos)的寓言故事中,就有“天鹅临死才唱歌”的说法。古罗马政治家、作家西塞罗(Cicero,公元前106-前43)在其《德斯肯伦别墅哲学谈》等论文中,就使用了“天鹅之歌”来比喻临死哀歌。在英国,乔叟,莎士比亚等伟大诗人、剧作家,都使用过这个成语典故。如:莎翁的著名悲剧《奥噻罗》(othello)中塑造的爱米莉霞的形象,她在生死关头勇敢得站出来揭穿其丈夫的罪行。她临死时把自己比做天鹅,一生只唱最后一次歌。
eg:All the tickets have been sold for the singer's performance in London this week--the public clearly believes that this will be her swan song
The Tempest was W.Shakespeare's swan song in 1612
8.Win/Gain Laurels获得荣誉;赢得声望
Look to One's Laurels爱惜名声;保持记录
Rest on One's Laurels坐享清福;光吃老本
Laurel(月桂树)是一种可供观赏的常绿乔木,树叶互生,披针形或者长椭圆形,光滑发亮;花带黄色,伞形花序.laurels指用月桂树叶编成的"桂冠".古代希腊人和罗马人用月桂树的树叶编成冠冕,献给杰出的诗人或体育竞技的优胜者,作为奖赏,以表尊崇.这种风尚渐渐传遍整个欧洲,于是laurels代表victory,success和distincion.
欧洲人这种习俗源远流长,可上朔到古希腊神话.相传河神珀纳斯(Peneus)的女儿达佛涅(Daphne)长的风姿卓约,艳丽非凡.太阳神阿波罗为她的美所倾倒,热烈追求她,但达佛涅自有所爱,总是逃避权利很大的太阳神的追求.一天,他俩在河边相遇,达佛涅一见阿波罗,拔腿就跑,阿波罗在后边穷追不舍,达佛涅跑得疲乏不堪,情急之下只好请她父亲把她变成一株月桂树.阿波罗非常感伤,无限深情地表示:"愿你的枝叶四季长青,装饰我的头,装饰我的琴,让你成为最高荣誉的象征".他小心得将这株月桂树移植到自己神庙旁边,朝夕相处,并取其枝叶遍成花冠戴在头上,以表示对达佛涅的倾慕和怀念.
因此,古希腊人把月桂树看做是阿波罗的神木,称为"阿波罗的月桂树"(The Laurel of Apollo).起先,他们用月桂枝叶编成冠冕,授予在祭祀太阳神的节目赛跑中的优胜者.后来在奥林匹亚(Olympia)举行的体育竞技中,他们用桂冠赠给竞技的优胜者.从此世代相传,后世欧洲人以"桂冠"作为光荣的称号.
由于阿波罗是主管光明.青春.音乐和诗歌之神,欧洲人又把源自"阿波罗的月桂树"的桂冠,献给最有才华的诗人,称"桂冠诗人".第一位著名的"桂冠诗人"就是欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义的先驱者.意大利诗人彼特拉克(Francesco Petrarch,1304-1374).他的代表作<抒情诗集>,全部为14行诗体,系诗人献给他心中的女神劳拉的情诗(彼特拉克喜欢了劳拉一辈子,但是劳拉从来都不知道),抒发他对恋人的爱情,描写大自然的景色,渴望祖国的统一.这部被称为西方"诗三百'的诗集,虽不能与我国古代<诗经>相提并论,但不失为世界文学的瑰宝.
中古时代英国的大学,也曾授予过"桂冠诗人"的称好,但是这只是一种荣誉称号,而非目前含义的类似职务,学衔的专用名称.
作为专名的"桂冠诗人"(The Poet Laureate,也称The Laureate),系英国王室赐予御用诗人的专用称号,从17世纪英皇詹姆士一世(James I,1566-1625)开始,延续到现在,已历三个世纪了.凡获得"桂冠诗人"称号者,可领取宫廷津贴,每遇到王室喜庆或官方盛典时,都要写作应景诗以点缀和宣扬喜庆事件,歌有暗香盈袖功颂有暗香盈袖德,粉饰升平.17世纪,在英国被封为第一位"桂冠诗人"的是约翰·德莱顿(John Dryden,1631-1700),他一生为贵族写作,美化君主制度,不过他创造的"英语偶句诗体",成为英国诗歌的主要形式之一.从1670到1972这三百年间,英国王室相继封了17位"桂冠诗人"年限最长的是19实际的浪漫诗人阿弗里德·丁尼生(Alfred Tennyson,1809-1892),他从1850年获得这个称号一直到逝世,长达42年,算是"终身桂冠诗人"了.英国最近的"桂冠诗人"是约翰·本杰明(John Benjamin).其实,所谓"桂冠诗人"大部分是徒具虚名的,在英国文学史上享有盛名者极少;就象中国封建时代的"钦点状元",从公元960到1904(清关绪30年最后一届科举止)近1000年,历代状元341名,在中国文学史上著名的寥寥无几.
eg:Shakespeare won laurels in the dramatic world.
The student gained laurels on the football field,as well as in his studies.
Tom won the broad jump,but he had to look to his laurels Getting an A in chemistry almosst cause Mike to rest on his laurels
9.Under the Rose秘密地;私下得;暗中
Under the rose直译"在玫瑰花底下",而实际上却表示in secret; privately confidentially的意义,语言外壳与内涵,似乎风马牛不相及.它源自古罗马的神话故事和欧洲的风尚.
罗马神话中的小爱神丘比特(Cupid),也称希腊神话里的厄洛斯(Eros),在文艺作品中以背上长着双翼的小男孩的形象出现,常携带弓箭在天空中遨游,谁中了他的金箭就会产生爱情.丘比特是战神玛斯(Mars)和爱与美之神维纳斯(venus)所生的儿子.维纳斯,也就是希腊神话里的阿芙罗狄蒂(Aphrodite),传说她是从大海的泡沫里生出来,以美丽著称,从宙斯到奥林匹帕斯的诸神都为起美貌姿容所倾倒.有关她的恋爱传说很多,欧洲很多文艺作品常用维纳斯做题材.小爱神丘比特为了维护其母的声誉,给沉默之神哈伯克拉底(Harpocrates)送了一束玫瑰花,请他守口如瓶不要把维纳斯的风流韵事传播出去.哈伯克拉底受了玫瑰花就缄默不语了,成为名副其实的"沉默之神"
古罗马人对维纳斯非常尊崇,不仅奉为掌管人类的爱情.婚姻.生育的爱与美的神,而且尊为丰收女神.园艺女神.罗马的统治者恺撒大帝甚至追搠维纳斯是罗马人的祖先.由于上述神话传说,古罗马人把玫瑰花当作沉没或严守秘密的象征,并在日常生活中相尚成风.人们去串门做客,当看到主人家的桌子上方画有玫瑰,客人就了解在这桌上所谈的一切行为均不应外传.于是在语言中产生了Sub rosa在玫瑰花底下这个拉丁成语. 据<牛津英语词典>解释,英语under the rose系源自德语unter der Rosen. 古代德国的宴会厅.会议室以及旅店的餐室,在天花板上常画有或雕刻着玫瑰花,用来提醒在场者要守口如瓶,严守秘密,不要把玫瑰花底下的言行透露出去.这个流行于15至17世纪的德语成语反映了这种习俗.
罗马帝国全盛时,其势力几乎席卷了整个欧洲,罗马某些文化风尚也随着他的军事力量渗透到欧洲各国.因此,以玫瑰花象征沉默的习俗,并不限于德国..
under the rose 是个状语性成语,在句中修饰动词,其含义因所修饰的动词的不同而略有不同.如:born under the rose"私生的""非婚生的";do under the rose"暗中进行"
eg:The senator told me under the rose that there is to be a chance in the cabinet.
The matter was finally settled under the rose.
Do what you like undeer the rose,but don't give a sign of what you're about...
10.The Augean Stable(s)肮脏的地方;藏垢纳秽之所;积弊
The Augean Stable(s)直译"奥吉亚斯的牛圈",源自古希腊神话中关于赫拉克勒斯的英雄传说.
奥吉亚斯(Augeas)是古希腊西部厄利斯(Elis)的国王。他有一个极大的牛圈,里面养了2000头年(一说3000匹马),30年来未清扫过,粪秽堆积如山,十分肮脏。因此,the Augean stable=very dirty place.
古希腊神话中的英雄赫拉克勒斯(Heracles),亦称海格立斯(Hercules),是宙斯同底比斯国王之女阿尔克墨涅所生的儿子,自幼在名师的传授下,学会了各种武艺和技能,神勇无敌,成为遐迩闻名的大力士。他因受到心胸狭窄的天后赫拉的迫东篱把酒黄昏后害,不得不替迈锡尼国王欧律斯透斯服役十几年。赫拉克勒斯拒绝了“恶德”女神要他走享乐道路的诱惑,而听从了“美德”女神的忠告,决心在逆境中不畏艰险,为民除害造福。他在十二年中完成了12项英勇业绩,其中之一就是在一天之内将奥吉亚斯的牛圈打扫干净。赫拉克勒斯先在牛圈的一端挖了深沟,引来附近的阿尔裴斯河和珀涅俄斯河的喝水灌入牛圈,而在另一端开一出口,使喝水流经牛圈,借用水利冲洗积粪。这样,他在一夜之间将30年没有打扫过的肮脏不堪的牛圈,打扫的干干净净。奥吉亚斯曾许诺事成之后把牛群的十分之一给赫拉克勒斯,作为劳动报酬,后来当他获悉赫拉克勒斯是奉欧律斯透斯之命来完成这项任务的,竟自食其果,于是被赫拉克勒斯杀死
这个神话传说反映了古代人民苦干加巧干的精神,体现了人类征服自然的力量和智慧。伟大的革莫道不消魂命导师马克思、恩格斯、列宁、斯大林在他们的著作中,多次引用够这个典故。在马列主义经典中,这个成语有时译为“肮脏的马厩”,有时译为"奥吉亚斯的牛圈"。在这里,stable除了泛指地点外,还可代表某些不良的制度,下流的习俗和恶劣的作风等等。由此,人们用the Augean stable这个成语来比喻非常的地方或长期形成的积弊。它常比to clean,to cleanse,to reform等动词连用,表示to bring about a drastic reform in some public evil的意思
eg:how to clean the Augean stables of this city remains a critical problem.
Although they know it is not easy to reform the Augean stables of ths sociey,they are still trying to do it.11.A Procrustean Bed
A Procrustean Bed直译是“普洛克路斯贰斯的床”,源自古希腊神话的典故。
在雅典国家奠基者(Theseus)的传说中,从墨加拉到雅典途中有个非常残暴的强盗,叫达玛斯贰斯,绰号普洛克路斯贰斯。希腊问Procrustes的意思是“拉长者”、“暴虐者”。据公元前1世纪古希腊历史学家狄奥多(Diodoros,约公元前80-前29年)所编《历史丛书》记述:普洛克路斯贰斯开设黑店,拦截过路行人。他特意设置了2张铁床,一长一短,强迫旅店躺在铁床上,身矮者睡长床,强拉其躯体使与床齐;身高者睡短床,他用利斧把旅客伸出来的腿脚截短。由于他这种特殊的残暴方式,人称之为“铁床匪”。后来,希腊著名英雄提修斯在前往雅典寻父途中,遇上了“铁床匪”,击败了这个拦路大盗。提修斯以其人之道还治其人之身,强令身体魁梧的普洛克路斯贰斯躺在短床上,一刀砍掉“铁床匪”伸出床外的下半肢,除了这一祸害。
由此,在英语中遗留下来a Procrustean bed这个成语,亦做the Procrustes' bed或the bed of Procrustes,常用以表示an arrangement or plan that produces uniformity by violent and arbitrary measures之意。按其形象意义,这个成语与汉语成语“削足适履”、“截趾穿鞋”颇相同;也类似俗语“使穿小鞋”、“强求一律”的说法
eg:I didn't put forth the plan as a Procrustean bed,to which exact conformity is to be indispensable.
Don't stretch the facts to fit the Procrustean bed.
12.A Gordian Knot难解的结;难题;难点
A Gordian Knot直译“戈耳迪之结”。
戈耳迪(Gordius)是小亚细亚佛律基亚(Phrygia)的国王,传说他原先是个贫苦的农民。一天,他在耕地的时候,有只神鹰从天而且降,落在他马车的轭上,久不飞走。戈耳迪就赶着马车进城去请求神示。其时,佛律基亚的老王突然去世,一国无主,上下动帘卷西风乱不安,于是人们请求神示由谁来做国王。神示说:“在通向宙斯神庙的大陆上,你们遇到的第一个乘马车者就是新王。”恰好这时戈耳迪正乘着牛车前往宙斯的神庙,人们看见巍然屹立在车轭上的神鹰,认为这是掌握政权的象征,就一致拥戴戈耳迪为国王。戈耳迪当了国王后,就把那辆象征命运的马车献给宙斯,放置在婶庙中。他用绳索打了个非常复杂的死结,把车轭牢牢得系在车辕上,谁也无法解开。
由此,人们常用a Gordian knot比喻a knot difficult or impossibe to unite;the difficult problem or task.
eg:We must try to solve the problem even if it is really a Gordian knot.
The knot which you thought a Gordian one will untie it before you.
13.Cut the Gordian Knot
Cut the Gordian Knot直译“斩断戈耳迪之结”,源自上篇的同一典故。
佛律基亚(Phrygia)的国王戈耳迪,用乱结把轭系在他原来使用过的马车的辕上,其结牢固难解,神谕凡能解开此结者,便是亚洲之君主。好几个世纪过去了,没有人能解开这个结。公元前3世纪时,古希腊罗马的马其顿国王亚历山大大帝(Alexander the Great,公元前356-323),在成为希腊各城邦的霸主后,大举远征东方。公元前334年,他率领进入小亚细亚,经过佛律基亚时,看到这辆马车。有人把往年的神谕告诉他,他也无法解开这个结。为了鼓舞士气,亚历山大拔出利剑一挥,斩断了这个复杂的乱结,并说:“我就是这样解开的”因此,to cut the Gordian knot 就是意味着to solve a complicated difficulty by quick and drastic action;to end a difficulty by using a vigorous or violent method;to solve a problem by force.按其形象意义,这个成语与汉语成语“快刀斩乱麻”,“大刀阔斧,果断处置”十分相似。
eg:They have decided to cut the Gordian knot to wipe out the enemy at a blow.
Jean is afraid of everything,How can she cut the Gordian knot in her work?
14.Bone of The Bone and Flesh of the Flesh
Bone of The Bone and Flesh of the Flesh直译"骨中之骨,肉中之肉",出自<圣经>中关于上帝造人的神话.
据<旧约·创世纪>第2章叙述:太初之际,混沌未开,耶和华上帝开天辟地.第一天耶和华创造了白天和夜晚;第二天创造了天空和风云;第三天创造了高山峻岭.平原河流,以及富饶的土地和芳香的花果;第四天他又创造了太阳.月亮和星辰,确定年岁.季节.月份和日期;第五天他创造了各种形状和大小的鱼类和飞禽;第六天他才创造了各种陆上动物,然后他按照自己的形象用地上的尘土造出一个男人,名叫亚当(Adam),这就是神话中人类的始祖.后来,耶和华见押当独居无伴侣帮助他,于是,趁亚当沉睡的时候,从他身上取下一根肋骨造成了一个女人叫夏娃(Eve),领到他面前,亚当说:"This is bone of my bone and flesh of my flesh"(这是我骨中之骨,肉中之肉)。从此两人结为夫妻
Bone of The Bone and Flesh of the Flesh常用来比喻血缘上的亲属关系或思想上的团结一致,即as close as flesh and blood;to be inseperately linked to each other等的意思。
eg:Our army is bone of the bone and flesh of the flesh of the people.
The I.W.W was bone of the bone and flesh of the flesh of the floating workers.(W.Foster
ages from a Worker's Life.)
15.Adam's Apple喉结
亚当是圣经中人类的始祖,而苹果的历史比人类的历史还悠久。在世界各文明古国的民间故事和神话传说中,苹果都是受人喜爱的一种果实。英语中有个谚语:An apple a day keeps the doctor away.但据圣经故事上说,苹果也给人类带来了麻烦,男人的喉结就是因吃苹果引起的。
《旧约.创世纪》第3章讲到人类的起源,传说上帝创造人类的始祖亚当和夏娃,在东方的伊甸(Eden)建立了一个园子给他们居住。伊甸园里生长着悦人眼目的各种树木,树上长着各种各样的果实。上帝吩咐亚当说:你可以随意吃园中的各种果子,只是不能吃那棵分别善恶树上的果实,吃了必定要死。这种“禁果”就是apple。后来,亚当的配偶夏娃听信蛇的诱惑,不顾神谕,吃了善恶树上的禁果,还把这果子给它丈夫吃。亚当因心怀恐惧,吃时仓促,有一片果肉哽在吼中,不上不下,留下个结块,就叫“亚当的苹果”两人吃了这果子就心明眼亮,能知善恶美丑。但是由于他们违背了上帝的告戒而被逐出伊甸园。从此,亚当就永远在脖子前端留下“喉结”,作为偷吃禁果的“罪证”。上帝还惩罚亚当,“必汗流满面才能糊口”
不过也说一说是正当亚当吃的时候,上帝来了,所以亚当急忙吞下去,不料哽在喉咙间了。
eg:Your Adam's apple isn't apparent.
Adam's apple can be more clearly seen on men than women's throats.
16.Sell One's Birthright for a Mess of Pottages因小失大;见利弃义
Sell One's Birthright for a Mess of Pottages直译是:“为了一碗红豆汤而出卖了长子继承权”。
《旧约.创世纪》第25章记述了这样一个故事传说:犹太族长以撒的妻子利百加怀孕期间,感觉到2个胎儿在她腹内互相踢打,就去问耶和华,耶和华对她说:“两国在你腹内,两族要从你身上出来,这族必强于那族,将来大的要服小的。”
后来,利百加果然生下一对孪生兄弟,哥哥叫以扫,弟弟叫雅各。两兄弟长大后,以扫好动,常外出打猎;雅各则常在家里帮助料理家务。有一天,以扫打猎回来,又饥又渴,看见弟弟雅各在熬豆汤,就对他说:“我饿极了,给我喝点红豆汤吧!”雅各说:“你要喝汤,就把你的长子权卖给我。”以扫说:“你都要饿死了,要这长子权有什么用呢?”于是,他便按雅各的要求,对天起誓,把长子权卖给雅各,换来饼和红豆汤。以扫吃饱喝足后,起身走了。他哪里想到,为了这碗红豆汤,他的后裔便注定要服事雅各的后裔。
由此,人们用to sell one's birthright for a mess of pottage短语,来比喻to exchange something of lasting value for something that is of value for a short time only;to suffer a big loss for a little gain.这个成语常缩略为for a mess of pottage的形式。有时也可用to sell one's birthrights.
eg:It was argued that joining the Common Market...would be giving away her national rights and advantages for a mess of pottage.
There are many,many people who are willing to prostitute their intelligence for a mess of pottage.
17.The Apple of Ones' Eye
The Apple of Ones' Eye的字面意思是“某人眼里的苹果”,在这里,apple指的是the pupil(瞳孔,眼珠),大概因眼珠圆的象苹果之故。瞳孔是眼睛最重要的部分,失去瞳孔,光线就无法通过虹膜中心的圆孔进入眼内而变成了瞎子。所以,这个成语常用来比喻象爱护眼珠一样爱护某个最心爱的人或珍贵的东西,即表示a cherished person or object;sth extrmely precious to one; sb dearly loved等意
这个成语来字《旧约。申命记》(Deuteronomy)第32章“耶和华遇见他在旷野荒凉、野兽吼叫之地,就环绕他,看顾他,保护他如同保护眼里的瞳人。”在圣经其他地方也有类似的话。英文版《旧约。诗篇》(Psalm)第17章有这样的句子:"Keep me as the apple of the eye,hide me under the shadow of the wings"
成语the apple of one's eye是固定结构,不得写成the apple of the eye of…的形式;在搭配上,它常与动词be,keep,care for等连用。按其想象意义,它与汉语成语“掌上明珠”颇相似,但其比喻的对象较汉语“掌珠”更广,因“掌珠”通常指心爱的女儿,而不能用与其他场合。
eg:Little Mary is the apple of her father's eye
Mind the reputation of your school as you care for the apple of your eye.
18.The writing/Finger on the Wall不详之兆;大祸临头
这个成语的字面意思是“墙上的文字(或手指)”,而实际含义是a sign or warning of impending disaster(迫在眉睫的凶兆);a sign that sth bad will happen; a feeling that ones number is up;等等。其语言外壳与内涵是怎样联系起来的呢?还是出自《圣经》
据《旧约。但以理书》(Daniel)第5章记述:有一次古巴比伦(Babylonian)的国王伯沙撒(Belshazar)正在宫殿里设宴纵饮时,突然,不知从哪里出现了一个神秘的手指,当者国王的面,在王宫与灯台相对的粉墙上写西了四个奇怪的单词:MENE(弥尼)、MENE(弥尼)、TEKEL(提客勒)、UPHARSING (乌法珥新)。国王张皇失措,惊恐万分,谁也不懂墙上所写的字是什么意思。后来叫来了被虏的犹太预半夜凉初透言家但以理,才明白了这几个字的意思就是大难临头。他说:“弥尼就是上帝已经数算你国的年日到此为完毕;提客勒就是你被称在天平里显出你的亏欠;乌法珥新就是你的国分佳节又重阳裂,归与玛代人和波斯人。”果然,当夜伯沙撒被杀,又62岁的玛代人薄雾浓云愁永昼大利乌取而代之。
依次,“墙上的文字(或手指)”就表示身死国亡的凶兆。英语中这个成语有几种表达方式:the writing/handwriting on the wall或a finger on the wall,通常与be,like等系动词连用;有时写成see/read the writing on he wall的句型,表示提出警告,such as
on't you see the writing on the wall, 有时候也可省略on the wall,只说Don't you see the writing?意思也是一样的。
eg:This inexplicable incident seemed,like the Babylonian finger on the wall,to be spelling out the letter of my judgement...
In this house of his there was writing on every wall.His business-like temperament protested against a mysterious warning that she was not made for him.
John's emplyer had less and less work for him;John could read the writing on the wall.
The writing on the wall is clear:if man behaves like an animal and allow hs population to increase while each nation steadily increases he coplexity and range of its environment,nature will take her course and the law of the Jungle will prevail.
When Bill's team lost four games in a row,he saw the handwriting on the wall.
20.Not an iota of没有一点点,丝毫也不
iota是希腊字母表中第9个字母“I”的名称。not an iota of 出自《新约。马太福音》第5章:“律法的一点一画都不能废去,都要成全。”因为iota是希腊字母表中最小的一个字母,它有时可以写作一短横置于其他字母之上;遗漏这一点点对发音并无什么影响,只按规则不能减少而已。《福音书》所说的律法,系指“摩西律”,意即无论何人都不允许随便废去这戒律哪怕是最小的一条,甚至其中的一个字母,一个小小短横也不得更动或遗漏。
由此,在语言中遗留下来这个成语,转义表示not a bit of ;not one jot or little;not at all等意思。iota在这里,相当于汉语“小不点儿”的意思。
Eg:Science deals with things in a practical way.Science means honest,solid knowledge,allowing not an iota of falsehood,and it involves herculean efforts and gruelling toil.
There is not an iota of truth in the story.
19.The Salt of the Earth社会中坚;民族精华;优秀份子
The Salt of the Earth这个成语,字面意思“世上的盐”
盐是饮食中不可缺少的调味品,人体若缺盐,健康就会受到影响,出现种种疾病。盐还有杀菌、解毒、消炎、除污等多种功用,它既是“百药之王”,又是工业之母,确是值得珍视的东西。在许多民族的习俗汇总,盐被当作敬客的高贵礼品。
The Salt of the Earth一词出自《圣经》,据《新约。马太福音》(Matthew)第5长记载:耶稣对他的门徒说:"Ye are the salt of the earth:but if the salt have lost his savor,wherewith shall it be salted? " 在这里,salt用于转义,表示flavor;of the earth即of the world。这是耶稣登山垂训论"福",所讲福音结尾的话,他把门徒比做“世上的盐”,这是极高的称赞。这句话在后世不断引用变成了一个典故性成语,转义为the most valuable members of sociey;the finest type of humanity;a person or a group of people having the best character 之意
eg: He does a lot of good jobs and is considered to be the salt of the world.
You all are the salt of the earth.Our hope is placed on you
21.Cast pearls before swine对牛弹琴;白费好意
To Cast pearls before swine的意思是“珍珠头在猪猡前面”。swine是个旧词,书面词,即今为pigs,不过swine单复同行,本句为复数。
这个成语源自《新约。马太福音》第7章:“Give not that which is holy unto the dogs,neither cast ye your pearls before swine,lest they trample them under their feet,and turn again and rend you”.由于to cast pearls efore swine,比喻确切,在后世不断引用中而成为一个国际性成语,常用来表示to offer sth valuable or beautiful to those who can't appreciate it;to give what is precious to those who are unable to understand its value等意思,含有轻蔑嘲笑色彩。按其字面意义,这个成语与汉语成语“明珠按投”相似,但是寓意不同,基本上不对应;按一比喻意义,它相当于“对牛弹琴”,“向驴说经”“一番好意给狗吃”“狗咬吕洞宾,不识好人心”等。
She read them Shakespeare,but it was casting pearls before swine
I won't waste good advice on John any more because he never listens to it.I won't cast pearls before swine.
...and when I let the upper floor to Cap'en Cuttle,oh i do a thankless thing,and cast pearls before swine
22.a wolf in sheep's clothing批着羊皮的狼;貌善心恶的人
耶稣在加利利一带传道布教,收了很多信徒。有一天,他对门徒说:"Beware of false prophets,which come to you in sheep's clothing,but inwardly they are ravening wolves"
eg:Mrs.Martin trusted the lawyer until she realized that he was a wolf in sheep's clothing
One who teaches morality and practises immorality is a wolf in lamb's skine
23.separate the sheep from the goats区别好坏,分清良莠
《新约。马太福音》记述:“And before him shall be gathered all nations:and he shall separate them one from another,as a shepherd divideth his sheep from the goats”
由于《圣经》的影响,sheep和goat在英语中的形象截然不同,前者比喻好人,后者比喻坏人。英语中有关goat的成语,大多贬义。如:to play the goat=play the fool(瞎胡闹);to get sb's goat(触动肝火) ;等等。《圣经》说牧羊人要分辨绵羊和山羊,“把绵羊安置右边,山羊左边”。据说野山羊常混进羊群里,引诱绵羊,故牧养人必须把它们区分开来,以免混淆。
由此,人们用to separate the sheep from the goats这个成语,来比喻to separate the good from the wicked; to divide good or useful people from bad or useless
eg:We'll go through the list of members,and separate the sheep from the goats
Have faith in me,please.I can separate the sheep from the goats
源自欧洲寓言名著的
24.a dog in the manger占着茅坑不拉屎的人
出自《伊索寓言》(Aesop's Fables),有一篇狗站马槽的故事,说的是一头狗躺在堆满稻草的马槽里,狗是不吃草的动物,而当马或牛一走进稻草时,这头狗却朝着马,牛狂哮,不准食草动物享用。因此,“狗站马槽”就成了一个家喻户晓的成语而进入英语中,常用来比喻a person who prevents others from enjoying sth that is useless to himself; a churlish fellow who will neither use a thing himself nor let others use it,讽刺那些占据说职位或某些物质却不做事的人。
a dog in the manger是个名词性短语,常与系动词连用,充当表语(主语补足语)
eg:He borrowed a lot of books from the library,but he didn't read a book.He was really a dog in the manger.
There are some officials who are only the dogs in the manger.
Smith was a dog in the manger over that roll of wire;it was no use whatever to him,but he wouldn't let us have it.
25.bell the cat自告奋勇去冒险;老虎半夜凉初透头上拍苍蝇
bell the cat系成语to hang the bell about the cat's neck的简略,愿意是“给猫的脖子上挂铃”。它来自《伊索寓言》(Aesop's Fables)中的《老鼠会议》(The Mice in Council)
这篇寓言讲的是:一群老鼠在鼠洞里举行会议,讨论如何对付凶狠的猫。白胡须老鼠提出:“我有个方法,在猫的脖子上挂一个铃。这样,猫一走动铃就响,我们就可以闻铃声而逃避了”,群鼠一致同意这个建议,欢呼:“That's a capital idea.We will bell the cat!No more fear of the cat!”但是,谁去给猫挂铃铛呢?没有一只老鼠敢去,一个个都溜掉了。老鼠会议豪无结果,它们不安全的境况当然也无法改善。
寓言所寄托的意思很明白:遇到困难的问题时候,既需要有出谋献策的人,更需要有挺身而出的实干家。
bell the cat常用来比喻to do sth dangerous in order to save others;to step forwar bravely to face the danger;to take a risk for the good of others.
eg:Everybody made suggestion,but no one actually offered to bell the cat.
We didn't know who would put him this delicate question when my friend offered to bell the cat.
23.separate the sheep from the goats区别好坏,分清良莠
《新约。马太福音》记述:“And before him shall be gathered all nations:and he shall separate them one from another,as a shepherd divideth his sheep from the goats”
由于《圣经》的影响,sheep和goat在英语中的形象截然不同,前者比喻好人,后者比喻坏人。英语中有关goat的成语,大多贬义。如:to play the goat=play the fool(瞎胡闹);to get sb's goat(触动肝火) ;等等。《圣经》说牧羊人要分辨绵羊和山羊,“把绵羊安置右边,山羊左边”。据说野山羊常混进羊群里,引诱绵羊,故牧养人必须把它们区分开来,以免混淆。
由此,人们用to separate the sheep from the goats这个成语,来比喻to separate the good from the wicked; to divide good or useful people from bad or useless
eg:We'll go through the list of members,and separate the sheep from the goats
Have faith in me,please.I can separate the sheep from the goats
源自欧洲寓言名著的
24.a dog in the manger占着茅坑不拉屎的人
出自《伊索寓言》(Aesop's Fables),有一篇狗站马槽的故事,说的是一头狗躺在堆满稻草的马槽里,狗是不吃草的动物,而当马或牛一走进稻草时,这头狗却朝着马,牛狂哮,不准食草动物享用。因此,“狗站马槽”就成了一个家喻户晓的成语而进入英语中,常用来比喻a person who prevents others from enjoying sth that is useless to himself; a churlish fellow who will neither use a thing himself nor let others use it,讽刺那些占据说职位或某些物质却不做事的人。
a dog in the manger是个名词性短语,常与系动词连用,充当表语(主语补足语)
eg:He borrowed a lot of books from the library,but he didn't read a book.He was really a dog in the manger.
There are some officials who are only the dogs in the manger.
Smith was a dog in the manger over that roll of wire;it was no use whatever to him,but he wouldn't let us have it.
25.bell the cat自告奋勇去冒险;老虎半夜凉初透头上拍苍蝇
bell the cat系成语to hang the bell about the cat's neck的简略,愿意是“给猫的脖子上挂铃”。它来自《伊索寓言》(Aesop's Fables)中的《老鼠会议》(The Mice in Council)
这篇寓言讲的是:一群老鼠在鼠洞里举行会议,讨论如何对付凶狠的猫。白胡须老鼠提出:“我有个方法,在猫的脖子上挂一个铃。这样,猫一走动铃就响,我们就可以闻铃声而逃避了”,群鼠一致同意这个建议,欢呼:“That's a capital idea.We will bell the cat!No more fear of the cat!”但是,谁去给猫挂铃铛呢?没有一只老鼠敢去,一个个都溜掉了。老鼠会议豪无结果,它们不安全的境况当然也无法改善。
寓言所寄托的意思很明白:遇到困难的问题时候,既需要有出谋献策的人,更需要有挺身而出的实干家。
bell the cat常用来比喻to do sth dangerous in order to save others;to step forwar bravely to face the danger;to take a risk for the good of others.
eg:Everybody made suggestion,but no one actually offered to bell the cat.
We didn't know who would put him this delicate question when my friend offered to bell the cat.
26.cry wolf虚发警报;慌报险情;危言耸听
cry wolf来自《伊索寓言》:《牧童和狼》 (The Shepherdboy and the wolf)
有个牧童在离村子不远的山坡上放羊,有一次,他为了开心作乐,突然大喊:“Help!Help!The wolf!”全村的人都闻声跑来援助他时,才知道这只是开玩笑。如此恶作剧搞了两三次。后来,狼真的来了,那个牧童再呼号求救时,谁也不理会他了。于是,狼把他的羊吃了。
这篇寓言的意义很清楚:爱说谎话的人,即或在他说真话时,也没人相信他。由此,人们用to cry wolf 来概括这篇寓言的基本情节及其教诫意义,用以比喻to give false alarms;to warn of danger where there is none之意。按其比喻意义,这个成语相当与汉语中出自《东周列国志》的典故:烽火戏诸侯。周幽王为博得宠妃褒泥一笑,竟然把军国大事当儿戏,烽火报警戏诸侯,使各路诸侯仓促发兵,驰援京师,结果收到嘲笑。后来犬戎进犯,幽王再举烽火调兵,谁也不来了,结果周幽王遭到杀身亡国之祸。这2个典故的情节虽不同,寓意却完全不一致,都是表示“一朝说假话,一世无人信”
eg:Nobody will believe he is in trouble because he has cried wolf so many times.
Is she really sick of is she just crying wolf?
The newspaper placards that had cried "wolf" so often,cried "wolf" now in vain.
27.Fish in Troubled Waters浑水摸鱼;趁火打劫;陷于混乱
Fish in Troubled Waters直译是:“浑水里捕鱼”,出自《伊索寓言·渔夫》
这篇寓言江的是:有个渔夫在河里张网捕鱼,他把鱼网横栏在河道里,然后拿了一条缚着石块的绳子,不停的拍击河水,使泥沙泛起,河水浑浊,鱼儿在慌乱中纷纷自投罗网,渔夫用这个方法捕得了好多鱼。但住在附近的人指责渔夫说:“我们饮水全靠这条河,你把水搞得这么浑,叫我们到哪里去找清水饮用呢?”渔夫回答说:“可是,我若不把水搞浑,那就非饿死不可了”
因此,人们常用to fish in trouble waters 比喻to try to win advantages for oneself from a disturbed state of affairs; to make use of sb's misfortune to serve one's own ends.并因此产生了谚语it’s good fishing in troubled waters(混水好摸鱼)。
在英语中,to fish in troubled waters 也可写成to fish in the muddy waters,而且water必须做waters。
eg:The man who interferes in South American politics is fishing in troubled waters
I refused to let them come here because i knew they only wanted to fish in troubled waters
Those who made large profits out of illegally selling rationed goods during World War II were fishing in troubled waters.
28.cat's paw 被他人利用的人;受人愚弄者
cat's paw 也坐cat's-paw或catspaw,字面意思“猫爪子”,出典17世纪法莫道不消魂国著名的寓言作家拉·封丹的《猴子与猫》。讲的是狡猾的猴子哄骗头脑简单的猫儿,替它从炉火中取出烤熟的栗子来。猫儿应命去做,结果猫爪子被火烧伤了,而取出的栗子却被猴子吃光了。
追根嗍源,远在公元前3世纪的《伊索寓言》中就有这个故事,不过没有题目。
cat's paw常用来比喻a person used as a tool by another;one who is used merely for the convenience of a cleverer or stronger person之意。按其内涵,这个成语与汉语成语“为虎作伥”所比喻的意义相似,仅是动物的形象不同
cat's paw除了单独做复合名词使用外,还构成to make a cat's paw of sb(利用某人做为工具或爪牙)
eg:It is easy for him to be used as a cat's paw of evil-doing.
I am afraid that he is making a cat's paw of you.
29.Pull the chestnuts out of the fire火中取栗;替别人冒险
Pull the chestnuts out of the fire来自法莫道不消魂国著名的寓言作家拉·封丹的《猴子与猫》。
cat's paw与Pull the chestnuts out of the fire是同源成语,但两个成语无论在结构上或意义上都不相同,前者比喻充当别人的工具或爪牙,后者常用来表示to do sth dangerous for others的意思。
这个成语也作to pull sb's chestnuts,或者to put the chestnuts for sb.
eg:I had pulled the chestnuts out of the fire for him on several occasions and was unwilling to do it again.
They are pulling chestnuts out of the fire for the imperialists without knowing it
You can't make me your catspaw to pull your chestnuts out of the fire...
30. attic salt优雅的俏皮话;妙语
attic salt的字面意思是“阿提卡的盐”。阿提卡洲(attica)是希腊东南部的一个州,其首府是雅典。阿提卡州是个半岛,工商业发达,特别盛产海盐,相传,阿提卡州的盐比希腊其他地方出产的盐精细有味,深受欢迎。阿提卡人机智风趣,善于说俏皮话,以幽雅的诙谐著称于世。
这个成语出自古罗马著名的作家和演说家西塞罗 (Marcus Tullius Cicero,公元前106-前43)。他的论文和演讲词,都是文体和标准拉丁语的典范,在其作品中论述了古希腊人精心研究的雄辩术理论,特别提到以口齿锋利著称的阿提卡人。公元前55年,西塞罗以文艺对话形式写的主要著作《辩论》(De oratore),探讨了演讲艺术中的诙谐问题。他说,妙语应当含有“盐味”,象“阿提卡的盐”那样有味。
在现在英语中,salt一词含有“风趣”,“兴味”等转义。成语attic salt常用来表示poignant delicate wit;wit of a refined quality。因此也可写attic wit.
eg: Yesterday Mrs Williams gave a talk to the Women's Institute on her travels in Asia.It was full of Attic Salt.
A talk full of attic salt is worth listening to.
They are in the habit of speaking with attic wit.
32.one's pound of flesh残酷榨取;割肉还债
相信大家都看过莎士比亚的《威尼斯商人》。这里就不加以介绍。one's pound of flesh比喻to insist cruelly on repayment of what was borrowed,常用在have,demand,exact,want,ask for 等之后。
eg:If you borrow from the scoundredl,you may be sure he'll demand hhis pound of flesh.
Their boss pays the highest wages,but he wants his pound of flesh in return and makes them work very hard.
33.john bull(s)约翰牛;英国佬
“约翰牛”是英国人的绰号,意义是english nation,the typical englishmen.这个雅号是英国人自己取的,出自16世纪英国著名作家兼宫廷御医约翰·阿布斯诺特(John Arbuthnot,1667--1735)的政治讽刺作品。
阿布斯诺特在1712年写了一本讽刺小说,名叫《约翰牛的生平》(The History of John Bull),该书的主人公约翰牛就是英国的人格化、形象化。
作者笔下的约翰牛,是个英国“自由民”,为人粗暴冷酷,桀骜不逊,颇有些牛劲。他盛气凌人、欺辱弱者,如果谁流露出对他稍微表示不满的反抗情绪,他立即摆出一副格斗的架势。作者通过这个赳赳武夫的形象,暗喻当年英国的专横跋扈,抨击“民权党”(英国自由党的前身)的好战策略。显然,这个绰号最初含贬斥色彩。
这个形象的出现,绝非作者凭空捏造,而是与当时英国的社会经济状况紧密相连。在英国资产阶半夜凉初透级革莫道不消魂命胜利后的17世纪,英国毛纺工业迅速发展,资本的原始积累不断扩大,资产阶半夜凉初透级政权对内实行“圈地运动“,对外实行殖民地的掠夺政策,以便积累大量的工业资本。“约翰牛”的形象正是这个时期英国的体现这。
John Bull这个颇古的典故成语,19世纪 的著名作家狄更斯(Charles Dickens,1812--1870)就曾引用过。随着时间的推移,“约翰牛”的形象发生了耐人寻味的变化,由最初那个身强力壮、满脸横肉的中年船长想象,变成了一个年过半百、五短身材的矮胖子。于是漫画上出现的”约翰牛“,是个头戴宽边礼帽,足蹬翻口皮鞋,身穿茄克衫的绅士摸样。当年那种杀气滕滕的气概收敛不少,其原来的贬义似乎变成了褒义。”约翰牛“逐渐变成了一位饱经事故的实干家形象,他的行为成了英国的人的标准行为。这样一来,john bull这个成语就成了英国人或者英国的代名词了;而与之相关的john bullism 就指”英国精神“”英国习气“或”英国的典型性格“,john bullist则常指”英国迷“
eg:By some he is called..."a thoroughbred englishman",by some,"a genuine john bull"...
John bulls belong to the white race.
34.Grin like a cheshire cat咧嘴傻笑;露齿嬉笑
Grin like a cheshire cat字面意思是“象柴郡猫那样咧开嘴笑”,这个成语也可写成 to wear/have a grin like a Cheshire cat,或to smile like a Cheshire cat。关于这个成语有2种说法
Cheshire是英格兰西部的一郡,当地出产一种颇有特色的干酪,叫“柴郡干酪”(Cheshire cheese),曾经一度作成象笑脸猫的形状。另一种说法是:柴郡有位画家,他给当地旅馆绘画的招牌上,都画了一只咧着嘴笑的狮子。
艾里克·帕特里奇先生(Mr. Eric Partridge)认为,这个成语大约从1770年开始就作为贬义词使用。英国《朗曼英国成语词典》等辞书,认为这个成语源自维多利亚女王时代(1835--1901),英国数学家和童话作家刘易斯·卡洛尔(Lewis Carroll,1832--189
在他所写的童话《阿丽思漫游奇境记》(Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)中详细的描述了公爵夫人家中的一只柴郡猫。《阿丽思漫游奇境记》第6章有段这样的对话:
"Please,would you tell me,"said Alice a little limidly..."why your cat grins like that?"
"It's a Cheshire cat,"said the Duchess,"and that's why."
卡洛尔的童话,通过虚幻离奇的情节,嘲讽了19世纪后半期英国的社会现象。《阿丽思漫游奇境记》在1865年7月问世后,轰动了全英国。作者由此一举成名。“柴郡猫”的生动想象,是否他所创造,有待于进一步考证,但to grin like a Cheshire cat是随着该书的风行而被广泛使用,应无疑义。根据书中的描述,这个成语常用来表示to grin broadly,showing great amusement; to laugh at nothing that is amusing;to smile widely,in such a way that on shows all one's teeth.
eg
oor little Hans only grinned like a Cheshire cat when he was scolded.
Mamma is smiling with all her might.In fact Mr. Newcome says..."that woman grins like a Cheshire cat."Who was the naturalist of the cats in Cheshire?
It is no good smiling at me like a Cheshire cat,Mr.Lubin.
35.A storm in a Teacup杯水风波;小题大做;大惊小怪
A storm in a Teacup字面意思“茶杯里的风暴”;美国英语为“a tempest in a teapot/barrel”,也作tea-pot tempest.
A storm in a Teacup出自法莫道不消魂国著名作家巴尔扎克(Honore de Balzac,1799-1850)记述,这句话出自18世纪法莫道不消魂国哲学家和思想家孟德斯鸠的名言。有一次,他听说圣马力诺发生了政治动帘卷西风乱,就用“茶杯里的风暴”来评论。因为圣马力诺是欧洲最小的共和国,只有一万人口,孟德斯鸠认为那里的动帘卷西风乱对整个欧洲局势无足轻重。
探源搠流,远在公元前古希腊了罗马的名人著作中就有过类似的形象比喻。如古罗马著名作家和演说家西塞罗(Cicero)在其著作《论法律》中就有这样的话:excitare fluctus in simpulo,意即to stir up waves in a ladle。此外,还有a storm in a cream-bowl;a storm in a wash-hand basin等说法。尽管它们比喻的形象不同,但都是用来表示much excitement about something trivial;a lot of fuss about a trifle之意。按其比喻意义,相当与“小题大做”大惊小怪。
The people next door are continually quarreling ,but it is usually a storm in a teacup.
What is it all about?Nothing serious,just a tempest in a teapot.
36. a tower of ivory 或an ivory tower象牙之塔;世外桃源
a tower of ivory常用来比喻一种与世隔绝的梦幻境地,即the place of seclusion or retreat from realisties of life.
She lives in a tower of ivory apart from her friends.
They view college as an ivory tower.
37.have an axe to grind别有用心;另有企图;怀有私心
have an axe to grind是个源自美国的成语,字面意思是“让斧头磨一磨”,寓意是to have private interests to serve;to have sth to gain for oneself;to have a selfish reason等之意。
据英国《朗曼英国成语词典》等记述。这个成语出自美国著名的政治家、科学家本杰明·富兰克林(Benjamin Franklin,1706--1790)所写的一则故事。富兰克林幼年时,在院子里遇到一个带有斧头的陌生人,那人称赞院子里那个磨石(grindstone)很好,想看看它好不好使,便花言巧语的让他转动磨石,而那人就在上面磨利自己的斧头。
据“美半夜凉初透国之莫道不消魂音”英语广播节目《词汇掌故》说,这个成语出自1810年美国宾夕法尼亚(Pennsylvania)一家报纸上首次刊登的一则故事。故事说的是有个陌生人手持一把斧头,想找磨石来磨利他的斧头。他在街上遇到一个男孩,就问道:“好孩子,你爸爸有磨石吗?”那男孩就带他到家里来,帮他转动磨石磨斧头。这对一个孩子来说是件艰苦的活,男孩把手都磨破了,累个半死才把斧头磨得闪闪发光。那个人见目的达到,不仅没向小孩道谢,反而教训孩子快点去上学,以免迟到.
2个出典实质上讲的是同一件事。富兰克林作为一位杰出的资产阶半夜凉初透级革莫道不消魂命家,担任的最后一项公职就是宾夕法尼亚州废奴委员会会长,为废除奴隶制而奔忙,直到生命的最后一息。宾夕法尼亚州一家报纸在富兰克林逝世20周年发表那篇小故事,应该就是他生前所讲的故事。这个故事的寓意很清楚:“持斧待磨者”用恭维的话来达到个人目的,人们不要上当受骗。
He may offer you a post in his firm,but he has an axe to grind, he wants to stand well with your father.
His interest in our venture cannot be sincere,because i knew he has an axe to grind.
In the first place,let me assure you,gentlemen,that i have not an axe to grind
美语与英语在国际商务方面的差异【转】
—单词拼法上的差异
美语与英语在单词拼法上的差异主要有两种:一种是单词发生单变使得个别字母不相同,另一种是美语单词较为简化。前者如enquire(英)与inquire(美),这两个单词公第一个字母不相同,都是商品交易前,一方向对方洽询有关商品的价格、数量、交货时间及付款条件等的询价,也叫询盘;"车胎"英国用tyre,美国用tire;;"睡衣"英语用pajamas,美语用pyjamas;"执照""特许证"英语用licence,美语用license。这类单词仅一个字母不同,发音上有的相同,有的相似。
美语的单词一般比英语单词要简单。近年来,美语越来越趋向简化,充分体现了美国人生活和工作高效快捷的现代化特性。这些较为简化的词大都源于英语,大量词汇在英语里仍然保持原貌,而进入美语后,这些单词就逐渐变得简单起来,从而使用起来较为方便。如较常见的单词colour(颜色),在美误里就拼成color,少了一个"u"字母;refrigerator(电冰箱)美语是fridge,美语比原词要简单得多。美语单词的简化现象是美语与英语在单词拼法上的差异的主要表现。现将商务英语中比较常见的这类单词列举如下:
英语 -------- 美语
catalogue--- catalog 商品目录
woollen ---woolen 羊毛
acknowledgement---- acknowledgment 确认
cheque --- check 支票
aerophane airplane,--- plane 飞机
honour---- honor 荣誉
jewellery--- jewelry 珠宝
storey--- story 楼层
judgement---- judgment 判断
kilogramme ---kilogram 公斤
cigarette ---cigaret 卷烟
programme--- program 节目、程序
traveller's cheque ---- traveler's check 旅行支票
advertisement---- ad 广告
advertising agent, -----adagent, 广告代理人
advertising rates, etc ----adrate, etc 广告费
labour---- labor 劳动
不过,也有极少数单词美语比英语在拼法上稍微复杂一点,比如"instalment"(分期付款),美语经常双写"1",拼成"installment",而英语只单写"1";某些常用的简化词特别是非常流行的缩略词如"ad"(advertisement 的缩略形式)在英语里也被采用。
—用词差异
美语与英语在用词上的差异主要表现在以下两个方面:
1.同一个词在英美语中表示不同概念。
某些单词在美语和英语里有着不同的含义,表示不同的概念或事物,很容易造成误解。我们在商业交往中,必须小心谨慎,特别是在外贸洽谈、订货、发货方面,要注意辨别,以免因文字含义的不同而引起大错,造成损失。
我们知道,first floor 在英语时指二楼,而美语则指一楼,英语指一楼时要用ground floor。这是一般常识,而其它单词就可能容易混淆。"corn"在英语里指谷物、小麦,等于美语的"wheat"(小麦),美语的"corn"(玉米)等于英语的"maize"(玉米);pants在美语里指"裤子",相当于英语的trousers,而英语的pants却是"内裤",相当于underpants; purse在英语里指的是妇女用的"小钱包",而在美语里purse却是"手提包"、"旅行包",相当于英语的handbag;美语的"钱包"是wallet,男女通用,英语里的wallet仅限于男人用,而且是皮革做的,女子的"钱包"purse可以用不同的材料制作;美语的"thread(棉纱)"等于英语的"cotton(缝纫用的棉纱)"。
2.同一概念在英美语中用不同词表达。
这类词语两者之间的差异尤为明显,而且数量大。例如:"电梯"英语是lift,美语是elevator,"履历"、"简历"英语用C.V.(全称是Curriculum Vitae),美语用resume;"电影"英语用film,美语用movie;"展销会"、"博览会"英语常用fair,美语常用trade show;"有限责任公司"英语习惯上是在公司的名称下加Ltd, L'd,或Ld., 美语则使用Inc.(=Incorporated),如:
The British Tobacco co., Ltd.(英国烟草股份有限公司)
The American Products co, Inc. (美国物产股份有限公司)
美语与英语对于公司领佳节又重阳导人的称谓也很不一样,我们通常说的公司"经理",英语用manager,美语用Director;"总经理"英语是Managing-Director或Managing Director,美语则是Chief-Executive Officer;公司的"总裁""董事长"英语用Chairman,美语多用President。最应值得注意的是,表达"寄信""邮寄"之类的概念,英语用post,美语用mail。
英美国际商务英语常用词举例
英国英语 ---美国英语
air-route--- air-line 航线
air-mail ---air-post 航空信
after sales--- customer service 售后服务
accounts--- accounting 财会(部)
dispatch--- shipping 货物运输
flat--- apartment 公寓
ill ---sick 生病
goods--- freight 货物
journey--- trip 旅行
luggage--- baggage 行李
motor--- auto 汽车
postcode ---zipcode 邮编
shares ---stock 股票
shops--- stores 商店
stand ---booth 货摊、售货台
taxi--- cab 出租车
tender--- bid (工程等)投标
underground ---subway 地铁
—习惯用语差异
美语与英语在习惯用法上也存在着明显的差异。比如,英国英语在虚拟式中往往要加should,而美语大都不用。表示"有"或"没有"的概念,英语用to have/haven't got,美语则用to have/don't have;"不得不""必须"做什么,英语用to have got to do something,美语只须说to have to do something;"假期临有暗香盈袖时工"英语用holiday jobs,美语用summer/temporary jobs;"租用计算机"英语的表达是computer hire,美语用computer rental;"从某某学校毕业",英美表达习惯也不同,"graduate"一词,在美语里可以用于任何种类的学校,如graduate from university/school等,而在英语里,graduate仅限于大学毕业,中学毕业要用leave;当谈到某家公司待遇低的时候,英语通常的表达是It was badly paid,而美语的表达则是It didn't pay very much;"我与老板相处得很好"英语的表达是I got ort very well with my boss,但美语则用got along代替句中的got on;"提高价格"英语用put up prices,美语用raise prices;"上计算机课"英语的表达是go on a computer course,美语则说take a computer course。
通电话时,英美两国也有不同的表达方式,如果自己是办公室的秘书或接线员之类的职员,不是对方要找的人,我们常说"请稍候",英语的习惯表达是hold the line, please,美语通常用hold on;如果要求对方(如接线员)转给经理,英语的表达是Could you connect me with the manager?美语通常用介词"to"代替句中的介词"with"。
—日期、数字表达方面的差异
在日期方面,美英的表达方式是有差别的。以日为先,月份为后,此为英国式,美国式则与此相反。如一九九六年三月二日的写法:
2nd March, 1996(英)
March 2, 1996(美)
在美式的写法中,1st, 2nd, 3rd的st, nd, rd是不使用的。由于日期书面表达不同,读法也不一样。如1987年4月20日,英式的写法是20th April, 1987,读成the twentieth of April, nineteen eighty-seven;美式的表达是April 20, 1987,则读成April the twentieth, nineteen eighty-seven。同样,全部用数字表达日期时,英美也有差别。1998年5月6日按照英国式应写成6/5/98,而按照美国式应写成5/6/98;01.08.1998是英国式的1998年8月1日,按照美国的表达方式却是1998年1月8日,美国的1998年8月1日应写成08,01,1998。因此,全部使用数字来表示日期时,往往发生误解,在商务活动中必须谨慎使用。
表达百万以上的数字概念英美的差别甚大,如one billion英语指的是"万亿""兆",而美语则只"十亿";one trillion英语晨相当于million million million=1018,是百万兆,在美语里却相当于英国英语的one billion,是"万亿"、"兆"。
在数字口头表达方面,两国也存在着差别。$175(175美元)英语读成a(one) hundred and seventy five dollars,美语读成one hundred seventy five dollars,常省略and;表达连续同样数字的号码时,英语习惯用double或triple,美语一般不这样用,如电话号码320112,英语读成three two zero, double one two,美语则读成three two zero one one two, 999 234英语读成nine double nine (triple nine) two three four,美语则读成nine nine nine two three four,不过美国人也把连续三个相同的号码读成three 加上这个数字的复数形式,如999读成three nines。
—商务英语书信方面的差异
商务英语书信(Business or Commercial English Correspondence)是指交易时所使用的通信。在美国,常用Business writing,它包括书信、电报、电话、电传、报告书、明信片等。
英语和美语在书信体例方面存在着一定的差异,比如信头和称呼、书信格式、遣词、结尾客套语等均有所不同。一般来说,英国书信较为保守,许多英国人喜欢用老式书信体,用词较为正式刻板,而美国书信语言非常生气、有活力,格式也较为简便。因此当我们写信的对象是英国或其旧殖民地国家时,要使用标准式英语Queen's English;如果写信的对象是美国或美国势力范围的地区时,就要用美国英语。当然,英国式的语言文化近年来也有变化,但总体来说,两者间的差异是很明显的。
商业英文书信,一般都要求用打字机或电脑整齐地打印,左边各行开头垂直的,称为垂直式或齐头式(Block style),美国常用这种格式;每段的第一个词缩进去,称为缩进式或锯齿式(indented style),英国常用此格式。垂直式的职务及签名都在左边的边栏界线,这种格式,在极度尊重工作效率的美国公司,已普遍采用。
正式的商业英语书信要在称呼的上方写上收信公司名称和地址或收信人的名字全称、职务及地址,称为信内地址(Inside address)。信内地址的写法也有垂直式和缩进式之分,垂直式和称美国式将各行并列,缩进式或称英国式将各行依次退缩。不过,笔者注意到,近来英国商业书信信内地址并未依次缩进,似乎与美国式相同。此外,在美国还流行一种普通收信人地址的写法,就是在书信的Inside Address中,把门牌号和街名都省略掉。
在英文书信中要使用敬语,最普遍的敬语是Mr, Mrs和Miss(用于未婚女性)。英国人常在男性的姓名之后用Esq. (Esquire的缩写),不过在商业上也在慢慢地改用Mr. Mmes. (Madam的复数形式),用于二个女士以上。Messrs(Mr的复数形式)用于二个以上的男人,或用于二个以上的男人组成的公司或团体。在英国式英文信里,Mr, Mrs, Messrs,均不加缩写句点,相反地趋向于进步自由的美语反而加缩写句点如Mr., Mrs., Messrs.。
在称呼方面,商业上最普遍的有Gentlemen(美国式)与Dear Sirs(英国式)二种,相当于我国的"敬启者"或"谨启者"。如果信是写给革个公司单位的,不是写给某个具体人的,美语用Gentlemen(复数形式),英语用Dear Sirs。如果对方公司只一人时,必须使用Sir/Dear Sir。称呼后一般要使用标点符号,英国式采用逗号(comma),美国式用分号(colon)。
书信结尾客套语(complimentary close)有多种,相当于我国书信在结尾时使用的"敬礼"、"致敬"、"顺安"等句。最为典型的美国式写法是Sincerely和Best regards,典型的英国式表达有Yours sincerely(熟人或知道对方姓名),Best wishes, kind regards 和yours faithfully(不知姓名)。此外,英国式的客套语还有特别礼貌的格式,但除了特殊情况外,现在不再使用。
转自:http://www.zftrans.com/bbs/read.php?tid=224&fpage=2
奥巴马就职演讲稿
My fellow citizens:
我的同胞们:
I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition.
今天我站在这里,看到眼前面临的重大任务,深感卑微。我感谢你们对我的信任,也知道先辈们为了这个国家所作的牺牲。我要感谢布什总统为国家做出的贡献,以及感谢他在两届政府过渡期间给与的慷慨协作。
Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents.
迄今为止,已经有44个美国总统宣誓就职。总统的宣誓有时面对的是国家的和平繁荣,但通常面临的是乌云密布的紧张形势。在紧张的形势中,支持美国前进的不仅仅是领佳节又重阳导人的能力和远见,也在于美国人民对国家先驱者理想的信仰,以及对美国立国文件的忠诚。
So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans.
前辈们如此,我们这一代美国人也要如此。
That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our healthcare is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet.
现在我们都深知,我们身处危机之中。我们的国家在战斗,对手是影响深远的暴力和憎恨;国家的经济也受到严重的削弱,原因虽有一些人的贪婪和不负责任,但更为重要的是我们作为一个整体在一些重大问题上决策失误,同时也未能做好应对新时代的准备。我们的人民正在失去家园,失去工作,很多企业倒闭。社会的医疗过于昂贵、学校教育让许多人失望,而且每天都会有新的证据显示,我们利用能源的方式助长了我们的敌对势力,同时也威胁着我们的星球。
These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land - a nagging fear that America's decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights.
统计数据的指标传达着危机的消息。危机难以测量,但更难以测量的是其对美国人国家自信的侵蚀--现在一种认为美国衰落不可避免,我们的下一代必须低调的言帘卷西风论正在吞噬着人们的自信。
Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this, America - they will be met.
今天我要说,我们的确面临着很多严峻的挑战,而且在短期内不大可能轻易解决。但是我们要相信,我们一定会度过难关。
On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord.
今天,我们在这里齐聚一堂,因为我们战胜恐惧选择了希望,摒弃了冲突和矛盾而选择了团结。
On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics.
今天,我们宣布要为无谓的摩擦、不实的承诺和指责画上句号,我们要打破牵制美国政治发展的若干陈旧教条。
We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness.
美国仍是一个年轻的国家,借用《圣经》的话说,放弃幼稚的时代已经到来了。重拾坚韧精神的时代已经到来,我们要为历史作出更好的选择,我们要秉承历史赋予的宝贵权利,秉承那种代代相传的高贵理念:上帝赋予我们每个人以平等和自由,以及每个人尽全力去追求幸福的机会。
09年我要月入2万,该怎么办?
奥巴马就职演讲稿(中英文对照)
奥巴马在林肯纪念堂的演讲(双语)
奥巴马就职演讲法英双语音频下载
【视频】奥巴马就职演讲(中日英)
【热点视频】奥巴马就职演说-我们凝聚力量重塑美国(中英对照)
奥巴马获胜演讲全文法语版
In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given. It must be earned. Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted - for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things - some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labour, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom.
在重申我们国家伟大之处的同时,我们深知伟大从来不是上天赐予的,伟大需要努力赢得。(我们的民族一路走来),这旅途之中从未有过捷径或者妥协,这旅途也不适合胆怯之人、或者爱安逸胜过爱工作之人、或者单单追求名利之人。这条路是勇于承担风险者之路,是实干家、创造者之路。这其中有一些人名留青史,但是更多的人却在默默无闻地工作着。正是这些人带领我们走过了漫长崎岖的旅行,带领我们走向富强和自由。
For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life.
For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the west; endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.
For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sahn.
为了我们,先辈们带着微薄的细软,横渡大洋,寻找新生活;为了我们,先辈们忍辱负重,用血汗浇铸工厂;为了我们,先辈们在荒芜的西部大地辛勤耕作,定居他乡;为了我们,先辈们奔赴(独立战争中的)康科德城和葛底斯堡、(二战中的)诺曼底、(越战中的)Khe Sahn,他们征战、死去。
Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions; greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction.
一次又一次,我们的先辈们战斗着、牺牲着、操劳着,只为了我们可以生活得更好。在他们看来,美国的强盛与伟大超越了个人雄心,也超越了个人的出身、贫富和派别差异。
This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth. Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began. Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished. But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions - that time has surely passed. Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America.
今天我们继续先辈们的旅途。美国依然是地球上最富裕、最强大的国家。同危机初露端倪之时相比,美国人民的生产力依然旺盛;与上周、上个月或者去年相比,我们的头脑依然富于创造力,我们的商品和服务依然很有市场,我们的实力不曾削弱。但是,可以肯定的是,轻歌曼舞的时代、保护狭隘利益的时代以及对艰难决定犹豫不决的时代已经过去了。从今天开始,我们必须跌倒后爬起来,拍拍身上的泥土,重新开始工作,重塑美国。
For everywhere we look, there is work to be done. The state of the economy calls for action, bold and swift, and we will act - not only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth. We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology's wonders to raise healthcare's quality and lower its cost. We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. All this we can do. And all this we will do.
我目之所及,都有工作有待完成。国家的经济情况要求我们采取大胆且快速的行动,我们的确是要行动,不仅是要创造就业,更要为(下一轮经济)增长打下新的基础。我们将造桥铺路,为企业铺设电网和数字线路,将我们联系在一起。我们将回归科学,运用科技的奇迹提高医疗质量,降低医疗费用。我们将利用风能、太阳能和土壤驱动车辆,为工厂提供能源。我们将改革中小学以及大专院校,以适应新时代的要求。这一切,我们都能做到,而且我们都将会做到。
Now, there are some who question the scale of our ambitions - who suggest that our system cannot tolerate too many big plans. Their memories are short. For they have forgotten what this country has already done; what free men and women can achieve when imagination is joined to common purpose, and necessity to courage.
现在,有一些人开始质疑我们的野心是不是太大了,他们认为我们的体制承载不了太多的宏伟计划。他们是健忘了。他们已经忘了这个国家已经取得的成就;他们已经忘了当创造力与共同目标以及必要的勇气结合起来时,自由的美国人民所能发挥的能量。
What the cynics fail to understand is that the ground has shifted beneath them - that the stale political arguments that have consumed us for so long no longer apply. The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works - whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified. Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward. Where the answer is no, programs will end. And those of us who manage the public's dollars will be held to account - to spend wisely, reform bad habits and do our business in the light of day - because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government.
这些怀疑论者的错误在于,他们没有意识到政治现实已经发生了变化,长期以来耗掉我们太多精力的陈腐政治论争已经不再适用。今天,我们的问题不在于政府的大小,而在于政府能否起作用,政府能否帮助家庭找到薪水合适的工作、给他们可以负担得起的医疗保障并让他们体面地退休。哪个方案能给与肯定的答案,我们就推进哪个方案。哪个方案的答案是否定的,我们就选择终止。而掌管纳税人税金的人应当承担起责任,合理支出,摒弃陋习,磊落做事,这样才能在政府和人民之间重建至关重要的相互信任。
Nor is the question before us whether the market is a force for good or ill. Its power to generate wealth and expand freedom is unmatched, but this crisis has reminded us that without a watchful eye, the market can spin out of control - and that a nation cannot prosper long when it favours only the prosperous. The success of our economy has always depended not just on the size of our gross domestic product, but on the reach f; on our ability to extend opportunity to every willing heart - not out of charity, but because it is the surest route to our common good.
我们面临的问题也不是市场好坏的问题。市场创造财富、拓展自由的能力无可匹敌,但是这场危机提醒我们,如果没有监管,市场很可能就会失去控制,而且偏袒富人国家的繁荣无法持久。国家经济的成败不仅仅取决于国内生产总值的大小,而且取决于繁荣的覆盖面,取决于我们是否有能力让所有有意愿的人都有机会走向富裕。我们这样做不是慈善,而是因为这是确保实现共同利益的途径。
As for our common defence, we reject as false the choice between our safety and our ideals. Our founding fathers, faced with perils we can scarcely imagine, drafted a charter to assure the rule of law and the rights of man, a charter expanded by the blood of generations. Those ideals still light the world, and we will not give them up for expedience's sake. And so to all other peoples and governments who are watching today, from the grandest capitals to the small village where my father was born: know that America is a friend of each nation and every man, woman and child who seeks a future of peace and dignity, and that we are ready to lead once more.
就共同防御而言,我们认为国莫道不消魂家安人比黄花瘦全与国家理想的只能选其一的排他选择是错的。面对我们几乎无法想像的危险,我们的先辈们起草了确保法治和个人薄雾浓云愁永昼权利的宪有暗香盈袖章。一代代人民的鲜血夯实了这一宪有暗香盈袖章。宪有暗香盈袖章中的理想依然照亮着世界,我们不能以经验之谈放弃这些理想。因此我想对正在观看这一仪式的其他国家的人民和政府说,不论他们现在各国伟大的首府还是在如同我父亲出生地一般的小村落,我想让他们知道:对于每个追求和平和自尊的国家和个人而言,美国都是朋友,我们愿意再次领佳节又重阳导大家踏上追寻之旅。
Recall that earlier generations faced down fascism and communism not just with missiles and tanks, but with sturdy alliances and enduring convictions. They understood that our power alone cannot protect us, nor does it entitle us to do as we please. Instead, they knew that our power grows through its prudent use; our security emanates from the justness of our cause, the force of our example, the tempering qualities of humility and restraint.
回想先辈们在抵抗法西斯主义之时,他们不仅依靠手中的导弹或坦克,他们还依靠稳固的联盟和坚定的信仰。他们深知单凭自己的力量我们无法保护自己,他们也深知我们强大并不足以使我们有权利为所欲为。他们明白,正是因为使用谨慎,我们的实力才不断增强;正是因为我们的事业是公正的、我们为世界树立了榜样,因为我们的谦卑和节制,我们才安全。
We are the keepers of this legacy. Guided by these principles once more, we can meet those new threats that demand even greater effort - even greater cooperation and understanding between nations. We will begin to responsibly leave Iraq to its people, and forge a hard-earned peace in Afghanistan. With old friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat, and roll back the specter of a warming planet. We will not apologise for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defence, and for those who seek to advance their aims by inducing terror and slaughtering innocents, we say to you now that our spirit is stronger and cannot be broken; you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you.
我们继承了这些遗产。在这些原则的再次领佳节又重阳导下,我们有能力应对新的威胁,我们需要付出更多的努力、进行国家间更广泛的合作以及增进国家间的理解。首先,我们将以负责任的态度,将伊拉克交还给伊拉克人民,同时巩固阿富汗来之不易的和平。对于老朋友和老对手,我们将继续努力,不遗余力,削弱核威胁,遏制全球变暖的幽灵。我们不会为我们的生活方式感到报歉,我们会不动摇地扞卫我们的生活方式。对于那些企图通过恐怖主义或屠有暗香盈袖杀无辜平民达成目标的人,我们要对他们说:我们的信仰更加坚定,不可动摇,你们不可能拖垮我们,我们定将战胜你们。
For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength, not a weakness. We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus - and non-believers. We are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this Earth; and because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation, and emerged from that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve; that as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal itself; and that America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace.
因为我们知道,我们的多元化遗产是一个优势,而非劣势。我们国家里有基薄雾浓云愁永昼督徒也有穆斯林,有犹太教徒也有印度教徒,同时也有非宗教信徒。我们民族的成长受到许多语言和文化的影响,我们吸取了这个星球上任何一个角落的有益成分。正是因为我们民族曾亲尝过内战和种族隔离的苦酒,并且在经历了这些黑色的篇章之后变得更加强大更加团结,因此我们不由自主,只能相信一切仇恨终有一天都会成为过去,种族的划分不久就会消失,而且随着世界变得越来越小,我们相信终有一天人类共有的人性品德将会自动显现。在迎接新的和平时代到来的过程中,美国需要发挥自己的作用。
To the Muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect. To those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict, or blame their society's ills on the west - know that your people will judge you on what you can build, not what you destroy. To those who cling to power through corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent, know that you are on the wrong side of history; but that we will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist.
对于穆斯林世界,我们将基于共同的利益和信仰,寻找更好的合作之路。对于那些在世界各个地方挑起冲突或一味批评西方不良影响的领佳节又重阳导者:你的人民评判你的依据是你建立了什么,而不是破坏了什么。对于那些依靠腐佳节又重阳败和欺骗并压制异议而追求权利的人们:你们站在了人类历史的对立面。如果你们能张开紧握的拳头,我们也将伸出友谊之手。
To the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow; to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds. And to those nations like ours that enjoy relative plenty, we say we can no longer afford indifference to suffering outside our borders; nor can we consume the world's resources without regard to effect. For the world has changed, and we must change with it.
对于那些贫穷的人们,我们保证和你们一起建设繁茂的农场和干净的水源,滋养那些饥寒交迫的身体和心灵。对于那些与我们一样相对富裕的国家,我们不能再对外界的苦难漠不关心,更不能继续大肆索取世界的资源。世界必须改变,我们都必须改变。
As we consider the road that unfolds before us, we remember with humble gratitude those brave Americans who, at this very hour, patrol far-off deserts and distant mountains. They have something to tell us today, just as the fallen heroes who lie in Arlington whisper through the ages. We honour them not only because they are guardians of our liberty, but because they embody the spirit of service; a willingness to find meaning in something greater than themselves. And yet, at this moment - a moment that will define a generation - it is precisely this spirit that must inhabit us all.
当我们审视前方的道路时,我们会感激那些跨越千山万水来到这里的人们。今天,他们有话对我们说,也是安息在阿林顿国家公墓里的先烈们时刻提醒我们的。我们尊敬他们不仅因为是他们捍卫了我们的自由,更因为他们正是奉献精神的化身;他们致力于寻找远高于自身的生命真谛。而此时,在这个特殊的时代,我们更需让这种精神长存。
For as much as government can do and must do, it is ultimately the faith and determination of the American people upon which this nation relies. It is the kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break, the selflessness of workers who would rather cut their hours than see a friend lose their job which sees us through our darkest hours. It is the firefighter's courage to storm a stairway filled with smoke, but also a parent's willingness to nurture a child, that finally decides our fate.
因为无论美国政府能做多少,必须做多少,美国国家的立国之本最终还是美国人的决心和信念。于防洪堤坝决堤之时收留陌生受难者的善意,于在经济不景气的时候宁愿减少自己工时也不肯看着朋友失业的无私,正是他们支撑我们走过黑暗的时刻。消防队员冲入满是浓烟的楼梯抢救生命的勇气,父母养育孩子的坚持,正是这些决定了我们的命运。
Our challenges may be new. The instruments with which we meet them may be new. But those values upon which our success depends - hard work and honesty, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism - these things are old. These things are true. They have been the quiet force of progress throughout our history. What is demanded then is a return to these truths. What is required of us now is a new era of responsibility - a recognition, on the part of every American, that we have duties to ourselves, our nation, and the world, duties that we do not grudgingly accept but rather seize gladly, firm in the knowledge that there is nothing so satisfying to the spirit, so defining of our character, than giving our all to a difficult task.
我们面临的挑战也许是新的,我们应对挑战的措施也许也是新的,但那些长期以来指导我们成功的价值观--勤奋、诚实、勇气、公平竞争、包容以及对世界保持好奇心,还有对国家的忠诚和爱国主义--却是历久弥新,这些价值观是可靠的。他们是创造美国历史的无声力量。我们现在需要的就是回归这些古老的价值观。我们需要一个新的负责任的时代,一个觉醒的时代,每个国人都应意识到即我们对自己、对国家和世界负有责任,我们不应该不情愿地接受这些责任,而应该快乐地承担起这些责任。我们应该坚定这一认识,即没有什么比全身心投入一项艰巨的工作更能锻炼我们的性格,更能获得精神上的满足。
This is the price and the promise of citizenship.
这是公民应尽的义务,应做出的承诺。
This is the source of our confidence - the knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny.
我们自信源于对上帝的信仰,上帝号召我们要掌握自己的命运。
This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed - why men and women and children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this magnificent mall, and why a man whose father less than sixty years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath.
这就是我们自由和信仰的意义,这也是为何不同种族、不同信仰、不同性别和年龄的人可以同聚一堂在此欢庆的原因,也是我今天能站在这里庄严宣誓的原因,而在50多年前我的父亲甚至都不能成为地方餐馆的服务生。
So let us mark this day with remembrance, of who we are and how far we have traveled. In the year of America's birth, in the coldest of months, a small band of patriots huddled by dying campfires on the shores of an icy river. The capital was abandoned. The enemy was advancing. The snow was stained with blood. At a moment when the outcome of our revolution was most in doubt, the father of our nation ordered these words be read to the people:
所以,让我们铭记自己的身份,镌刻自己的足迹。在美国诞生的时代,那最寒冷的岁月里,一群勇敢的爱国人士围着篝火在冰封的河边取暖。首都被占领,敌人在挺进,冬天的雪被鲜血染成了红色。在美国大革莫道不消魂命最受质疑的时刻,我们的国父们这样说:
"Let it be told to the future world...that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive...that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet [it]."
“我们要让未来的世界知道……在深冬的严寒里,唯有希望和勇气才能让我们存活……面对共同的危险时,我们的城市和国家要勇敢地上前去面对。”
America. In the face of our common dangers, in this winter of our hardship, let us remember these timeless words. With hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come. Let it be said by our children's children that when we were tested we refused to let this journey end, that we did not turn back nor did we falter; and with eyes fixed on the horizon and God's grace upon us, we carried forth that great gift of freedom and delivered it safely to future generations.
今天的美国也在严峻的寒冬中面对共同的挑战,让我们记住国父们不朽的语言。带着希望和勇气,让我们再一次勇敢地面对寒流,迎接可能会发生的风暴。我们要让我们的子孙后代记住,在面临挑战的时候,我们没有屈服,我们没有逃避也没有犹豫,我们脚踏实地、心怀信仰,秉承了宝贵的自由权利并将其安全地交到了下一代的手中。
美半夜凉初透国之莫道不消魂音1500基础听力词汇(全集)【转】
1500 BASIC VOCABULARY VOA Special English
A
able - v. having the power to do something
about - ad. almost (about half); of or having a relation to (We talk about the weather.)
above - ad. at a higher place
accept - v. to agree to receive
accident - n. something that happens by chance or mistake; an unplanned event
accuse - v. to say a person is responsible for an act or crime; to make a statement against someone
across - ad. from side to side; to the other side
act - v. to do something
activist - n. one who seeks change through action
actor - n. someone acting in a play or show
add - v. to put (something) with another to make it larger; to say more
administration - n. the executive part of a government, usually headed by a president or prime minister
admit - v. to accept (admitted to the United Nations); to express one's guilt or responsibility (He admitted that what he did was wrong.)
adult - n. a grown person
advise - v. to help with information, knowledge or ideas in making a decision
affect - v. to produce an effect on; to influence (A lack of sleep affected the singer's performance.)
afraid - ad. feeling fear
after - ad. later; behind
again - ad. another time; as before
against - ad. opposed to; not agreeing with something
age - n. how old a person or thing is
agency - n. an organization that is part of a larger group (an agency of the United Nations)
aggression - n. an attack against a person or country; the violation of a country's borders
ago - ad. of time past; before now
agree - v. to have the same belief as someone; to be willing to do something
agriculture - n. farming
aid - v. to help; to support; n. help, assistance
aim - v. to point a gun at; n. a goal or purpose
air - n. the mixture of gases around the earth, mostly nitrogen and oxygen, that we breathe
air force - n. a military organization using airplanes
airplane - n. a vehicle with wings that flies
airport - n. a place where airplanes take off and land
album - n. a collection of recorded music
alcohol - n. a strong, colorless liquid, usually made from grain, used as a drug or in industrial products
alive - ad. having life; not dead
all - ad. everything; everyone; the complete amount
ally - n. a nation or person joined with another for a special purpose
almost - ad. a little less than completely
alone - ad. separated from others
along - ad. near or on (along the road)
already - ad. before now; even now
also - ad. added to; too
although - conj. even if it is true that
always - ad. at all times; every time
ambassador - n. a nation's highest diplomatic representative (to another government)
amend - v. to add to or to change (a proposal or law)
ammunition - n. the bullets or shells fired from guns
among - ad. in or part of (a group)
amount - n. the number, size or weight of anything
anarchy - n. a lack of order; lawlessness
ancestor - n. a family member from the past
ancient - ad. very old; long ago
and - conj. also; in addition to; with
anger - n. a strong emotion against someone or something
animal - n. a living creature that moves, such as a dog or cat
anniversary - n. a yearly celebration or observance of an event that happened in the past
announce - v. to make known publicly; to declare officially
another - ad. one more; a different one
answer - n. a statement produced by a question; v. to make a statement after being asked a question
any - ad. one or more of no special kind
apologize - v. to express regret for a mistake or accident for which one accepts responsibility
appeal - v. to take to a higher court, person or group for a decision; to call on somebody for help
appear - v. to show oneself; to come into sight; to seem
appoint - v. to name; to choose (appoint a judge)
approve - v. to agree with; to agree to support
archeology - n. the scientific study of past human life and activities
area - n. any place or part of it
argue - v. to offer reasons for or against something; to dispute; to disagree
arms - n. military equipment; weapons
army - n. military ground forces
around - ad. on every side (of)
arrest - v. to seize a person for legal action; to take as a prisoner
arrive - v. to come to a place, especially at the end of a trip
art - n. expressions or creations by humans, such as paintings, music, writing or statues
artillery - n. big guns
as - conj. equally (as fast as); when; while
ash - n. the part left after something burns
ask - v. to question; to say something is wanted (We ask the teacher questions every day.)
assist - v. to help
astronaut - n. a person who travels in space
astronomy - n. the scientific study of stars and the universe
asylum - n. political protection given by a government to a person from another country
at - prep. in or near (at the edge); where (look at); when (at noon)
atmosphere - n. the gases surrounding any star or planet
attach - v. to tie together; to connect
attack - n. a violent attempt to damage, injure or kill; v. to start a fight
attempt - v. to work toward something; to try; to make an effort
attend - v. to be present at
automobile - n. a vehicle with wheels used to carry people; a car
autumn - n. the time of the year between summer and winter
average - n. something (a number) representing the middle; ad. common; normal
avoid - v. to stay away from
awake - ad. not sleeping
award - n. an honor or prize for an act or service
away - ad. not near
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B
back - n. the part behind the front; ad. the other way from forward
bad - ad. wrong; acting against the law; not good
balance - v. to make two sides or forces equal
ball - n. something round
balloon - n. a device of strong, light material that rises when filled with gas lighter than air
ballot - n. a piece of paper used for voting
ban - v. to not permit; to stop; n. an official restriction
bank - n. an organization that keeps and lends money
bar - v. to prevent or block
barrier - n. anything that blocks or makes an action difficult
base - n. a military center; v. to establish as a fact (Her research was based on experiments.)
battle - n. a fight between opposing armed forces
be - v. to live; to happen; to exist
beat - v. to hit again and again
beauty - ad. that which pleases the eye, ear or spirit
because - prep. for the reason that (He left because he was sick.)
become - v. to come to be
bed - n. a sleeping place
before - prep. earlier
begin - v. to do the first part of an action; to start
behind - ad. at the back of; in back of
believe - v. to think; to feel sure of; to accept as true; to trust
bell - n. an instrument that makes a musical sound (a church bell)
belong - v. to be owned by; to be a member of
below - ad. lower than
best - ad. the most good
betray - v. to turn against; to be false to
better - ad. more good than
between - ad. in the space or time that separates; from one to the other (talks between two nations)
big - ad. of great size; not small
bill - n. a legislative proposal
biology - n. the scientific study of life or living things in all their forms
bird - n. a creature that flies
bite - v. to cut with the teeth
black - ad. dark; having the color like that of the night sky
blame - v. to accuse; to hold responsible
blanket - n. a cloth cover used to keep warm
bleed - v. to lose blood
blind - ad. not able to see
block - v. to stop something from being done; to prevent movement
blood - n. red fluid in the body
blow - v. to move with force, as in air (The wind blows.)
blue - ad. having the color like that of a clear sky
boat - n. something built to travel on water that carries people or goods
body - n. all of a person or animal; the remains of a person or animal
boil - v. to heat a liquid until it becomes very hot
bomb - n. a device that explodes with great force; v. to attack or destroy with bombs
bone - n. the hard material in the body
book - n. a long written work for reading
border - n. a dividing line between nations
born - v. to come to life; to come into existence
borrow - v. to take as a loan
both - ad. not just one of two, but the two together
bottle - n. a container, usually made of glass, to hold liquid
bottom - ad. the lowest part of something
box - n. something to put things into; a container, usually made of paper or wood
boy - n. a young male person
boycott - v. to refuse to take part in or deal with
brain - n. the control center of thought, emotions and body activity of all creatures
brave - ad. having no fear
bread - n. a food made from grain
break - v. to divide into parts by force; to destroy
breathe - v. to take air into the body and let it out again
bridge - n. a structure built over a waterway, valley or road so people and vehicles can cross from one side to the other
brief - ad. short; not long
bright - ad. giving much light; strong and clear in color
bring - v. to come with something
broadcast - v. to send information, stories or music by radio or television; n. a radio or television program
brother - n. a male with the same father or mother as another person
brown - ad. having the color like that of coffee
budget - n. a spending plan
build - v. to join materials together to make something
building - n. anything built for use as a house, factory, office, school, store or place of entertainment
bullet - n. a small piece of metal shot from a gun
burn - v. to be on fire; to destroy or damage by fire
burst - v. to break open suddenly
bury - v. to put into the ground and cover with earth
bus - n. a public vehicle to carry people
business - n. one's work; buying and selling to earn money; trade
busy - ad. doing something; very active
but - conj. however; other than; yet
buy - v. to get by paying something, usually money
by - conj. near; at; next to (by the road); from (a play by William Shakespeare); not later than (by midnight)
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C
call - v. to give a name to (I call myself John.); to ask for or request (They called for an end to the fighting.)
calm - ad. quiet; peaceful; opposite tense
camera - n. a device for taking pictures
camp - n. a place with temporary housing
campaign - n. a competition by opposing political candidates seeking support from voters; a connected series of military actions during a war
can - v. to be able to; to have the right to; n. a container used to hold liquid or food, usually made of metal
cancel - v. to end; to stop
cancer - n. a disease in which dangerous cells grow quickly and destroy parts of the body
candidate - n. a person who seeks or is nominated for an office or an honor
capital - n. the official center of a government; the city where a country's government is
capitalism - n. an economic system in which the production of most goods and services is owned and operated for profit by private citizens or companies
capture - v. to make a person or animal a prisoner; to seize or take by force; to get control of
car - n. a vehicle with wheels used to carry people; an automobile; a part of a train
care - v. to like; to protect; to feel worry or interest
careful - ad. acting safely; with much thought
carry - v. to take something or someone from one place to another
case (court) - n. a legal action
case (medical) - n. an incident of disease (There was only one case of chicken pox at the school.)
cat - n. a small animal that often lives with humans
catch - v. to seize after a chase; to stop and seize with the hands
cause - v. to make happen; n. the thing or person that produces a result
ceasefire - n. a halt in fighting, usually by agreement
celebrate - v. to honor a person or event with special activities
center - n. the middle of something; the place in the middle; a place that is the main point of an activity
century - n. one hundred years
ceremony - n. an act or series of acts done in a special way established by tradition
chairman - n. a person leading a meeting or an organized group
champion - n. the best; the winner
chance - n. a possibility of winning or losing or that something will happen
change - v. to make different; to become different
charge - v. to accuse someone of something, usually a crime; n. a statement in which someone is accused of something
chase - v. to run or go after someone or something
cheat - v. to get by a trick; to steal from
cheer - v. to shout approval or praise
chemicals - n. elements found in nature or made by people; substances used in the science of chemistry
chemistry - n. the scientific study of substances, what they are made of, how they act under different conditions, and how they form other substances
chief - n. the head or leader of a group; ad. leading; most important
child - n. a baby; a boy or girl
children - n. more than one child
choose - v. to decide between two or more
circle - n. a closed shape that has all its points equally distant from the center, like an O
citizen - n. a person who is a member of a country by birth or by law
city - n. any important large town
civilian - ad. not military
civil rights - n. the political, economic and social rights given equally to all people of a nation
claim - v. to say something as a fact
clash - n. a battle; v. to fight or oppose
clean - v. to make pure; ad. free from dirt or harmful substances (clean water)
clear - ad. easy to see or see through; easily understood
clergy - n. a body of officials within a religious organization
climate - n. the normal weather conditions of a place
climb - v. to go up or down something by using the feet and sometimes the hands
clock - n. a device that measures and shows time
close - v. to make something not open; ad. near to
cloth - n. a material made from plants, chemicals, animal hair and other substances
clothes - n. what people wear
cloud - n. a mass of fog high in the sky
coal - n. a solid black substance used as fuel
coalition - n. forces, groups or nations joined together
coast - n. land on the edge of the ocean
coffee - n. a drink made from the plant of the same name
cold - ad. not warm; having or feeling great coolness or a low temperature
collect - v. to bring or gather together in one place; to demand and receive (collect taxes)
college - n. a small university
colony - n. land controlled by another country or government
color - n. the different effects of light on the eye, making blue, red, brown, black, yellow and others
combine - v. to mix or bring together
come - v. to move toward; to arrive
command - v. to order; to have power over something
comment - v. to say something about; to express an opinion about something
committee - n. a group of people given special work
common - ad. usual; same for all (a common purpose)
communicate - v. to tell; to give or exchange information
community - n. a group of people living together in one place or area
company - n. a business organized for trade, industrial or other purposes
compare - v. to examine what is different or similar
compete - v. to try to do as well as, or better than, another or others
complete - ad. having all parts; ended or finished
complex - ad. of or having many parts that are difficult to understand; not simple
compromise - n. the settlement of an argument where each side agrees to accept less than first demanded
computer - n. an electronic machine for storing and organizing information, and for communicating with others
concern - n. interest, worry (express concern about); v. to fear (to be concerned)
condemn - v. to say a person or action is wrong or bad
condition - n. something declared necessary to complete an agreement; a person's health
conference - n. a meeting
confirm - v. to approve; to say that something is true
conflict - n. a fight; a battle, especially a long one
congratulate - v. to praise a person or to express pleasure for success or good luck
Congress - n. the organization of people elected to make the laws of the United States (the House of Representatives and the Senate); a similar organization in other countries
connect - v. to join one thing to another; to unite; to link
conservative - n. one who usually supports tradition and opposes great change
consider - v. to give thought to; to think about carefully
constitution - n. the written general laws and ideas that form a nation's system of government
contain - v. to hold; to include
container - n. a box, bottle or can used to hold something
continent - n. any of the seven great land areas of the world
continue - v. to go on doing or being
control - v. to direct; to have power over
convention - n. a large meeting for a special purpose
cook - v. to heat food before eating it
cool - ad. almost cold
cooperate - v. to act or work together
copy - v. to make something exactly like another; n. something made to look exactly like another
corn - n. a food grain
correct - ad. true; free from mistakes; v. to change to what is right
cost - n. the price or value of something (The cost of the book is five dollars.); v. to be valued at (The book costs five dollars.)
cotton - n. a material made from a plant of the same name
count - v. to speak or add numbers
country - n. a nation; the territory of a nation; land away from cities
court - n. where trials take place; where judges make decisions about law
cover - v. to put something over a person or thing; n. anything that is put over a person or thing
cow - n. a farm animal used for its milk
crash - v. to fall violently; to hit with great force
create - v. to make; to give life or form to
creature - n. any living being; any animal or human
credit - n. an agreement that payments will be made at a later time
crew - n. a group of people working together
crime - n. an act that violates a law
criminal - n. a person who is responsible for a crime
crisis - n. an extremely important time when something may become much better or worse; a dangerous situation
criticize - v. to say what is wrong with something or someone; to condemn; to judge
crops - n. plants that are grown and gathered for food, such as grains, fruits and vegetables
cross - v. to go from one side to another; to go across
crowd - n. a large number of people gathered in one place
crush - v. to damage or destroy by great weight; to defeat completely
cry - v. to express or show sorrow or pain
culture - n. all the beliefs, traditions and arts of a group or population
cure - v. to improve health; to make well (The doctor can cure the disease.); n. something that makes a sick person well (Antibiotics are a cure for infection.)
curfew - n. an order to people to stay off the streets or to close their businesses
current - n. movement of air, water or electricity; ad. belonging to the present time (She found the report in a current publication.)
custom - n. a long-established belief or activity of a people
customs - n. taxes on imports
cut - v. to divide or injure with a sharp tool; to make less; to reduce
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D
damage - v. to cause injury or destruction; n. harm; hurt or injury, usually to things
dance - v. to move the body and feet to music; n. a series of steps, usually to music
danger - n. a strong chance of suffering injury, damage or loss
dark - ad. having little or no light (The room was dark.)
date - n. an expression of time; a day, month and year
daughter - n. a person's female child
day - n. twenty-four hours; the hours of sunlight
dead - ad. not living
deaf - ad. not able to hear
deal - v. to have to do with (The talks will deal with the problem of pollution.); to buy or sell (Her company deals in plastic.)
debate - v. to argue for or against something; n. a public discussion or argument
debt - n. something that is owed; the condition of owing
decide - v. to choose; to settle; to judge
declare - v. to say; to make a statement
decrease - v. to make less in size or amount
deep - ad. going far down; a long way from top to bottom
defeat - v. to cause to lose in a battle or struggle; n. a loss; the condition of having lost
defend - v. to guard or fight against attack; to protect
deficit - n. a shortage that results when spending is greater than earnings, or imports are greater than exports
define - v. to give the meaning of; to explain
degree - n. a measure of temperature
delay - v. to decide to do something at a later time; to postpone; to cause to be late
delegate - n. one sent to act for another; one who represents another
demand - v. to ask by ordering; to ask with force
democracy - n. the system of government in which citizens vote to choose leaders or to make other important decisions
demonstrate - v. to make a public show of opinions or feelings (The crowd demonstrated in support of human rights.); to explain by using examples (The teacher demonstrated the idea with an experiment.)
denounce - v. to accuse of being wrong or evil; to criticize severely
deny - v. to declare that something is not true; to refuse a request
depend - v. to need help and support
deplore - v. to regret strongly; to express sadness
deploy - v. to move forces or weapons into positions for action
depression - n. severe unhappiness; a period of reduced business and economic activity during which many people lose their jobs
describe - v. to give a word picture of something; to give details of something
desert - n. a dry area of land
design - v. to plan or create plans for
desire - v. to want very much; to wish for
destroy - v. to break into pieces; to end the existence of
detail - n. a small part of something; a small piece of information
develop - v. to grow; to create; to experience progress
device - n. a piece of equipment made for a special purpose
dictator - n. a ruler with complete power
die - v. to become dead; to stop living; to end
diet - n. usual daily food and drink
different - ad. not the same
difficult - ad. not easy; hard to do, make or carry out
dig - v. to make a hole in the ground
dinner - n. the main amount of food eaten at a usual time (The family had its dinner at noon.); a special event that includes food (The official dinner took place at the White House.)
diplomat - n. a person who represents his or her government in dealing with another government
direct - v. to lead; to aim or show the way (He directed me to the theater.); ad. straight to something; not through some other person or thing (The path is direct.)
direction - n. the way (east, west, north, south); where someone or something came from or went to
dirt - n. earth or soil
disappear - v. to become unseen; to no longer exist
disarm - v. to take away weapons; to no longer keep weapons; to make a bomb harmless by removing its exploding device
discover - v. to find or learn something
discuss - v. to talk about; to exchange ideas
disease - n. a sickness in living things, often caused by viruses, germs or bacteria
dismiss - v. to send away; to refuse to consider
dispute - v. to oppose strongly by argument; n. an angry debate
dissident - n. a person who strongly disagrees with his or her government
distance - n. the amount of space between two places or objects (The distance from my house to your house is two kilometers.)
dive - v. to jump into water head first
divide - v. to separate into two or more parts
do - v. to act; to make an effort
doctor - n. a person trained in medicine to treat sick people
document - n. an official piece of paper with facts written on it, used as proof or support of something
dog - n. a small animal that often lives with humans
dollar - n. United States money, one hundred cents
door - n. an opening for entering or leaving a building or room
down - ad. from higher to lower; in a low place
dream - v. to have a picture or story in the mind during sleep; n. a picture or story in the mind during sleep; a happy idea about the future
drink - v. to take liquid into the body through the mouth
drive - v. to control a moving vehicle
drop - v. to fall or let fall; to go lower
drown - v. to die under water
drug - n. anything used as a medicine or in making medicine; a chemical substance used to ease pain or to affect the mind
dry - ad. not wet; without rain
during - ad. through the whole time; while (something is happening)
dust - n. pieces of matter so small that they can float in the air
duty - n. one's job or responsibility; what one must do because it is right and just
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E
early - ad. at or near the beginning, especially the beginning of the day; opposite late
earn - v. to be paid in return for work done
earth - n. the planet we all live on; the ground or soil
earthquake - n. a sudden, violent shaking of the earth's surface
ease - v. to reduce; to make less difficult
east - n. the direction from which the sun rises
easy - ad. not difficult; not hard to do
eat - v. to take food into the body through the mouth
ecology - n. the scientific study of the environment and links among living and material things
economy - n. the system by which money, industry and trade are organized
edge - n. the line where something ends or begins
education - n. the act of teaching
effect - n. the result or change caused by something (The storm had a serious effect on the economy.)
effort - n. an attempt; the work necessary to do something
egg - n. the rounded object containing unborn young produced by female birds, fish or reptiles; a single cell in a female person or animal that can develop into a baby
either - ad. one of two, but not the other
elect - v. to choose by voting
electricity - n. a form of energy that flows through wires to provide heat and light, and power to machines
embassy - n. the offices of an ambassador and his or her assistants
emergency - n. an unexpected and dangerous situation demanding quick action
emotion - n. a strong feeling such as love, hate, fear or sadness
employ - v. to give work in return for wages
empty - ad. having nothing inside; v. to remove everything
end - v. to stop; to finish; n. the part which comes last
enemy - n. a person opposing or hating another; a person or people of the other side in a war
energy - n. power used to do work, usually with machines; the ability and willingness to be active
enforce - v. to make something be done
engine - n. a machine that uses energy to cause movement or to do work
engineer - n. a person who designs engines, machines, roads, bridges or railroads
enjoy - v. to be pleased or satisfied by something
enough - ad. as much as necessary; pro. the amount needed
enter - v. to come or go into
environment - n. all surrounding things, conditions and influences that affect life; the natural world of land, sea, air, plants and animals
equal - ad. the same in amount, size, weight or value; having the same rights
equipment - n. things, tools or machines needed for a purpose or activity
escape - v. to get free; to get away from; to get out of
especially - ad. more than others (We liked the food, especially the fish.)
establish - v. to bring into existence; to create
estimate - v. to form an opinion about a value, size or amount using less than complete information
ethnic - ad. of or concerning people belonging to a large group because of their race, religion, language, tribe or where their ancestors lived
evaporate - v. to change from a liquid into a gas
even - ad. in a way not thought possible (They survived, even though the building was destroyed.)
event - n. that which happens, especially something of importance
ever - ad. at any time
every - ad. each one; all
evidence - n. material or facts that prove something; a reason for believing
evil - ad. not good; extremely bad
exact - ad. having no mistakes; correct in every detail
examine - v. to study closely
example - n. a part that shows what the rest of a thing or group is like
excellent - ad. extremely good
except - prep. but for
exchange - v. to trade; to give or receive one thing for another
excuse - v. to take away blame; to pardon; to forgive; n. a reason (sometimes false) for an action
execute - v. to kill
exercise - n. an activity or effort for the purpose of improving the body or to stay in good health
exile - v. to force a person to leave his or her country; to expel; n. a person who is forced to leave his or her country
exist - v. to be; to live
expand - v. to make larger; to grow larger
expect - v. to think or believe that something will happen; to wait for an event
expel - v. to force out; to remove from; to send away
experience - v. to live through an event, situation or condition (She experienced great pain.); n. something that one has done or lived through (The experience caused her great pain.)
experiment - v. to test; n. a test or trial carried out to prove if an idea is true or false, or to discover something
expert - n. a person with special knowledge or training
explain - v. to give reasons for; to make clear; to tell about; to tell the meaning
explode - v. to break apart violently with a loud noise, like a bomb
explore - v. to travel in a place that is not well known to learn more about it; to make a careful search; to examine closely
export - v. to send to another country; n. something sent to another country, usually for sale
express - v. to say clearly
extend - v. to stretch out in area or length; to continue for a longer time
extra - ad. more than normal, expected or necessary
extreme - ad. more than the usual or accepted
extremist - n. a person with strong religious or political beliefs who acts in an extreme or violent way
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F
fact - n. something known or proved to be true
factory - n. a building or group of buildings where goods are made
fail - v. to not succeed; to not reach a goal
fair - ad. just; honest; what is right
fall - v. to go down quickly; to come down; to drop to the ground or a lower position
false - ad. not true; not correct
family - n. the group that includes children and their parents
famous - ad. known very well to many people
far - ad. at, to or from a great distance
farm - n. land used to grow crops and animals for food
fast - ad. moving or working at great speed; quick
fat - n. tissue in the bodies of humans and animals used to store energy and to keep warm; ad. thick; heavy
father - n. the male parent; a man who has a child or children
fear - v. to be afraid; to worry that something bad is near or may happen (He feared falling down.); n. a strong emotion when there is danger or trouble (He had a fear that he would fall down.)
federal - ad. of or having to do with a national or central government
feed - v. to give food to
feel - v. to have or experience an emotion; to know by touching
female - n. a woman or girl; the sex that gives birth; ad. of or about women
fence - n. something around an area of land to keep animals or people in or out
fertile - ad. rich in production of plants or animals; producing much
few - ad. not many; a small number of
field - n. an area of open land, usually used to grow crops or to raise animals
fierce - ad. extremely strong; violent; angry
fight - v. to use violence or force; to attempt to defeat or destroy an enemy; n. the use of force; a battle
fill - v. to put or pour something into a container until there is space for no more
film - v. to record something so it can be seen again; to make a motion picture or movie; n. a thin piece of material for making pictures with a camera; a movie
final - ad. at the end; last
financial - ad. of or about the system that includes the use of money, credit, investments and banks
find - v. to discover or learn something by searching or by accident; to decide a court case (The jury finds the man guilty of murder.)
fine - n. a payment ordered by a court to punish someone for a crime; ad. very good; very small or thin
finish - v. to complete; to end
fire - v. to shoot a gun; n. the heat and light produced by something burning
fireworks - n. rockets producing bright fire in the sky, used in holiday celebrations
firm - ad. not easily moved or changed (She is firm in her opinion.)
first - ad. coming before all others
fish - n. a creature that lives and can breathe in water
fit - v. to be of the correct size or shape (These shoes fit my feet.)
fix - v. to make good or right again
flag - n. a piece of colored cloth used to represent a nation, government or organization
flat - ad. smooth; having no high places
flee - v. to run away from
float - v. to be on water without sinking; to move or be moved gently on water or through air
flood - v. to cover with water; n. the movement of water out of a river, lake or ocean onto land
floor - n. the bottom part of a room for walking on (The book fell to the floor.); the level of a building (The fire was on the first floor.)
flow - v. to move like a liquid
flower - n. the colored part of plants that carry seeds
fluid - n. any substance that can flow, such as a liquid
fly - v. to move through the air with wings, like a bird or airplane; to travel in an airplane or flying vehicle
fog - n. a mass of wet air that is difficult to see through; a cloud close to the ground
follow - v. to come or go after; to accept the rule or power of; to obey
food - n. that which is taken in by all living things for energy, strength and growth
fool - v. to make someone believe something that is not true; to trick; n. a person who is tricked easily
foot - n. the bottom part of the leg; the part of the body that touches the ground when a person or animal walks
for - prep. because of (He is famous for his work.); in exchange (Give me one dollar for the book.); through space or time (They travelled for one hour.); representative of (I speak for all people.); to be employed by (She works for a computer company.)
force - v. to make someone do something or make something happen by using power; n. power, strength; strength used against a person or object; military power of a nation; a military group
foreign - ad. of, about or from another nation; not from one's own place or country
forest - n. a place of many trees
forget - v. to not remember
forgive - v. to pardon; to excuse; to remove guilt
form - v. to make; to start; to shape (They formed a swim team.); n. a kind (Swimming is a form of exercise.) former - ad. earlier in time; not now
forward - ad. the direction in front of; toward the front
free - v. to release; ad. not controlled by another or by outside forces; not in prison; independent; not limited by rules; without cost
freedom - n. the condition of being free
freeze - v. to cause or to become very cold; to make or to become hard by cold
fresh - ad. newly made or gathered; recent
friend - n. a person one likes and trusts
frighten - v. to cause great fear
from - prep. having a person, place or thing as a beginning or cause (It is a message from the president.); at a place distant, not near (The school is five kilometers from my home.); because of (He is suffering from cancer.)
front - n. the forward part; the opposite of back; the beginning; the first part
fruit - n. food from trees and plants
fuel - n. any substance burned to create heat or power
full - ad. containing as much as a person or thing can hold; complete
fun - n. anything that is pleasing and causes happiness
funeral - n. a ceremony held in connection with the burial or burning of the dead
future - n. time after now (We can talk about it in the future.); ad. in the time to come (All future meetings will be held in this room.)
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G
game - n. an activity with rules in which people or teams play or compete, usually sports
gas - n. any substance that is not solid or liquid; any substance that burns to provide heat, light or power
gather - v. to bring or come together into a group or place; to collect
general - n. a high military leader; ad. without details; affecting or including all or almost all
gentle - ad. soft; kind; not rough or violent
get - v. to receive; to gain; to go and bring back; to become; to become the owner of
gift - n. something given without cost
girl - n. a young female person
give - v. to present to another to keep without receiving payment
glass - n. a hard, clear material that is easily broken, used most often for windows or for containers to hold liquids
go - v. to move from one place to another; to leave
goal - n. that toward which an effort is directed; that which is aimed at; the end of a trip or race
god - n. the spirit that is honored as creator of all things (They believe in God.); a spirit or being believed in many religions to have special powers
gold - n. a highly valued yellow metal
good - ad. pleasing; helpful; kind; correct; not bad
goods - n. things owned or made to be sold
govern - v. to control; to rule by military or political power
government - n. a system of governing; the organization of people that rules a country, city or area
grain - n. the seed of grass plants used for food, such as wheat, rice and corn; those plants that produce the seeds
granddaughter - n. the daughter of a person's daughter or son
grandfather - n. the father of a person's father or mother
grandmother - n. the mother of a person's father or mother
grandson - n. the son of a person's daughter or son
grass - n. a plant with long, narrow, green leaves
gray - ad. having the color like that made by mixing black and white
great - ad. very large or more than usual in size or number; very good; important
green - ad. having the color like that made by mixing yellow and blue; having the color like that of growing leaves and grass
grind - v. to reduce to small pieces by crushing
ground - n. land; the earth's surface; soil
group - n. a number of people or things together; a gathering of people working for a common purpose
grow - v. to develop or become bigger; to increase in size or amount
guarantee - v. to promise a result; to promise that something will happen
guard - v. to watch and protect a person, place or thing (He guards the president.); n. a person or thing that watches or protects (He is a prison guard.)
guerrilla - n. a person who fights as part of an unofficial army, usually against an official army or police
guide - v. to lead to; to show the way; n. one who shows the way
guilty - ad. having done something wrong or in violation of a law; responsible for a bad action
gun - n. a weapon that shoots bullets
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H
half - n. one of two equal parts of something
halt - v. to come or cause to come to a stop; to stop
hang - v. to place something so the highest part is supported and the lower part is not; to kill by hanging
happen - v. to become a fact or event; to take place
happy - ad. pleased; satisfied; feeling good; not sad
hard - ad. not easily cut or broken; solid; difficult to do or understand; needing much effort or force
harm - v. to injure; to damage; n. damage; hurt
harvest - v. to gather crops; n. the crop after it is gathered
hat - n. a head cover
hate - v. to have strong emotions against; to consider as an enemy; opposite love
have - v. to possess; to own; to hold
he - pro. the boy or man who is being spoken about
head - v. to lead; to command; n. leader; chief; the top part of something; the highest position
headquarters - n. the center from which orders are given; the main offices of a business or organization
heal - v. to return to good health; to cure; to become well
health - n. the general condition of the body and mind; the condition of being free from sickness or disease
hear - v. to receive sound through the ears; to receive news about
heat - v. to make hot or warm; n. great warmth; that which is produced by burning fuel; energy from the sun
heavy - ad. having much weight; not easy to lift; of great amount or force
helicopter - n. a machine without wings that can fly up or down or remain in one place above the ground
help - v. to give support; to assist; to make easier; n. support; aid
here - ad. in, to or at this place
hero - n. a person honored for being brave or wise
hide - v. to prevent from being seen or found; to make secret
high - ad. tall; far up; far above the ground; important; above others
hijack - v. to seize or take control of a vehicle by force
hill - n. a small mountain
history - n. the written record or description of past events; the study of the past
hit - v. to strike; to touch with force
hold - v. to carry or support, usually in the hands or arms; to keep in one position; to keep as a prisoner; to contain; to possess; to occupy; to organize and be involved in (The two sides hold talks this week.)
hole - n. an opening; a torn or broken place in something
holiday - n. a day when one does not work; a day on which no work is done to honor or remember a person or event
holy - ad. greatly honored in religion
home - n. the building where a person lives, especially with family; the place where one was born or comes from; the area or country where one lives
honest - ad. truthful; able to be trusted
honor - v. to obey; to show strong, good feelings for (to honor one's parents); n. an award; an act of giving special recognition (He received many honors for his efforts to help others.)
hope - v. to expect; to believe there is a good chance that something will happen as wanted; to want something to happen
horrible - ad. causing great fear; terrible
horse - n. a large animal often used for racing, riding or farm work
hospital - n. a place where sick or injured people are given medical care
hostage - n. a person captured and held as a guarantee that a demand or promise will be honored
hostile - ad. ready to fight; ready for war
hot - ad. having or feeling great heat or a high temperature
hotel - n. a building with rooms, and often food, for travellers
hour - n. a measure of time; sixty minutes
house - n. a building in which people live; a country's parliament or lawmaking group (House of Representatives)
how - ad. in what way; to what amount however - conj. yet; but
huge - ad. very big; of great size
human - ad. of or about people
humor - n. the ability to understand, enjoy or express what makes people laugh
hunger - n. the need for food
hunt - v. to search for animals to capture or kill them; to seek; to try to find
hurry - v. to do or go fast
hurt - v. to cause pain, injury or damage
husband - n. a man who is married
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I
ice - n. frozen water
idea - n. a thought or picture in the mind; a belief
identify - v. to recognize someone or something and to say who or what they are
if - conj. on condition; provided that (I will go if you go.)
illegal - ad. not legal; in violation of a law
imagine - v. to make a picture in the mind; to form an idea
immediate - ad. without delay; very near in time or place
import - v. to bring from another country; n. something brought from another country, usually for sale
important - ad. having great meaning, value or power
improve - v. to make better; to become better
in - prep. inside; held by; contained by; surrounded by; during
incident - n. an event or something that happens
incite - v. to urge or cause an action or emotion, usually something bad or violent
include - v. to have; to make a part of
increase - v. to make more in size or amount
independent - ad. not influenced by or controlled by another or others; free; separate
individual - n. one person
industry - n. any business that produces goods or provides services; the work and related activity in factories and offices; all organizations involved in manufacturing
infect - v. to make sick with something that causes disease
inflation - n. a continuing rise in prices while the value of money goes down
influence - v. to have an effect on someone or something; to cause change
inform - v. to tell; to give knowledge to
information - n. knowledge; facts
inject - v. to force a fluid into, such as putting medicine or drugs into the body through the skin
injure - v. to cause harm or damage to a person or animal
innocent - ad. not guilty of a crime; not responsible for a bad action
insane - ad. mentally sick
insect - n. a very small creature, usually with many legs and sometimes with wings
inspect - v. to look at something carefully; to examine, especially by an expert
instead - ad. in the place of; taking the place of
instrument - n. a tool or device designed to do something or to make something
insult - v. to say something or to do something that makes another person angry or dishonored
intelligence - n. the ability to think or learn; information gathered by spying
intelligent - ad. quick to understand or learn
intense - ad. very strong; extremely serious
interest - n. what is important to someone (He acted to protect his interests. She had a great interest in painting.); a share in owning a business; money paid for the use of money borrowed
interfere - v. to get in the way of; to work against; to take part in the activities of others, especially when not asked to do so
international - ad. of or about more than one nation or many nations; of the whole world
intervene - v. to come between; to come between in order to settle or solve
invade - v. to enter an area or country by force with an army
invent - v. to plan and make something never made before; to create a new thing or way of doing something
invest - v. to give money to a business or organization with the hope of making more money
investigate - v. to study or examine all information about an event, situation or charge; to search for the truth
invite - v. to ask someone to take part in or join an event, organization or gathering
involve - v. to take part in; to become a part of; to include
iron - n. a strong, hard metal used to make machines and tools
island - n. a land area with water all around it
issue - n. an important problem or subject that people are discussing or arguing about
it - pro. a thing, place, event or idea that is being spoken about (The sky is blue, but it also has a few white clouds.)
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J
jewel - n. a valuable stone, such as a diamond or emerald
job - n. the work that one does to earn money
join - v. to put together or come together; to become part of or a member of
joint - ad. shared by two or more
joke - n. something done or said to cause others to laugh
judge - v. to form an opinion about; to decide a question, especially a legal one; n. a public official who decides problems of law in a court jump - v. to push down on the feet and move up quickly into the air
jury - n. a group of people chosen to decide what is true in a trial
just - ad. only (Help me for just a minute.); very shortly before or after the present (He just left.); at the same time (He left just as I came in.); what is right or fair (The law is just, in my opinion.)
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K
kick - v. to hit with the foot
kidnap - v. to seize and take away by force
kill - v. to make dead; to cause to die
kind - n. sort (What kind of dog is that); ad. gentle; caring; helpful
kiss - v. to touch with the mouth to show love or honor
knife - n. a tool or weapon used to cut
know - v. to understand something as correct; to have the facts about; to recognize someone because you have met and talked together before
knowledge - n. that which is known; learning or understanding
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L
laboratory - n. a room or place where experiments in science are done
lack - v. to be without; n. the condition of needing, wanting or not having
lake - n. a large area of fresh water surrounded by land
land - v. to come to the earth from the air (Airplanes land at airports.); n. the part of the earth not covered by water; the ground
language - n. words and their use; what people speak in a country, nation or group
large - ad. big; being of more than usual size, amount or number; opposite small
last - v. to continue (The talks will last three days.); ad. after all others; the only one remaining (She is the last person in line.)
late - ad. after the correct time; near the end; opposite early
laugh - v. to make sounds to express pleasure or happy feelings
launch - v. to put into operation; to begin; to send into the air or space
law - n. all or any rules made by a government
lead - v. to show the way; to command; to control; to go first
leak - v. to come out of or to escape through a small opening or hole (usually a gas or liquid)
learn - v. to get knowledge about; to come to know a fact or facts
leave - v. to go away from; to let something stay where it is
left - ad. on the side that is toward the west when one is facing north; opposite right
legal - ad. of or in agreement with the law
legislature - n. a government lawmaking group
lend - v. to permit someone to use a thing temporarily; to make a loan of money
less - ad. smaller in amount; not as much
let - v. to permit to do or to be; to make possible
letter - n. a message written on paper; a communication in writing sent to another person
level - n. the amount or height that something reaches or rises to; the position of something or someone
liberal - ad. one who usually supports social progress or change
lie - v. to have one's body on the ground or other surface; to say something that one knows is not true
life - n. the time between being born and dying; opposite death; all living things
lift - v. to take or bring up to a higher place or level
light - n. a form of energy that affects the eyes so that one is able to see; anything that produces light; ad. bright; clear; not heavy
lightning - n. light produced by electricity in the air, usually during a storm
like - v. to be pleased with; to have good feelings for someone or something; ad. in the same way as; similar to
limit - v. to restrict to a number or amount; n. the greatest amount or number permitted
line - n. a long, thin mark on a surface; a number of people or things organized; one after another; the edge of an area protected by military forces
link - v. to connect; to unite one thing or event with another; n. a relation between two or more things, situations or events
liquid - n. a substance that is not a solid or gas, and can move freely, like water
list - v. to put in writing a number of names of people or things; n. a written series of names or things
listen - v. to try to hear
literature - n. all the poems, stories and writings of a period of time or of a country
little - ad. not tall or big; a small amount
live - v. to have life; to exist; ad. having life; alive
load - v. to put objects on or into a vehicle or container; n. that which is carried
loan - n. money borrowed that usually must be returned with interest payments; something borrowed
local - ad. about or having to do with one place
lonely - ad. feeling alone and wanting friends; visited by few or no people (a lonely man)
long - ad. not short; measuring from beginning to end; measuring much; for much time
look - v. to turn the eyes toward so as to see; to search or hunt for; to seem to be
lose - v. to have no longer; to not find; to fail to keep; to be defeated
loud - ad. having a strong sound; full of sound or noise
love - v. to like very much; to feel a strong, kind emotion (sometimes involving sex); n. a strong, kind emotion for someone or something; opposite hate
low - ad. not high or tall; below the normal height; close to the ground
loyal - ad. showing strong friendship and support for someone or something
luck - n. something that happens by chance
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M
magazine - n. a publication of news, stories, pictures or other information
mail - n. letters, papers and other things sent through an official system, such as a post office
main - ad. the most important or largest
major - ad. great in size, importance or amount
majority - n. the greater number; more than half
make - v. to produce; to create; to build; to do something or to carry out an action; to cause to be or to become
male - n. a man or boy; the sex that is the father of children; ad. of or about men
man - n. an adult male human
manufacture - v. to make goods in large amounts
many - ad. a large number or amount of
map - n. a picture of the earth's surface or a part of it
march - v. to walk in a group like soldiers; to walk together in a large group to protest about something
mark - v. to make a sign or cut on something
market - n. a place or area where goods are sold, bought or traded; an economic system in which the prices of things are decided by how many there are and how much money people are willing to pay for them
marry - v. to join a man and woman together as husband and wife; to become husband and wife (usually in a religious or civil ceremony)
mass - n. an amount of matter having no special form and usually of a large size
mate - v. to bring together a male and a female to create another creature
material - n. the substance, substances or matter of which something is made or from which something can be made, such as wood, cloth or stone; anything that can be made into something else
mathematics - n. the science dealing with amounts, sizes and shapes, as explained by numbers and signs
matter - n. anything that can be seen or felt; what things are made of
may - v. a word used with an action word to mean permit or possible (May I go They may leave tomorrow.)
mayor - n. the chief official of a city or town government
meal - n. food eaten to satisfy hunger, such as dinner
mean - v. to want to; to give the idea of; to have the idea of
measure - v. to learn the amount, size or distance of something; n. an action taken; a legislative proposal
meat - n. the part of a dead animal used for food
media - n. all public information organizations, including newspapers, television and radio
medicine - n. a substance or drug used to treat disease or pain; the science or study of treating and curing disease or improving health
meet - v. to come together with someone or something at the same time and place
melt - v. to make a solid into a liquid by heating it
member - n. one of a group
memorial - n. something done or made to honor the memory of a person or event
memory - n. a picture in the mind of past events; the ability to remember; a thing remembered
mental - ad. about or having to do with the mind
mercy - n. kindness toward those who should be punished; the power to be kind or to pardon
message - n. written or spoken news or information; a note from one person to another person or group
metal - n. a hard substance such as iron, steel or gold
method - n. the way something is done
microscope - n. a device used to make very small things look larger so they can be studied
middle - n. the center; a place or time of equal distance from both sides or ends; ad. in the center
militant - n. someone active in trying to cause political change, often by the use of force or violence
military - n. the armed forces of a nation or group; ad. of or about the armed forces
milk - n. the white liquid produced by female animals to feed their young
mind - n. the thinking, feeling part of a person
mine - v. to dig useful or valuable substances out of the earth; n. a place in the earth where such substances are found; a bomb placed under the ground or under water so it cannot be seen
mineral - n. a substance found in nature that is not an animal or a plant, such as coal or salt
minister - n. a member of a cabinet; a high government official (prime minister, foreign minister) minor - ad. small in size; of little importance
minority - n. the smaller number; opposite majority
minute - n. a measure of time; one of the sixty equal parts of an hour; sixty seconds
miss - v. to fail to hit, see, reach or meet
missile - n. any weapon that can be thrown or fired through the air and explodes when it reaches its target
missing - ad. lost; not found
mistake - n. a wrong action or decision; an action done without the knowledge that it was wrong
mix - v. to put different things together to make one thing
mob - n. a large group of wild or angry people
model - n. an example; something, usually small, made to show how something will look or work
moderate - ad. not extreme
modern - ad. of the present or very recent time; the most improved
money - n. pieces of metal or paper used to pay for things
month - n. one of the twelve periods of time into which a year is divided
moon - n. the bright object often seen in the night sky that orbits the earth about every twenty-nine days
moral - ad. concerning what is right or wrong in someone's actions
more - ad. greater in size or amount
morning - n. the early part of the day, from sunrise until noon
most - ad. greatest in size or amount
mother - n. the female parent; a woman who has a child or children
motion - n. a movement; a continuing change of position or place
mountain - n. a part of the earth's surface that rises high above the area around it
mourn - v. to express or feel sadness
move - v. to change position; to put or keep in motion; to go
movement - n. the act of moving or a way of moving; a series of acts or efforts to reach a goal
movie - n. a motion picture; a film
much - ad. great in amount
murder - v. to kill another person illegally; n. the crime of killing another person
music - n. the making of sounds by singing or using a musical instrument
must - v. a word used with an action word to mean necessary (You must go to school.)
mystery - n. something that is not or cannot be explained or understood; a secret
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N
narrow - ad. limited in size or amount; not wide; having a short distance from one side to the other
nation - n. a country, together with its social and political systems
native - n. someone who was born in a place, not one who moved there
natural - ad. of or about nature; normal; common to its kind
nature - n. all the plants, animals and other things on earth not created by humans; events or processes not caused by humans
navy - n. the part of a country's military force trained to fight at sea
near - ad. not far; close to
necessary - prep. needed to get a result or effect; required
need - v. to require; to want; to be necessary to have or to do
negotiate - v. to talk about a problem or situation to find a common solution
neither - ad. not one or the other of two
neutral - ad. not supporting one side or the other in a dispute
never - ad. at no time; not ever
new - ad. not existing before; not known before; recently made, built, bought or grown; another; different
news - n. information about any recent events, especially as reported by the media
next - ad. coming immediately after; nearest
nice - ad. pleasing; good; kind
night - n. the time between when the sun goes down and when it rises, when there is little or no light
no - ad. used to reject or to refuse; not any; not at all
noise - n. sound, especially when loud
nominate - v. to name someone as a candidate for an election; to propose a person for an office or position
noon - n. the middle of the day; twelve o'clock in the daytime
normal - n. the usual condition, amount or form; ad. usual; what is expected
north - n. the direction to the left of a person facing the rising sun
not - ad. a word showing that something is denied or untrue (She is not going.)
note - v. to talk about something already known; n. a word or words written to help a person remember; a short letter
nothing - n. not anything; no thing
now - ad. at this time; immediately
nowhere - ad. not in, to or at any place
nuclear - ad. of or about the energy produced by splitting atoms or bringing them together; of or about weapons that explode by using energy from atoms
number - n. a word or sign used to show the order or amount of things
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O
object - v. to show that one does not like or approve; to protest; n. something not alive that can be seen or touched
observe - v. to watch; to look at carefully; to celebrate or honor something (They will observe the anniversary of the day she was born.)
occupy - v. to take and hold or to control by force
ocean - n. the area of salt water that covers almost seventy-five percent of the earth's surface; any of the five main divisions of this water
of - prep. made from; belonging to; about; connected to; included among
off - ad. away; at a distance; condition when something is no longer operating or continuing; not on; not connected
offensive - n. a military campaign of attack; ad. having to do with attacking
offer - v. to present or propose; n. the act of presenting or proposing; that which is presented or proposed
office - n. a room or building where business or work is done; a public position to which one is elected or appointed
officer - n. a person in the military who commands others; any person who is a member of a police force
official - n. a person with power in an organization; a representative of an organization or government; ad. of or about an office; approved by the government or someone in power
often - ad. many times
oil - n. a thick liquid that does not mix with water and that burns easily; a black liquid taken from the ground and used as fuel
old - ad. not young or new; having lived or existed for many years
on - prep. above and held up by; touching the upper surface of (The book is on the table.); supported by (He is on his feet.); about (The report on the meeting is ready.); at the time of (He left on Wednesday.)
once - ad. one time only
only - ad. being the single one or ones; no more than (We have only two dollars.)
open - v. to start (They opened talks.); ad. not closed; not secret
operate - v. to do work or a job; to cut into the body for medical reasons
opinion - n. a belief based on one's own ideas and thinking
oppose - v. to be against; to fight against
opposite - ad. different as possible; completely different from; exactly the other way (North is the opposite direction from south.)
oppress - v. to make others suffer; to control by the use of unjust and cruel force or power
or - conj. giving another of two choices; giving the last of several choices
orbit - v. to travel in space around a planet or other object; n. the path or way an object travels in space around another object or planet
order - v. to give a command; to tell someone what to do; n. a command; the correct or normal way things are organized; a peaceful situation in which people obey laws
organize - v. to put in order; to put together into a system
other - ad. different; of another kind; the remaining one or ones of two or more (That man is short; the other is tall.)
our - ad. of or belonging to us
oust - v. to force to leave; to remove by force
out - ad. away from the inside; opposite of in
over - conj. above; covering; across, in or on every part of (all over the world)
overthrow - v. to remove from power; to defeat or end by force
owe - v. to pay or have to repay (usually money) in return for something received
own - v. to have or possess for oneself
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P
paint - v. to cover with a liquid color; to make a picture with liquid colors; n. a colored liquid used to cover or protect a surface
pan - n. a metal container used for cooking
paper - n. a thin, flat material made from plants or cloth often used for writing
parachute - n. a device that permits a person or thing to fall slowly from an airplane or helicopter to the ground
parade - n. a group of people and vehicles moving together to celebrate a special event or anniversary
pardon - v. to forgive for a crime and release from punishment
parent - n. a father or mother
parliament - n. a government lawmaking group
part - n. something less than the whole; not all of something
party - n. a group of people working together for a political purpose; a group of people or friends gathered together for enjoyment
pass - v. to go by or move around something; to move along; to cause or permit to go
passenger - n. a person travelling by airplane, train, boat or car who is not the pilot or driver
passport - n. a document permitting a person to travel to another country
past - n. the time gone by; the time before; ad. recent; immediately before; former
path - n. a narrow way for walking; a way along which something moves
patient - n. a person being treated by a doctor for a health problem
pay - v. to give money for work done or for something bought
peace - n. the condition of freedom from war, fighting or noise; rest; quiet
people - n. any group of persons; all the persons of a group, race, religion or nation (the American people)
percent - n. a part of every hundred (Ten is ten percent of one hundred.)
perfect - ad. complete or correct in every way; completely right or good; without mistakes
perform - v. to speak, dance or sing in front of others
period - n. an amount of time within events, restrictions or conditions
permanent - ad. never changing; lasting for a very long time or for all time
permit - v. to let; to make possible
person - n. a man, woman or child physical - ad. of the body
physics - n. the study of motion, matter and energy
picture - n. something that shows what another thing looks like; an idea or representation of something as seen by the eye; a painting; what is made with a camera
piece - n. a part of something larger
pig - n. a farm animal used for its meat
pilot - n. one who guides or flies an airplane or helicopter
pipe - n. a long, round piece of material used to move liquid or gas
place - v. to put something somewhere; n. an area or a part of an area; space where a person or thing is; any room, building, town or country
plan - v. to organize or develop an idea or method of acting or doing something (They plan to have a party.); n. an organized or developed idea or method (The plan will not work.)
planet - n. a large object in space that orbits the sun (Earth is a planet.)
plant - v. to put into the ground to grow; n. a living growth from the ground which gets its food from air, water and earth plastic - n. a material made from chemicals that can be formed and made into things
play - v. to have fun; to not work; to take part in a sport; to make music on an instrument; n. a story acted in a theater
please - v. to make one happy; to give enjoyment plenty - n. all that is needed; a large enough amount
plot - v. to make secret plans; n. a secret plan to do something wrong or illegal
poem - n. words and their sounds organized in a special way to express emotions
point - v. to aim one's finger toward; to aim; n. the sharp end of something
poison - n. a substance that can destroy life or damage health
police - n. a government agency responsible for guarding the public, keeping order, and making sure people obey the law; members of that agency
policy - n. an established set of plans or goals used to develop and make decisions in politics, economics or business
politics - n. the activities of government and of those who are in public office
pollute - v. to release dangerous or unpleasant substances into the air, soil or water
poor - n. people with little or no money; ad. lacking money or goods; of bad quality
popular - ad. liked by many people; generally approved by the public
population - n. all the people in a place, city or country
port - n. a city where ships load or unload goods; a place on a coast where ships can be safe from a storm
position - n. a place; the way of holding the body; the way a thing is set or placed; a job (or level of a job) in an organization
possess - v. to have; to own; to control or be controlled by
possible - ad. able to be done; can happen or is expected to happen
postpone - v. to delay action until a later time pour - v. to flow; to cause to flow
power - n. the ability to control or direct others; control; strength; ruling force; force or energy used to do work (Water power turns the wheel.)
praise - v. to say good things about; to approve
pray - v. to make a request to a god or spirit; to praise a god or spirit
pregnant - ad. carrying a child within the body before it is born; expecting to give birth to a baby
present - v. to offer for consideration (We will present our idea to the committee.); n. a gift (I gave them a present for their anniversary.); now (The present time is a good time.); ad. to be at a place (I was present at school yesterday.)
president - n. the chief official of a country that is a republic; the leader of an organization
press - v. to urge strongly; n. newspapers, magazines and other publications
pressure - n. the force produced when something is pushed down or against something else
prevent - v. to keep or stop from going or happening
price - n. the amount of money for which anything is bought, sold or offered for sale
prison - n. a place where a person is kept as punishment for a crime
private - ad. of or about a person or group that is secret; opposite public
prize - n. something offered or won in a competition; something of value that one must work hard for to get
probably - ad. a good chance of taking place; a little more than possible
problem - n. a difficult question or situation with an unknown or unclear answer
process - n. an operation or series of changes leading to a desired result
produce - v. to make; to create; to cause something to be; to manufacture
profession - n. a job that requires special training professor - n. a teacher at a college or university
profit - n. money gained from a business activity after paying all costs of that activity
program - n. a plan of action; the different events or parts of a meeting or show
progress - n. movement forward or toward improvement or a goal
project - n. a planned effort to do something
propaganda - n. ideas or information used to influence opinions
property - n. anything owned by someone such as land, buildings or goods
propose - v. to present or offer for consideration
protect - v. to guard; to defend; to prevent from being harmed or damaged
protest - v. to speak against; to object
prove - v. to show to be true
provide - v. to give something needed or wanted
public - ad. of or about all the people in a community or country; opposite private
publication - n. something that is published such as a book, newspaper or magazine
publish - v. to make public something that is written; to include something in a book, newspaper or magazine
pull - v. to use force to move something toward the person or thing using the force; opposite push
pump - v. to force a gas or liquid up, into or through
punish - v. to cause pain, suffering or loss for doing something bad or illegal
purchase - v. to buy with money or with something of equal value; n. that which is bought
pure - ad. free from anything that is different or that reduces value; clean
purpose - n. the reason or desired effect for doing something; goal
push - v. to use force to move something away from the person or thing using the force; opposite pull
put - v. to place; to set in position
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Q
question - v. to ask; to express wonder or disbelief; n. a sentence or word used in asking for information; a problem; an issue to be discussed
quick - ad. fast
quiet - ad. with little or no noise; having little or no movement; calm
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R
radar - n. a device that uses radio signals to learn the position or speed of objects that may be too far away to be seen
radiation - n. waves of energy from something that produces heat or light; energy from a nuclear substance, which can be dangerous
radio - n. the system of sending and receiving signals or sounds through the air without wires
raid - v. to make a sudden attack; n. a sudden attack carried out as an act of war, or for the purpose of seizing or stealing something
railroad - n. a road for trains; a company that operates such a road and its stations and equipment
rain - n. water falling from the sky
raise - v. to lift up; to move to a higher position; to cause to grow; to increase
rare - ad. not common; not usual; not often
rate - n. speed; a measure of how quickly or how often something happens; the price of any thing or service that is bought or sold
reach - v. to put a hand toward; to arrive at; to come to
react - v. to act as a result of or in answer to
read - v. to look at and understand the meaning of written words or numbers
ready - ad. prepared; completed; organized; willing
real - ad. true; truly existing; not false
realistic - ad. in agreement with the way things are
reason - n. the cause for a belief or act; purpose; something that explains
reasonable - ad. ready to listen to reasons or ideas; not extreme; ready or willing to compromise
rebel - v. to act against a government or power, often with force; to refuse to obey; n. one who opposes or fights against the government of his or her country
receive - v. to get or accept something given, offered or sent
recent - ad. a short time ago
recession - n. a temporary reduction in economic activity, when industries produce less and many workers lose their jobs
recognize - v. to know or remember something or someone that was known, known about or seen before; to accept another nation as independent and establish diplomatic ties with its government
record - v. to write something in order to have it for future use; to put sound or pictures in a form that can be kept and heard or seen again; n. a writing that shows proof or facts about something
recover - v. to get again something that was lost, stolen or taken away (The police recovered the stolen money.); to return to normal health or normal conditions (She is expected to recover from the operation.)
red - ad. having the color like that of blood
reduce - v. to make less or smaller in number, size or amount; to cut
reform - v. to make better by changing; to improve; n. a change to a better condition
refugee - n. a person who has been forced to flee because of unjust treatment, danger or war
refuse - v. to reject; to not accept, give or do something
regret - n. a feeling of sadness or sorrow about something that is done or that happens
reject - v. to refuse to accept, use or believe
relations - n. understandings or ties between nations; members of the same family; people connected by marriage or family ties
release - v. to free; to permit to go; to permit to be known or made public
religion - n. a belief in, or the honoring of, a god or gods
remain - v. to stay in a place after others leave; to stay the same
remains - n. a dead body
remember - v. to think about the past; opposite forget
remove - v. to take away or take off; to put an end to; to take out of a position or office
repair - n. work done to fix something
repeat - v. to say or do again
report - v. to tell about; to give the results of a study or investigation; n. the story about an event; the results of a study or investigation; a statement in which the facts may not be confirmed
represent - v. to act in the place of someone else; to substitute for; to serve as an example
repress - v. to control or to restrict freedoms by force
request - v. to ask for; n. the act of asking for
require - v. to need or demand as necessary
rescue - v. to free from danger or evil
research - n. a careful study to discover correct information
resign - v. to leave a position, job or office
resist - v. to oppose; to fight to prevent
resolution - n. an official statement of agreement by a group of people, usually reached by voting
resource - n. anything of value that can be used or sold
responsible - ad. having a duty or job to do (He is responsible for preparing the report.); being the cause of (They were responsible for the accident.)
rest - v. to sit, lie down or sleep to regain strength; n. that which remains; the others
restrain - v. to keep controlled; to limit action by a person or group
restrict - v. to limit; to prevent from increasing or becoming larger
result - v. to happen from a cause; n. that which follows or is produced by a cause; effect
retire - v. to leave a job or position because one is old or in poor health
return - v. to go or come back; to bring, give, take or send back
revolt - v. to protest violently; to fight for a change, especially of government
rice - n. a food grain
rich - ad. having much money or goods; having plenty of something
ride - v. to sit on or in and be carried along; to travel by animal, wheeled vehicle, airplane or boat
right - n. what a person legally and morally should be able to do or have (It is their right to vote.); ad. agreeing with the facts; good; correct; opposite wrong; on the side that is toward the east when one is facing north; opposite left
riot - v. to act with many others in a violent way in a public place; n. a violent action by a large group of people
rise - v. to go up; to go higher; to increase; to go from a position of sitting or lying to a position of standing
risk - n. the chance of loss, damage or injury
river - n. a large amount of water that flows across land into another river, a lake or an ocean
road - n. a long piece of hard ground built between two places so people can walk, drive or ride easily from one place to the other
rob - v. to take money or property secretly or by force; to steal
rock - n. a hard piece of mineral matter
rocket - n. a device shaped like a tube that moves through air or space by burning gases and letting them escape from the back or bottom, sometimes used as a weapon
roll - v. to turn over and over; to move like a ball
room - n. a separate area within a building with its own walls
root - n. the part of a plant that is under the ground and takes nutrients from the soil
rope - n. a long, thick piece of material made from thinner pieces of material, used for tying
rough - ad. not flat or smooth; having an uneven surface; violent; not made well
round - ad. having the shape of a ball or circle
rub - v. to move something over the surface of another thing
rubber - n. a substance made from the liquid of trees with the same name, or a similar substance made from chemicals
ruin - v. to damage severely; to destroy
rule - v. to govern or control; to decide; n. a statement or an order that says how something must be done
run - v. to move quickly by steps faster than those used for walking
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S
sacrifice - v. to do without something or to suffer a loss for a belief, idea, goal or another person
sad - ad. not happy safe - ad. away from harm or danger
sail - v. to travel by boat or ship
sailor - n. a person involved in sailing a boat or ship
salt - n. a white substance found in sea water and in the ground, used to affect the taste of food
same - ad. not different; not changed; like another or others
sand - n. extremely small pieces of crushed rock found in large amounts in deserts and on coasts
satellite - n. a small object in space that moves around a larger object; an object placed in orbit around the earth
satisfy - v. to give or provide what is desired, needed or demanded
save - v. to make safe; to remove from harm; to keep for future use
say - v. to speak; to express in words
school - n. a place for education; a place where people go to learn
science - n. the study of nature and the actions of natural things, and the knowledge gained about them
sea - n. a large area of salt water, usually part of an ocean
search - v. to look for carefully
season - n. one of the four periods of the year that is based on the earth's position toward the sun (spring, summer, autumn, winter); a period of time based on different weather conditions (dry season, rainy season); a period during the year when something usually happens (baseball season)
seat - n. a thing to sit on; a place to sit or the right to sit there (a seat in parliament)
second - ad. the one that comes after the first
secret - n. something known only to a few and kept from general knowledge; ad. hidden from others; known only to a few
security - n. freedom from danger or harm; protection; measures necessary to protect a person or place (Security was increased in the city.)
see - v. to know or sense through the eyes; to understand or know
seed - n. the part of a plant from which new plants grow
seek(ing) - v. to search for (They are seeking a cure for cancer.); to try to get (She is seeking election to public office.); to plan to do (Electric power companies are seeking to reduce their use of coal.)
seem - v. to appear to be (She seems to be in good health.)
seize - v. to take quickly by force; to take control of quickly; to arrest
self - n. all that which makes one person different from others
sell - v. to give something in exchange for money
Senate - n. the smaller of the two groups in the governments of some countries, such as in the United States Congress
send - v. to cause to go; to permit to go; to cause to be carried, taken or directed to or away from a place
sense - v. to come to know about by feeling, believing or understanding; n. any of the abilities to see, hear, taste, smell or feel
sentence - v. to declare the punishment for a crime; n. the punishment for a crime
separate - v. to set or keep people, things or ideas away from or independent from others; ad. not together or connected; different
series - n. a number of similar things or events that follow one after another in time, position or order
serious - ad. important; needing careful consideration; dangerous
serve - v. to work as an official; to be employed by the government; to assist or help
service - n. an organization or system that provides something for the public (Schools and roads are services paid for by taxes.); a job that an organization or business can do for money; military organizations such as an army, navy or air force; a religious ceremony
set - v. to put in place or position; to establish a time, price or limit
settle - v. to end (a dispute); to agree about (a problem); to make a home in a new place
several - ad. three or more, but not many
severe - ad. not gentle; causing much pain, sadness or damage
sex - n. either the male or female group into which all people and animals are divided because of their actions in producing young; the physical activity by which humans and animals can produce young
shake - v. to move or cause to move in short, quick movements
shape - v. to give form to; n. the form of something, especially how it looks
share - v. to give part of something to another or others; n. a part belonging to, given to or owned by a single person or a group; any one of the equal parts of ownership of a business or company
sharp - ad. having a thin edge or small point that can cut or hurt; causing hurt or pain
she - pro. the girl or woman who is being spoken about
sheep - n. a farm animal used for its meat and hair
shell - v. to fire artillery; n. a metal container that is fired from a large gun and explodes when it reaches its target; a hard outside cover
shelter - v. to protect or give protection to; n. something that gives protection; a place of safety
shine - v. to aim a light; to give bright light; to be bright; to clean to make bright
ship - v. to transport; n. a large boat
shock - v. to cause to feel sudden surprise or fear; n. something that greatly affects the mind or emotions; a powerful shake, as from an earthquake
shoe - n. a covering for the foot
shoot - v. to cause a gun or other weapon to send out an object designed to kill; to use a gun
short - ad. lasting only for a small period of time; not long; opposite tall
should - v. used with another verb (action word) to show responsibility (We should study.), probability (The talks should begin soon.), or that something is believed to be a good idea (Criminals should be punished.)
shout - v. to speak very loudly
show - v. to make something be seen; to make known; n. a play or story presented in a theater, or broadcast on radio or television, for enjoyment or education; something organized to be seen by the public
shrink - v. to make or become less in size, weight or value
sick - ad. suffering physically or mentally with a disease or other problem; not in good health
sickness - n. the condition of being in bad health
side - n. the outer surfaces of an object that are not the top or bottom; parts away from the middle; either the right or left half of the body
sign - v. to write one's name; n. a mark or shape used to mean something; evidence that something exists or will happen; a flat piece of material with writing that gives information
signal - v. to send a message by signs; n. an action or movement that sends a message
silence - v. to make quiet; to stop from speaking or making noise; n. a lack of noise or sound
silver - n. a valued white metal
similar - ad. like something else but not exactly the same
simple - ad. easy to understand or do; not difficult or complex
since - prep. from a time in the past until now (I have known her since we went to school together.)
sing - v. to make music sounds with the voice
single - ad. one only
sink - v. to go down into water or other liquid
sister - n. a female with the same father or mother as another person
sit - v. to rest on the lower part of the body without the support of the legs; to become seated
situation - n. the way things are during a period of time
size - n. the space occupied by something; how long, wide or high something is
skeleton - n. all the bones of a human or other animal together in their normal positions skill - n. the ability gained from training or experience
skin - n. the outer covering of humans and most animals
sky - n. the space above the earth
slave - n. a person owned or controlled by another
sleep - v. to rest the body and mind with the eyes closed
slide - v. to move smoothly over a surface
slow - v. to reduce the speed of; ad. not fast in moving, talking or other activities
small - ad. little in size or amount; few in number; not important; opposite large
smash - v. to break or be broken into small pieces by force; to hit or move with force
smell - v. to sense through the nose; n. something sensed by the nose (the smell of food cooking)
smoke - v. to use cigarettes or other tobacco products by burning them and breathing in the smoke; n. that which can be seen rising into the air like a cloud from something burning
smooth - ad. having a level surface; opposite rough
snow - n. soft, white pieces of frozen water that fall from the sky, usually in winter or when the air temperature is very cold
so - ad. in such a way that (He held the flag so all could see it.); also; too (She left early, and so did we.); very (I am so sick.); as a result (They were sick, so they could not come.); conj. in order that; for the purpose of (Come early so we can discuss the plans.)
social - ad. of or about people or a group
soft - ad. not hard; easily shaped; pleasing to touch; not loud
soil - n. earth in which plants grow
soldier - n. a person in the army
solid - ad. having a hard shape with no empty spaces inside; strong; not in the form of a liquid or gas
solve - v. to find an answer; to settle some - ad. of an amount or number or part not stated; not all
son - n. a person's male child
soon - ad. not long after the present time; quickly
sort - n. any group of people or things that are the same or are similar in some way; a kind of something
sound - n. fast-moving waves of energy that affect the ear and result in hearing; that which is heard
south - n. the direction to the right of a person facing the rising sun
space - n. the area outside the earth's atmosphere where the sun, moon, planets and stars are; the area between or inside things
speak - v. to talk; to say words with the mouth; to express one's thoughts to others and exchange ideas; to give a speech to a group
special - ad. of a different or unusual kind; not for general use; better or more important than others of the same kind
speech - n. a talk given to a group of people
speed - v. to make something go or move faster; n. the rate at which something moves or travels; the rate at which something happens or is done
spend - v. to give as payment; to use (He spends much time studying.)
spill - v. to cause or permit liquid to flow out, usually by accident
spirit - n. the part of a human that is not physical and is connected to thoughts and emotions; the part of a person that is believed to remain alive after death
split - v. to separate into two or more parts; to divide or break into parts
sport - n. any game or activity of competition involving physical effort or skill
spread - v. to become longer or wider; to make or become widely known
spring - n. the time of the year between winter and summer
spy - v. to steal or get information secretly; n. one who watches others secretly; a person employed by a government to get secret information about another country
square - n. a flat shape having four equal sides
stab - v. to cut or push into or through with a pointed weapon
stand - v. to move into or be in a position in which only the feet are on a surface; to be in one position or place
star - n. a mass of gas that usually appears as a small light in the sky at night, but is not a planet; a famous person, usually an actor or singer
start - v. to begin; to make something begin
starve - v. to suffer or die from a lack of food
state - v. to say; to declare; n. a political part of a nation
station - v. a place of special work or purpose (a police station); a place where passengers get on or off trains or buses; a place for radio or television broadcasts
statue - n. a form of a human, animal or other creature usually made of stone, wood or metal
stay - v. to continue to be where one is; to remain; to not leave; to live for a time (They stayed in New York for two years.)
steal - v. to take without permission or paying
steam - n. the gas that comes from hot water
steel - n. iron made harder and stronger by mixing it with other substances
step - v. to move by lifting one foot and placing it in a new position; n. the act of stepping; one of a series of actions designed to reach a goal
stick - v. to attach something to another thing using a substance that will hold them together; to become fixed in one position so that movement is difficult (Something is making the door stick.); n. a thin piece of wood still - ad. not moving (The man was standing still.); until the present or a stated time (Was he still there); even so; although (The job was difficult, but she still wanted to do it.)
stone - n. a small piece of rock
stop - v. to prevent any more movement or action; to come or bring to an end
store - v. to keep or put away for future use; n. a place where people buy things
storm - n. violent weather, including strong winds and rain or snow
story - n. the telling or writing of an event, either real or imagined
stove - n. a heating device used for cooking
straight - ad. continuing in one direction without turns
strange - ad. unusual; not normal; not known
street - n. a road in a city, town or village
stretch - v. to extend for a distance; to pull on to make longer or wider
strike - v. to hit with force; to stop work as a way to seek better conditions, more pay or to make other demands
strong - ad. having much power; not easily broken, damaged or destroyed
structure - n. the way something is built, made or organized; a system that is formed or organized in a special way; a building
struggle - v. to try with much effort; to fight with; n. a great effort; a fight
study - v. to make an effort to gain knowledge by using the mind; to examine carefully
stupid - ad. not able to learn much; not intelligent
subject - n. the person or thing being discussed, studied or written about
submarine - n. an underwater ship
substance - n. the material of which something is made (a solid, liquid or gas)
substitute - v. to put or use in place of another; n. a person or thing put or used in place of another
subversion - n. an attempt to weaken or destroy a political system or government, usually secretly
succeed - v. to reach a goal or thing desired; to produce a planned result
such - ad. of this or that kind; of the same kind as; similar to
sudden - ad. not expected; without warning; done or carried out quickly or without preparation
suffer - v. to feel pain in the body or mind; to receive or experience hurt or sadness
sugar - n. a sweet substance made from liquids taken from plants
suggest - v. to offer or propose something to think about or consider
summer - n. the warmest time of the year, between spring and autumn
sun - n. the huge star in the sky that provides heat and light to earth
supervise - v. to direct and observe the work of others
supply - v. to give; to provide; n. the amount of something that can be given or sold to others
support - v. to carry the weight of; to hold up or in position; to agree with others and help them reach a goal; to approve
suppose - v. to believe, think or imagine (I suppose you are right.); to expect (It is supposed to rain tonight.)
suppress - v. to put down or to keep down by force; to prevent information from being known publicly
sure - ad. very probable; with good reason to believe; true without question
surface - n. the outer side or top of something (The rocket landed on the surface of the moon.)
surplus - n. an amount that is more than is needed; extra; (That country has a trade surplus. It exports more than it imports.)
surprise - v. to cause a feeling of wonder because something is not expected; n. something not expected; the feeling caused by something not expected
surrender - v. to give control of oneself or one's property to another or others; to stop fighting and admit defeat
surround - v. to form a circle around; to be in positions all around someone or something
survive - v. to remain alive during or after a dangerous situation
suspect - v. to imagine or believe that a person is guilty of something bad or illegal; n. a person believed to be guilty
suspend - v. to cause to stop for a period of time
swallow - v. to take into the stomach through the mouth
swear in - v. to put an official into office by having him or her promise to carry out the duties of that office (The chief justice will swear in the president.)
sweet - ad. tasting pleasant, like sugar
swim - v. to move through water by making motions with the arms and legs
sympathy - n. a sharing of feelings or emotions with another person, usually feelings of sadness
system - n. a method of organizing or doing something by following rules or a plan; a group of connected things or parts working together for a common purpose or goal
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T
talk - v. to express thoughts in spoken words; n. a meeting for discussion
tall - ad. higher than others; opposite short
tank - n. a large container for holding liquids; a heavy military vehicle with guns
target - n. any person or object aimed at or fired at
taste - v. to sense through the mouth (The fruit tastes sweet.)
tax - n. the money a person or business must pay to the government so the government can provide services
tea - n. a drink made from the plant of the same name
teach - v. to show how to do something; to provide knowledge; to cause to understand
team - n. a group organized for some purpose, often for sports
tear - v. to pull apart, often by force
tears - n. the fluid that comes out of the eyes while crying
technical - ad. involving machines, processes and materials in industry, transportation and communications; of or about a very special kind of subject or thing (You need technical knowledge to understand how this system works.)
technology - n. the use of scientific knowledge and methods to produce goods and services telephone - n. a device or system for sending sounds, especially the voice, over distances
telescope - n. a device for making objects that are far away appear closer and larger
television - n. a device that receives electronic signals and makes them into pictures and sounds; the system of sending pictures and sounds by electronic signals over a distance so others can see and hear them on a receiver
tell - v. to give information; to make known by speaking; to order; to command
temperature - n. the measurement of heat and cold
temporary - ad. lasting only a short time
tense - ad. having fear or concern; dangerous; opposite calm
term - n. a limited period of time during which someone does a job or carries out a responsibility (He served two terms in Congress.); the conditions of an agreement that have been accepted by those involved in it
terrible - ad. very bad; causing terror or fear
territory - n. a large area of land
terror - n. extreme fear; that which causes great fear
terrorist - n. a person who carries out acts of extreme violence as a protest or a way to influence a government
test - v. to attempt to learn or prove what something is like or how it will act by studying or doing (The scientists will test the new engine soon.); n. an attempt to learn or prove what something is like or how it will act by studying or doing (The test of the new engine takes place today.); a group of questions or problems used to find out a person's knowledge (The students did well on the language test.)
than - conj. connecting word used to link things that may be similar, but are not equal (My sister is taller than I am.)
thank - v. to say that one has a good feeling toward another because that person did something kind (I want to thank you for helping me.)
that - ad. showing the person, place or thing being spoken about (That man is a soldier.); pro. the person, place or thing being spoken about (The building that I saw was very large.)
the - pro. used in front of a name word to show that it is a person or thing that is known about or is being spoken about
theater - n. a place where movies are shown or plays are performed
them - pro. other people being spoken about
then - ad. at that time; existing; and so
theory - n. a possible explanation of why something exists or how something happens using experiments or ideas, but which is not yet proven (Other scientists are debating his theory about the disappearance of dinosaurs.)
there - ad. in that place or position; to or toward that place
these - pro. of or about the people, places or things nearby that have been spoken about already
they - pro. those ones being spoken about
thick - ad. having a large distance between two opposite surfaces (The wall is two meters thick.); having many parts close together (The forest is very thick.); almost solid, such as a liquid that does not flow easily; opposite thin
thin - ad. having a small distance between two opposite surfaces; not fat; not wide; opposite thick
thing - n. any object
think - v. to produce thoughts; to form ideas in the mind; to consider; to believe
third - ad. coming after two others
this - pro. of or about the person, place or thing nearby that has been spoken about already
threaten - v. to warn that one will do harm or cause damage
through - prep. in at one end and out at the other; from front to back; from top to bottom; with the help of; by
throw - v. to cause to go through the air by a movement of the arm
tie - v. to join or hold together with some material; n. anything that joins or unites; links or connections (The two nations have strong trade ties.)
time - n. that which is measured in minutes, hours, days and years; a period that can be identified in hours and minutes and is shown on a clock; a period when an event should or will take place
tired - ad. having less strength because of work or exercise; needing sleep or rest
to - prep. showing the direction of an action; showing the person or place toward which an action is directed; showing a goal or purpose
today - n. this day
together - ad. in one group; at the same time or place; in cooperation
tomorrow - n. the day after today
tonight - n. this night
too - ad. also; as well as; more than is necessary
tool - n. any instrument or device designed to help one do work
top - n. the upper edge or surface; the highest part; the cover of something
torture - v. to cause severe pain; n. the act of causing severe pain in order to harm, to punish or to get information from
total - n. the complete amount
touch - v. to put the hand or fingers on
toward - prep. in the direction of; leading to
town - n. a center where people live, larger than a village but not as large as a city
trade - v. to buy and sell or exchange products or services; n. the activity of buying, selling or exchanging products or services
tradition - n. a ceremony, activity or belief that has existed for a long time
traffic - n. the movement of people, vehicles or ships along a street, road or waterway
tragic - ad. extremely sad; terrible
train - v. to teach or learn how to do something; to prepare for an activity; n. an engine and the cars connected to it that move along a railroad
transport - v. to move goods or people from one place to another
transportation - n. the act or business of moving goods or people
trap - v. to catch or be caught by being tricked; to be unable to move or escape; n. a device used to catch animals
travel - v. to go from one place to another, usually for a long distance
treason - n. the act of fighting against one's own country or of helping its enemies
treasure - n. a large collection of money, jewels or other things of great value
treat - v. to deal with; to act toward in a special way; to try to cure
treatment - n. the act of treating; the use of medicine to try to cure or make better
treaty - n. a written agreement between two or more nations
tree - n. a very tall plant that is mostly wood, except for its leaves
trial - n. an examination in a court of a question or dispute to decide if a charge is true
tribe - n. a group of families ruled by a common chief or leader
trick - v. to cheat; to fool a person so as to get something or make him or her do something
trip - n. a movement from one place to another, usually a long distance
troops - n. a number of soldiers in a large controlled group
trouble - n. that which causes concern, fear, difficulty or problems
truce - n. a temporary halt in fighting agreed to by all sides involved
truck - n. a heavy vehicle used to carry goods
true - ad. correct; not false
trust - v. to believe that someone is honest and will not cause harm
try - v. to make an effort; to take court action against a person to decide if he or she is guilty or innocent of a crime
tube - n. a long, round structure through which liquids or gases can flow; a long, thin container in which they can be kept
turn - v. to change direction; to move into a different position; to change color, form or shape
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U
understand - v. to know what is meant; to have knowledge of
unite - v. to join together
universe - n. all of space, including planets and stars
university - n. a place of education that usually includes several colleges and research organizations
unless - conj. except if it happens; on condition that (I will not go, unless the rain stops.)
until - conj. up to a time; before
up - ad. to, in or at a higher position or value
urge - v. to advise strongly; to make a great effort to get someone to do something
urgent - ad. needing an immediate decision or action
us - pro. the form of the word we used after a preposition (He said he would write to us.) or used as an object of a verb (They saw us yesterday.)
use - v. to employ for a purpose; to put into action
usual - ad. as is normal or common; as is most often done, seen or heard
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V
value - n. the quality of being useful, important or desired; the amount of money that could be received if something is sold
vegetable - n. a plant grown for food
vehicle - n. anything on or in which a person or thing can travel or be transported, especially anything on wheels; a car or truck
version - n. the form of something with different details than earlier or later forms
very - ad. extremely (He was very late.)
veto - v. to reject or refuse to approve
vicious - ad. bad; dangerous; showing harm or hate
victim - n. someone or something that is injured, killed or made to suffer; someone who is tricked
victory - n. a success in a fight or competition
village - n. a very small town
violate - v. to fail to obey or honor; to break (an agreement)
violence - n. the use of force to cause injury, death or damage
visit - v. to go to or come to a place for a short time for friendly or business reasons
voice - n. the sound made by creatures, especially humans, for speaking
volcano - n. a hill or mountain around a hole in the earth's surface that can explode, sending hot, melted rock and ash into the air
vote - v. to choose a candidate in an election; n. a choice or decision expressed by the voice, by hand or by writing
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W
wait - v. to delay acting; to postpone
walk - v. to move by putting one foot in front of the other
wall - n. the side of a room or building formed by wood, stone or other material; a structure sometimes used to separate areas of land
want - v. to desire; to wish for; to need
war - n. fighting between nations, or groups in a nation, using weapons
warm - ad. almost hot; having or feeling some heat
warn - v. to tell of possible danger; to advise or inform about something bad that may happen
wash - v. to make clean, usually with water
waste - v. to spend or use without need or care; to make bad use of; n. a spending of money, time or effort with no value gained or returned; something thrown away as having no value; the liquid and solid substances that result from body processes and are passed out of the body
watch - v. to look at; to observe closely; to look and wait for
water - n. the liquid that falls from the sky as rain or is found in lakes, rivers and oceans
wave - v. to move or cause to move one way and the other, as a flag in the wind; to signal by moving the hand one way and the other; n. a large mass of water that forms and moves on the surface of a lake or ocean
way - n. a path on land or sea or in the air; how something is done; method
we - pro. two or more people, including the speaker or writer (He and I will go together, and we will return together.)
weak - ad. having little power; easily broken, damaged or destroyed; opposite strong
wealth - n. a large amount of possessions, money or other things of value
weapon - n. anything used to cause injury or to kill during an attack, fight or war
wear - v. to have on the body, as clothes
weather - n. the condition of the atmosphere resulting from sun, wind, rain, heat or cold
week - n. a period of time equal to seven days
weigh - v. to measure how heavy someone or something is
welcome - v. to express happiness or pleasure when someone arrives or something develops
well - ad. in a way that is good or pleasing; in good health; n. a hole in the ground where water, gas or oil can be found
west - n. the direction in which the sun goes down
wet - ad. covered with water or other liquid; not dry
what - pro. used to ask about something or to ask for information about something (What is this); ad. whichor which kind (He wants to know what you would like to drink.)
wheat - n. a grain used to make bread; the plant that produces the grain
wheel - n. a round structure that turns around a center
when - ad. at what time; at any time (When will she come home); conj. during or at the time (I studied hard when I was in school.)
where - ad., conj. at, to or in what place (Where is his house The house where he lives is in the old part of the city.)
which - pro. used to ask about what one or what ones of a group of things or people (Which program do you like best Which students will take the test)
while - n. a space of time (Please come to my house for a while.); conj. at or during the same time (It may not be a good idea to eat while you are running.)
white - ad. having the color like that of milk or snow
who - pro. what or which person or persons that (Who wants to go); the person or persons (They are the ones who want to go.)
whole - ad. the complete amount; all together; not divided; not cut into pieces
why - ad. for what cause or reason (Why did she do it); conj. the reason for which (I do not know why she did it.)
wide - ad. having a great distance from one side to the other; not limited
wife - n. a woman who is married
wild - ad. living and growing in natural conditions and not organized or supervised by humans; angry; uncontrolled
will - v. a word used with action words to show future action (They will hold talks tomorrow.)
willing - ad. being ready or having a desire to (They are willing to talk about the problem.)
win - v. to gain a victory; to defeat another or others in a competition, election or battle
wind - n. a strong movement of air
window - n. an opening in a wall to let in light and air, usually filled with glass winter - n. the coldest time of year, between autumn and spring
wire - n. a long, thin piece of metal used to hang objects or to carry electricity or electronic communications from one place to another
wise - ad. having much knowledge and understanding; able to use knowledge and understanding to make good or correct decisions
wish - v. to want; to express a desire for
with - prep. along or by the side of; together; using (He fixed it with a tool.); having (the house with the red door)
withdraw - v. to take or move out, away or back; to remove
without - prep. with no; not having or using; free from; not doing
woman - n. an adult female human
wonder - v. to ask oneself; to question (She wonders if it is true.); n. a feeling of surprise
wonderful - ad. causing wonder; especially good
wood - n. the solid material of which trees are made
word - n. one or more connected sounds that form a single part of a language
work - v. to use physical or mental effort to make or do something; n. the effort used to make or to do something; that which needs effort; the job one does to earn money
world - n. the earth; the people who live on the earth
worry - v. to be concerned; to continue thinking that something, possibly bad, can happen
worse - ad. more bad than
worth - n. value measured in money
wound - v. to injure; to hurt; to cause physical damage to a person or animal; n. an injury to the body of a human or animal in which the skin is usually cut or broken
wreck - v. to damage greatly; to destroy; n. anything that has been badly damaged or broken
wreckage - n. what remains of something severely damaged or destroyed
write - v. to use an instrument to make words appear on a surface, such as paper
wrong - ad. not correct; bad; not legal; opposite right
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Y
yellow - ad. having the color like that of gold or the sun
yes - ad. used to express agreement or to permit
yesterday - n. the day before today
yet - ad. at some time before now (Have they arrived yet); now; at this time (I cannot tell you about it yet.); conj. however (The sun was shining, yet it was cold.)
you - pro. the person or persons being spoken to
young - ad. in the early years of life; not old
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Z
zoo - n. a place where animals are kept for the public to look at and study
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Common Prefixes
dis - not (dishonest, disobey)
pro - for, supporting (pro-labor, pro-government)
re - to do again (reorganize, reunite)
self - used to show that the person or group acting is the one affected by the action, or to show that the action is done only by its own effort or power (self-declared, self-appointed)
un - not (unusual, unhappy)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Common Expressions
carry out - to do; to put into effect (Please carry out the plan.)
pass a bill - approve (Congress is expected to pass a bill to cut taxes.)
take steps - to start to do something (The government will take steps to halt inflation.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Words Used in VOA Special English Science Programs
atom - a very small part of all things; the smallest part of an element that can join with parts of other elements
bacteria - living things that are one cell and can be seen only through a microscope; some cause disease
cell - a small mass of living material that is part of all plants and animals
chromosome - a line of genes; most human cells contain 46 chromosomes
compound - a substance containing two or more elements
dense - close together; thick
electron - a small part of an atom that has an electrical force
element - one of more than 100 substances known to science that cannot be separated into other substances
enzyme - a special kind of protein; it produces changes in other substances without being changed itself
fetus - unborn young
fission - a splitting; in atomic fission, the nucleus of an atom is split to produce nuclear energy
fusion - a joining together; in atomic fusion, atomic particles are joined together to produce nuclear energy
genes - parts of cells that control the growth and development of living things; genes from the mother and father are passed to the child; genes contain nucleic acid
genetic engineering - the science of changing the genes of a living organism
gravity - the force that pulls things toward the center of the earth
image - a reproduction of the appearance of a person or thing
laser - an instrument that makes a thin, powerful light
magnet - a piece of iron or other material that has a pulling force; this pulling force is called magnetism
molecule - the smallest amount of a chemical substance that can exist
nerve - a thin piece of tissue that sends information through the body to and from the brain
nucleus - the center part of an atom or cell
nucleic acid - a molecule that holds the genetic information necessary for life; there are two kinds of nucleic acid DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
nutrient - a food or substance that makes plants, humans or animals grow
organ - a part of the body that has a special purpose, such as the heart or brain
organism - a living thing, often so small it can be seen only through a microscope
particle - a very small piece of matter
proteins - substances responsible for the growth of tissue and for fixing damaged tissue
robot - a machine that moves and performs tasks
tissue - living material; a group of cells that are similar in appearance and do the same thing
virus - a kind of organism that causes disease
x-rays - a kind of radiation that can pass through most solid materials, often used in medicine
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Organs of the Body
heart - pumps blood through the body
intestines - tubes through which food passes after it is broken down in the stomach; part of the intestines also remove solid wastes from the body
kidney - cleans liquid wastes from the body
liver - makes some proteins and enzymes; removes poisons from the blood
lung - takes in and expels air from the body
prostate - a part of the male reproductive system
stomach - breaks down food for the body to use
uterus - a part of the female reproductive system where a fetus develops.
转自:http://blog.donews.com/aiker/articles/474931.aspx
Top 20 Figures of Speech【转】
A figure of speech is a rhetorical device that achieves a special effect by using words in distinctive ways. Though there are hundreds of figures of speech (many of them included in our Tool Kit for Rhetorical Analysis), here we'll focus on just 20 of the most common figures.
You will probably remember many of these terms from your English classes. Figurative language is often associated with literature--and with poetry in particular. But the fact is, whether we're conscious of it or not, we use figures of speech every day in our own writing and conversations.
For example, common expressions such as "falling in love," "racking our brains," "hitting a sales target," and "climbing the ladder of success" are all metaphors--the most pervasive figure of all. Likewise, we rely on similes when making explicit comparisons ("light as a feather") and hyperbole to emphasize a point ("I'm starving!").
Using original figures of speech in our writing is a way to convey meanings in fresh, unexpected ways. Figures can help our readers understand and stay interested in what we have to say. For advice on creating figures of speech, see Using Similes and Metaphors to Enrich Our Writing.
How to Review the Top 20 Figures of Speech
Click on each of the following terms to visit a glossary page. There you will find the definition and several examples of the figure as well as its etymology (which shows where the term came from) and a sound file (so that you'll know how to pronounce the term). For each figure of speech, try to come up with an example of your own.
The Top 20 Figures
- Alliteration (头韵)
Repetition of an initial consonant sound.
- Anaphora (回指,首语重复)
Repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or verses.
- Antithesis (对偶)
The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases.
- Apostrophe (顿呼)
Breaking off discourse to address some absent person or thing, some abstract quality, an inanimate object, or a nonexistent character.
- Assonance (谐音)
Identity or similarity in sound between internal vowels in neighboring words.
- Chiasmus (对偶句中第二部分倒装排列)
A verbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first but with the parts reversed.
- Euphemism (婉语)
The substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit.
- Hyperbole (夸张)
An extravagant statement; the use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect.
- Irony (讽刺)
The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. A statement or situation where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea.
- Litotes (反叙)
A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite.
- Metaphor (隐喻)
An implied comparison between two unlike things that actually have something important in common.
- Metonymy (换喻,转喻)
A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated; also, the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it.
- Onomatopoeia (拟声)
The formation or use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.
- Oxymoron (矛盾修饰法)
A figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side.
- Paradox (悖论)
A statement that appears to contradict itself.
- Personification (拟人)
A figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with human qualities or abilities.
- Pun (双关)
A play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words.
- Simile (明喻)
A stated comparison (usually formed with "like" or "as") between two fundamentally dissimilar things that have certain qualities in common.
- Synechdoche (提喻,举隅)
A figure of speech is which a part is used to represent the whole, the whole for a part, the specific for the general, the general for the specific, or the material for the thing made from it.
- Understatement (掩饰)
A figure of speech in which a writer or a speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is.
转自:http://grammar.about.com/od/rhetoricstyle/a/20figures.htm
初一至初三全程英语知识点总结及练习【转】
初一年级(上)
【知识梳理】
I. 重点短语
1. Sit down
2. on duty
3. in English
4. have a seat
5. at home
6. look like
7. look at
8. have a look
9. come on
10. at work
11. at school
12. put on
13. look after
14. get up
15. go shopping
II. 重要句型
1. help sb. do sth.
2. What about…?
3. Let’s do sth.
4. It’s time to do sth.
5. It’s time for …
6. What’s…? It is…/ It’s…
7. Where is…? It’s….
8. How old are you? I’m….
9. What class are you in? I’m in….
10. Welcome to….
11. What’s …plus…? It’s….
12. I think…
13. Who’s this? This is….
14. What can you see? I can see….
15. There is (are) ….
16. What colour is it (are they)? It’s (They’re)…
17. Whose …is this? It’s….
18. What time is it? It’s….
III. 交际用语
1. Good morning, Miss/Mr….
2. Hello! Hi!
3. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you, too.
4. How are you? I’m fine, thank you/thanks. And you?
5. See you. See you later.
6. Thank you! You’re welcome.
7. Goodbye! Bye!
8. What’s your name? My name is ….
9. Here you are. This way, please.
10. Who’s on duty today?
11. Let’s do.
12. Let me see.
IV. 重要语法
1. 动词be的用法;
2. 人称代词和物主代词的用法;
3. 名词的单复数和所有格的用法;
4. 冠词的基本用法;
5. There be句型的用法。
【名师讲解】
1. in/on
在表示空间位置时,in表示在某个空间的范围以内,on表示在某一个物体的表面之上。例如:
There is a bird in the tree. 树上有只鸟。
There is a picture on the wall. 墙上有张图。
2. this/that/these/those
(1)this常常用来指在时间、地点上更接近讲话人的人和事,these是this的复数形式。that常常用来指在时间、地点上离讲话人更远一点的人和事,those时that的复数形式。例如:
You look in this box and I’ll look in that one over there.你看看这个盒子,我去看那边的那个盒子。
I want this car, not that car. 我想要这辆小汽车,不是那一辆。
Take these books to his room, please. 请把这些书拿到他房间去。
This is mine; that’s yours. 这个是我的,那个是你的。
These are apples; those are oranges. 这些是苹果,那些是橘子。
(2)在打电话的用语中,this常常指的是我,that常常指的是对方。例如:
This is Mary speaking. Who’s that? 我是玛丽。你是谁?
3. There be/ have
There be "有",其确切含意为"某处或某时存在某人或某物。"其结构是:There be + 某人或某物 + 表示地点或时间的状语。There be 后面的名词实际上是主语,be 动词的形式要和主语在数上保持一致,be动词后面的名词是单数或不可数名词时用is,名词是复数时用are。例如:
(1) There is a big bottle of coke on the table. 桌上有一大瓶子可乐。
(2) There is a doll in the box. 那个盒子里有个娃娃。
(3) There are many apples on the tree. 那树上有许多苹果。
总之,There be结构强调的是一种客观存在的"有"。have表示"拥有,占有,具有",即:某人有某物(sb. have / has sth.)。主语一般是名词或代词,与主语是所属关系。例如:
(4) I have two brothers and one sister.我有两个兄弟,一个姐姐。
(5) That house has four rooms.那所房子有四个房间。
4. look/ see/ watch
(1)look 表示“看、瞧”,着重指认真看,强调看的动作,表示有意识地注意看,但不一定看到,以提醒对方注意。,如:
Look! The children are playing computer games. 瞧!孩子们在玩电脑游戏。
Look! What’s that over there? 看!那边那个是什么?
单独使用是不及物动词,如强调看某人/物,其后接介词at,才能带宾语,如:
He’s looking at me。他正在看着我。
(2)see强调“看”的结果,着重的是look这个动作的结果,意思是“看到”,see是及物动词,后面能直接跟宾语。如:
What can you see in the picture? 你能在图上看到什么?
Look at the blackboard. What did you see on it?看黑板!你看到了什么?
(3)watch“观看,注视”,侧重于场面,表示全神贯注地观看、观察或注视某事务的活动,强调过程,常用于“看电视、看足球、看演出”等。如:
Yesterday we watched a football match on TV.昨天我们从电视上看了一场足球比赛。
4. put on/ / in
put on意为“穿上,戴上”。主要指“穿上”这一动作, 后面接表示服装、鞋帽的名词。
in 是介词,表示“穿着”强调状态。在句中可以做定语、标语和状语。如:
It’s cold outside, put on your coat. 外面冷,穿上你的外衣。
He puts on his hat and goes out. 他戴上帽子,走了出去。
The woman in a white blouse is John’s mother.穿白色衬衣的那个妇女是John的妈妈。
5. house/ home/family
house :“房子”,指居住的建筑物; Home: “家”,指一个人同家人共同经常居住的地方; Family: “家庭“,“家庭成员”。例如:Please come to my house this afternoon. 今天下午请到我家来。
He is not at home. 他不在家。
My family all get up early. 我们全家都起得很早。
6. fine, nice, good, well
四者都可用作形容词表示"好"之意,但前三者既可作表语又可作定语,而后者仅用作表语。主要区别在于:
(1) fine指物时表示的是质量上的"精细",形容人时表示的是"身体健康",也
可以用来指"天气晴朗"。例如:
Your parents are very fine. 你父母身体很健康。
That's a fine machine. 那是一台很好的机器。
It's a fine day for a walk today. 今天是散步的好时候。
(2)nice主要侧重于人或物的外表,有"美好","漂亮"的意思,也可用于问候或赞扬别人。例如:
Lucy looks nice. 露西看上去很漂亮。
These coats are very nice. 那些裙子很好看。
Nice to meet you. 见到你很高兴。
It's very nice of you. 你真好。
(3)good形容人时指"品德好",形容物时指"质量好",是表示人或物各方面都好的普通用语。例如:
Her son is a good student. 她儿子是一个好学生。
The red car is very good. 那辆红色小汽车很好。
(4)well只可用来形容人的"身体好",但不能作定语,它也能用作副词作状语,多放在所修饰的动词之后。例如:
I'm very well, thanks. 我身体很好,谢谢。
My friends sing well. 我的朋友们歌唱得好。
初一年级(下)
【知识梳理】
I. 重点短语
1. a bottle of
2. a little
3. a lot (of)
4. all day
5. be from
6. be over
7. come back
8. come from
9. do one’s homework
10. do the shopping
11. get down
12. get home
13. get to
14. get up
15. go shopping
16. have a drink of
17. have a look
18. have breakfast
19. have lunch
20. have supper
21. listen to
22. not…at all
23. put…away
24. take off
25. throw it like that
26. would like
27. in the middle of the day
28. in the morning / afternoon/ evening
29. on a farm
30. in a factory
II. 重要句型
1. Let sb. do sth.
2. Could sb. do sth.?
3. would like sth.
4. would like to do sth.
5. What about something to eat?
6. How do you spell …?
7. May I borrow…?
III. 交际用语
1. —Thanks very much!
—You're welcome.
2. Put it/them away.
3. What's wrong?
4. I think so.
I don't think so.
5. I want to take some books to the classroom.
6. Give me a bottle of orange juice, please.
Please give it / them back tomorrow. OK.
9. What's your favourite sport?
10. Don't worry.
11.I’m (not) good at basketball.
12. Do you want a go?
13. That's right./ That‘s all right./ All right.
14. Do you have a dictionary / any dictionaries?
Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
15. We / They have some CDs.
We / They don’t have any CDs.
16. ---What day is it today / tomorrow?
---It’s Monday.
17. ---May I borrow your colour pens, please?
---Certainly. Here you are.
18. ---Where are you from?
---From Beijing.
19. What's your telephone number in New York?
20. ---Do you like hot dogs?
---Yes, I do. ( A little. / A lot. / Very much.)
---No, I don't. ( I don't like them at all.)
21. ---What does your mother like?
---She likes dumplings and vegetables very much.
22. ---When do you go to school every day?
---I go to school at 7:00 every day.
23. ---What time does he go to bed in the evening?
---He goes to bed at 10:00.
IV. 重要语法
1.人称代词的用法;
2. 祈使句;
3. 现在进行时的构成和用法;
4.动词have的用法;
5.一般现在时构成和用法;
6.可数名词和不可数名词的构成和用法
【名师讲解】
1. That's right./ That‘s all right./ All right.
That’s right意为“对的”,表示赞同对方的意见、看法或行为,肯定对方的答案或判断。例如:
"I think we must help the old man.""我想我们应该帮助这位老人。"
"That's right."或 "You're right.""说得对"。
That’s all right.意为“不用谢”、“没关系”,用来回答对方的致谢或道歉。例如:
"Many thanks." "That's all right."
"Sorry. It's broken." "That's all right."
All right.意为“行了”、“可以”,表示同意对方的建议或要求。有时还可以表示“身体很好”
"Please tell me about it." "请把此事告诉我。"
"All right.""好吧。"
Is your mother all right?你妈身体好吗
2. make/do
这两个词都可以解释为“做”,但含义却不同,不能混用。make指做东西或制东西,do指做一件具体的事。
Can you make a paper boat for me? 你能为我做个纸船吗?
He’s doing his homework now.他正在做他的作业。
3. say/speak/talk/tell
say:是最口语化的最普通的一个词,意为“说出”、“说道”,着重所说的话。如:
“I want to go there by bus” , he said . 他说,“我要坐汽车到那里去。”
Please say it in English .请用英语说。
speak : “说话”,着重开口发声,不着重所说的内容,一般用作不及物动词 (即后面不能直接接宾语 ) 。如:
Can you speak about him? 你能不能说说他的情况?
I don’t like to speak like this. 我不喜欢这样说话。
speak 作及物动词解时,只能和某种语言等连用,表达在对话中恰当使用词汇的能力。如:
She speaks English well.她英语说得好。
talk : 与 speak 意义相近,也着重说话的动作,而不着重所说的话,因此,一般也只用作不及物动词, 不过,talk 暗示话是对某人说的,有较强的对话意味,着重指连续地和别人谈话。如:
I would like to talk to him about it . 我想跟他谈那件事。
Old women like to talk with children.老年妇女喜欢和孩子们交谈。
tell : “告诉”,除较少情况外,一般后面总接双宾语。如:
He’s telling me a story.他在给我讲故事。
tell a lie 撒谎
tell sb. to do sth. /tell sb. not to do sth.
Miss Zhao often tells us to study hard.
4. do cooking/ do the cooking
do cooking 作“做饭”解,属泛指。do the cooking 特指某一顿饭或某一家人的饭。cooking为动名词,不能用作复数,但前面可用 some, much修饰。从do some cooking可引出许多类似的短语:
do some washing 洗些衣服
do some shopping 买些东西
do some reading 读书
do some writing 写些东西
do some fishing 钓鱼
从以上短语可引申出另一类短语,不能用some, much或定冠词。
go shopping 去买东西
go fishing 去钓鱼
go boating 去划船
go swimming 去游泳
5. like doing sth./ like to do sth.
like doing sth. 与like to do sth. 意思相同,但用法有区别。前者强调一般性的爱好或者表示动作的习惯性和经常性;后来表示一次性和偶然性的动作。例如:
He likes playing football, but he doesn‘t like to play football with Li Ming.
他喜欢踢足球,但是他不喜欢和李明踢。
6. other/ others/ the other/ another
other表其余的,别的,
Have you any other questions?你还有其他问题吗?
others 别的人,别的东西
In the room some people are American, the others are French.在屋子里一些人是
美国人,其他的是法莫道不消魂国人。
the other表另一个(二者之中)one…,the other…
One of my two brothers studies English, the other studies Chinese.
我两个哥哥中的一个学习英文,另一个学中文。
another表三者以上的另一个,另一些
There is room for another few books on the shelf.书架上还可以放点书。
7. in the tree/ on the tree
in the tree 与 on the tree.译成中文
均为"在树上"但英语中有区别。in the tree表示某人、某事(不属于树本身生长出的别的东西)落在树上,表示树的枝、叶、花、果等长在树上时,要使用on the tree.如:
There are some apples on the tree. 那棵树上有些苹果。
There is a bird in the tree. 那棵树上有只鸟。
初二年级(上)
【知识梳理】
I. 重点短语
1. on time
2. best wishes
3. give a talk
4. for example
5. short for
6. a waste of time
7. go on a field trip
8. go fishing
9. I agree
10. next week
11. the day after tomorrow
12. have a picnic
13. have some problems doing sth.
14. go the wrong way
15. hurry up
16. get together
17. in the open air
18. on Mid-Autumn Day
19. come over
20. have to
21. get home
22. agree with
23. in the country
24. in town
25. all the same
26. in front of
27. on the left/right side
28. next to
29. up and down
30. keep healthy
31. grow up
32. at the same time
33. the day before yesterday
35. last Saturday
36. half an hour ago
37. a moment ago
38. just now
39. by the way
40. all the time
41. at first
II. 重要句型
1. have fun doing sth.
2. Why don’t you…?
3. We’re going to do sth.
4. start with sth.
5. Why not…?
6. Are you going to…?
7. be friendly to sb.
8. You’d better do sth.
9. ask sb. for sth.
10. say goodbye to sb.
11. Good luck(with sb)!
III. 交际用语
1.Welcome backto school!
2.Excuse me. I’m sorry I’m late, because the traffic is bad.
3.It doesn’t matter.
4.Happy Teachers’ Day !
5.That’s a good idea.
6.What are you going to do?
7.Where are we going ?
8.What are we going to do ?
9.I’m good at…
10.It’s not far from…
11. Are you free tomorrow evening?
12.Would you and Lily like to come over to my home for Mid-Autumn Festival?
13.I’m glad you can come.
14.Thanks for asking us.
15.How about another one?
16.May I have a taste?
17.Let me walk with you.
18.What do you have to do?
19.Do you live on a farm?
20.Which do you like better, the city or the country?
初二年级(中)
【知识梳理】
I. 重点短语
1. give a concert
2. fall down
3. go on
4. at the end of
5. go back
6. in ahurry
7. write down
8. come out
9. all the year round
10. later on
11. at times
12. ring sb. up
13. Happy New Year!
14. have a party
15. hold on
16. hear from
17. be ready
18. at the moment
19. take out
20.the same as
21. turn over
22. get-together
23. put on
24. take a seat
25. wait for
26. get lost
27. just then
28. first of all
29. go wrong
30. make a noise
31. get on
32. get off
33. stand in line
34. at the head of
35. laugh at
36. throw about
37. in fact
38. at midnight
39. enjoy oneself
40. have a headache
41. have a cough
42. fall asleep
43. again and again
44. look over
45. take exercise
II. 重要句型
1. be good for sth.
2. I think …
3. I hope…
4. I love…
5. I don’t like…
6. I’m sure…
7. forget to do sth.
8. take a message for sb.
9. give sb. the message
10. help yourself to sth.
11. be famous for sth.
12. on one’s way to…
13. make one’s way to…
14. quarrel with sb.
15. agree with sb.
16. stop sb. from doing sth.
III. 交际用语
1.What’s the weather like today?
2.It’s cold, but quite suuny.
3.How cold it is today!
4.Yes, but it’ll be warmer later on.
5.Shall we make a snowman?
6.Ok. Come on!
7.Happy New Year!
8.May I speak to Ann, please??
9.Hold on, please.
10.Thanks a lot for inviting me to your party.
11.Ok. But I’m afraid I may be a little late.
12.Can I take a message for you?
13.That’s OK. It doesn’t matter.
14.I’m very sorry, but I can’t come.
15.I’m sorry to hear that.
16.Happy birthday!
17.Would you like ...? Would you like to ...?
18.Do you think ...? Yes, I think so. / No, I don't think so.
19.Do you agree? Yes, I agree. / No, don't really agree. I really can't agree.
20.There are a few / a lot of ... / on it.
21.So do we.
22.I'm happy you like it.
23.Which is the way to ..., please?
24.Turn right/left at the ... crossing.
25.Go on until you reach ...
26.How can I get to ...? Go down/up/along this road.
27.What's the matter?
28.It'll take you half an hour to ...
29.We'd better catch a bus.
30.It may be in ... Ah, so it is
31.You must be more careful!
32.You mustn't cross the road now.
33.If you want to cross a street, you must wait for the green light.
34.Please stand in line.
35.You must wait for your turn.
36.If you don't go soon, you'll be late.
37.I don't feel very well.
38.My head hurts.
39.You mustn't eat anything until you see the doctor.
40.What's the trouble?
41.What's the matter with…?
42.She didn't feel like eating anything.
43.Nothing serious.
44.Have/get a pain in…
45.No problem.
46.Take this medicine three times a day.
IV. 重要语法
1. 一般过去时;
2. 反意疑问句的用法;
3. 一般将来时;
4. 感叹句;
5. 简单句的五种基本句型;
6. 情态动词can, may和must, have to的用法;
7. 时间状语从句和条件状语从句。
【知识梳理】
I. 重点短语
1. on time
2. out of
3. all by oneself
4. lots of
5. no longer
6. get back
7. sooner or later
8. run away
9. eat up
10. take care of
11. turn off
12. turn on
13. after a while
14. make faces
15. teach oneself
16. fall off
17. play the piano
18. knock at
19. to one's surprise
20. look up
21. enjoy oneself
22. help yourself
23. tell a story / stories
24. leave....behind ……
25. come along
26. hold a sports meeting
27. be neck and neck
28. as ... as
29. not so / as ... as
30. do one's best
31. take part in
32. a moment late
33. Bad luck!
34. fall behind
35. high jump
36. long jump
37. relay race
38. well done!
39. take off
40. as usual
41. a pair of
42. at once
43. hurry off
44. come to oneself
45. after a while
46. knock on
47. take care of
48. at the moment
49. set off
50. here and there
51. on watch
52. look out
53. take one’s place
II. 重要句型
1. We’d better not do sth.
2. leave one. oneself
3. find one’s way to a place
4. stand on one’s head
5. make sb. Happy
6. catch up with sb.
7. pass on sth. to somebody
8. spend time doing sth.
9. go on doing sth.
10. get on well with sb.
11. be angry with sb.
12. be fed up with sth.
13. not…until…
14. make room for sb.
III. 交际用语
1. We’re all by ourselves.
2. I fell a little afraid.
3. Don’t be afraid.
4. Help!
5. Can’t you hear anything?
6. I can’t hear anything / anybody there.
7. Maybe it’s a tiger.
8. Let’s get it back before they eat the food.
9. Did she learn all by herself?
10. Could she swim when she was …years old?
11. She didn’t hurt herself.
12. He couldn’t buy himself many nice things.
13. Did he enjoy himself?
14. Help yourselves.
15. Bad luck!
16. Come on!
17. Well done! Congratulations (to…)!
18. It must be very interesting.
19. I don’t think you’ll like it.
20. It seems to be an interesting book.
21. I’m sure (that)… I’m not sure if… I’m not sure what to…
22. I hope so.
23. What was he/she drawing when…?
24. I’m sorry to trouble you.
25. Would you please…?
26. What were you doing at ten o’clock yesterday morning?
27. You look tired today.
28. You’d better go to bed early tonight, if you can.
29. How kind!
30. Let’s move the bag, or it may cause an accident.
31. It’s really nice of you.
32. Don’t mention it.
33. Don’t crowd around him.
初三年级(上)
【知识梳理】
I. 重点短语
1. at the moment
2. used to
3. for a while
4. walk away with sth.
5. leave for some place
6. sooner or later
7. pay for
8. come up with an idea
9. think of
10. have a try
11. all over the world
12. be famous for
13. large numbers of
14. all the year round
15. no matter what
16. give up
17. for example
18. by the way
19. on business
20. so far
21. come true
22. set off
23. slow down
24. go on doing
25. wait for
26. be proud of
27. be afraid of
28. speak highly of
29. a year and a half
30. half a year
31. pick up
32. as soon as
33. keep… clean
34. take care of
35. cut down
36. make a contribution to
37. base on
38. make sure
39. take away
40. begin with
41. right now
42. as soon as possible
43. leave a message
44. all kinds of things
45. walk around
46. fall asleep
47. wake up
48. go on a trip
49. have a good time
50. take photos
51. come out
52. come on
53. have a family meeting
54. talk about
55. go for a holiday
56 go scuba diving
57. write down
58. by oneself
59. walk along
60. get a chance to do sth
61. have a wonderful time
62. book a room
63. have an accident
64. be interested in
65. use sth. to do sth.
66. make a TV show
67. be amazed at
68. take part in
69. feed on
70. get out of
II. 重要句型
1. Why don’t you do sth.?
2. make sb. Happy
3. borrow sth. from sb.
4. forget to do sth.
5. pay fro sth.
6. return sth. To sb.
7. learn sth. from sb.
8. be famous for sth.
9. No matter what…
10. be with sb.
11. go on doing sth.
12. speak highly of sb.
13. keep doing sth.
14. allow sb. To do sth.
15. encourage sb. to do sth. 16. It is said that…
III. 交际用语
1. --- Excuse me, have you got …?
--- Yes, I have. (Sorry, I haven’t.)
2. --- Why don’t you …?
--- Thanks, I will.
3. --- Thanks a lot. (Thank you very much.)
--- You are welcome.
4. --- Have you ever done…?
--- Yes, I have, once. (No, never.)
5. --- I’ve just done…
--- Really?
6. ---What’s …like ?
7. --- How long have you been…?
--- Since…
8. --- Have you ever been to…?
--- I’ve never been there. (None of us has./ Only …has. )
9. --- Would you like to have a try?
--- I don’t think I can…
10. --- What have you done since…?
11. --- How long have you been at this …?
--- For…
12. --- How long has she/ he worked there…?
--- She’s / He’s worked there for… / all her / his life.
13. --- I’m sorry he isn’t here right now.
14. --- May I help you?
15. --- That’s very kind of you.
16. ---Could we go scuba diving?
17. --- Could you tell us how long we’re going to be away?
18. --- Let’s try to find some information about it, OK?
19. --- Could you please tell me how to search the Internet?
20. --- Go straight along here.
21. ---Please go to Gate 12.
22. --- Please come this way.
23. --- Could you tell me what you think about Hainan Island?
24. --- That sounds really cool!
IV. 重要语法
1. 宾语从句
2. 现在完成时
3. 一般过去时与现在完成时的用法比较:
【名师讲解】
1. Maybe/ may be
(1) maybe是副词,意思是“大概,也许”,常用作状语。
Maybe you put it in your bag.也许你把它放在包里了。
“Will he come tomorrow?”“Maybe not.” “他明天来吗?”“也许不”。
(2) may be相当于是情态动词may与be动词搭配一起作谓语,意思是“也许是…,可能是…”。
It may be 9:00 when they arrive.他们可能于九点到达。
The man may be a lawyer. 那人也许是律师。
2. borrow/ lend/ keep/ use
(1) borrow表示的是从别人那里借来东西,即我们通常所说的“借进来”。
We often borrow books from our school library.我们经常从学校图书馆借书。
I borrowed this dictionary from my teacher. 我从老师那儿借来了这本字典。
borrow是一个瞬间完成的动作,因此不能与时间段连用。
You can borrow my recorder for three days. ( 错误 )
I have borrowed this book for only one week. ( 错误 )
初三年级(中)
【知识梳理】
I. 重点短语
1. give up
2. try out
3. most of
4. not…any more
5. at the age of
6. at that time
7. send message by telegraph
8. graduate from
9. turn down
10. put up
11. at the top of
12. get together
13. from house to house
14. at the end of
15. on top of
16. as well
17. climb down
18. in a single night
19. even though
20. live on
21. once upon a time
22. according to
23. keep warm
24. on the other hand
25. on show
26. on display
27. in the future
28. look up
29. Tree Planting Day
30. just right
31. as often as possible
32. wash away
33. in this way
34. in a few years' time
35. point to
36. thanks to
37. more or less
38. so far
39. shut down
40. send up
41. put off
II. 重要句型
1.set one's mind to do sth.
2. put … together
3. stop…from…
4. keep…from…
5. be filled with sth.
6. give birth to
7. be covered with
8. be made of
9. fill…with…
10. match…with
11. be used for
12. have nothing to do with
13. come up with
14. no matter how…
15. keep sb./sth.warm
III. 交际用语
1. ---I'm trying to …
2. --- I'll …
3. --- Which of these would you like most to …?
4. --- What do you want to … ?
5. --- I want to…
6. --- I hope to …
7. --- I plan to…
8. --- I'm going to…
9. --- I'm so happy that …
10. --- I'm glad ….
11. --- me too.
12. --- What's this called in English?
13. --- What's it made of?
14. --- It's made of …
15. --- What's it used for?
16. --- It's used for …
17. --- English is widely used for business/ …
18. --- It is one of the world's most important languages as it is so widely used.
19. --- Where is / are … grown / produced / made ?
20. --- The (ground ) must be just right…
21. --- It's best to …
22. --- The hole should not be too deep.
23. --- The Great Green Wall is 7000 kilometres long, and between 400 and 1700 kilometres wide.
24. --- The more, the better.
25. --- More or less!
26. --- The (ground ) must be just right…
27. --- The hole should not be too deep.
28. 掌握以下常见标志:
ENTRANCE EXIT PUSH PULL NO SMOKING NO PARKING
FRAGILE THIS SIDE UP NO PHOTOS DANGER BUSINESS HOURS
PLAY STOP PAUSE ON OFF
IV. 重要语法
1. 动词被动语态的结构和用法;
2. 动词不定式的功能和用法。
【名师讲解】
1. be able to/ can
(1) 都能表示“能够,具备干某件事的能力”这个含义,此时可以互换。
Mr. Green is able to finish the work on time.
= Mr. Green can finish the work on time.
格林先生能够按时完成这项工作。
(2) be able to可以用于各种时态,而can 为情态动词,多用于现在时,其过去式为could。
We are sure he will be able to be an artist when he grows up.
我们相信他长大后能够成为一名画家。
Miss Lin has been able to pay the car by herself.
林小姐已经能够自己负担那辆车了。
(4) Can除了表示“能够,有能力做某事”以外,还有如下用法,而be able to 则没有。表示请求,但语
气没有could委婉
Can I have a look at this picture? 我能看看这张图片吗?
Can we leave school after 6:00 p.m. ?我们可以在下午6点之后再离开学校吗?
表示可能性。
That man can’t be our new teacher. 那人不可能是我们的新老师。
The exam can’t be too difficult.考试不会太难。
2. bring/ take/carry/fetch
(1) bring一般是指拿来,即从别处往说话人这里拿,翻译成“带来”。
He brought us some good news.他给我们带来了一些好消息。
Please don’t forget to bring your homework tomorrow.
明天请别忘了把家庭作业带来。
【知识梳理】
I. 重点短语
1. beg one's pardon
2. multiply …by…
3. slow down
4. wear out
5. try on
6. make a decision,
7. a place of interest
8. make a mistake
9. drop off
10. think about
11. make up one's mind,
12. at all,
13. at least
14. by the time
15. carry on
16. never mind
17. from now on
18. come down
19. hands up
20. before long,
21. no one,
22. not…any longer
II. 重要句型
1. be busy doing sth.
2. prefer to do sth.
3. regard... as...
4. be pleased with sth./sb.
5. be angry with sb.
III. 交际用语
1. ---How much does… cost …?
2. ---It can cost as little as … yuan and as much as … yuan.
3. ---It costs ….
4. ---It's worth ….
5. ---I don't agree with ….
6. ---I wasn't sure whether….
7. ---I wonder if ….
8. ---What size …?
9. ---Have you got any other colour / size / kind?
10. ---Have you got anything cheaper?
11. ---How much are they?
12. ---How much does it cost?
13. ---How much is it?
14. ---That's a bit expensive.
15. ---Even though they're a little expensive, I'll take them.
16. ---I'll think about ….
17. ---I don't think I'll take ….
18. ---I like ….
19. ---I don't really like ….
20. ---Can I help you, girl?
21. ---Would you like me to look in the back?
22. ---We can find ….
23. ---Do you like being …?
24. ---Can I ask you some questions?
25. ---Sure.
26. ---It was great.
27. ---Wow!
28. ---Yeah!
29. ---Oh dear!
30. ---Hands up!
31. ---I’ll shoot anyone who moves.
32. ---There’s no need to thank me.
33. ---Can you remember anything else about him?
34. ---Come down, Polly!
35. ---There is a little traffic accident.
36. ---There's a big traffic jam.
37. ---Well, I'm sure he'll be here before long.
38. ---I'm beginning to get angry with him!
39.---Yes, we can't wait any longer. Let's go without him.
40. ---That's terrible!
41. ---That's a really bad excuse!
IV. 重要语法
1. 过去将来时
2. 过去完成时
3. 动词不定式
4. 定语从句
【名师讲解】
1. think/ think/about/ think of
(1) think 单独使用时表示"思考", 接that 宾语从句时意为"认为","觉得"。
I am thinking how to work out the problem.
I think she is a good student.
当宾语从句含有否定概念时,通常形式上否定think ,但意义上却是否定宾语从句。
I don't think he can come.
I don't think it will be windy.
(2)think about 可接一个名词,动词-ing 形式或由疑问词引导的不定式或宾语从句,意思是"考虑……"。
I have thought about it for a long time.
Please think about how to tell her the bad news.
(3)think of 表示"认为", 一般用于疑问句中,与what 连用。
What do you think of the TV play? = How do you like the TV play?
2. big/ large/ great
上述形容词都表示"大",但侧重点及程度不同。
(1) big指具体事物的大小,强调比正常形体的标准大,既可用在普通场合, 也可用在正式场合。它可用来指人的身材高大或"长大了",还可表示"伟大","重要"之意。如:
Can you lift up this big stone?
On the last day I made a big decision.
(2) large特别强调远远超过标准的大,指体积、面积、容积、数量之大。如:
A whale is a large animal.
A large crowd collected at the gate of the theatre.
(3) great除了表示数量体积之大外,又指抽象的程度,意味着伟大性,重要性, 优越性;常用于抽象
或无形的东西;用于有形的东西时,常带有"伟大","大得令人吃惊"等意思,含有一定的感情玉枕纱厨色彩。如:
China is a great country with a long history.
He was one of the greatest scientists.
英语单词形象记忆法【转】
背诵单词的方法大致分为两类:一类是传统的机械记忆,一类是褒贬不一的形象记忆。当然,这两者不是绝对排斥的。
传统的机械记忆法,包括构词记忆法、阅读记忆法、协同记忆法、分类记忆法、循环记忆法等。构词记忆法分析单词的构成成份,辨识其中的词根或词缀,在掌握词根或词缀的前提下,可以触类旁通,以一当十。阅读记忆法就是通过大量和反复的阅读掌握词汇。协同记忆法强调手眼耳多种感官并用。分类记忆法是将同一类属或相似意义的词划分到同一类,集中背诵。循环记忆是根据艾宾浩斯的遗忘曲线编排记忆内容和进度,以达到减缓遗忘速度的目的。除此之外,黎学智的逻辑记忆法和星火式记忆法(各大书店有相关的学习资料)也是常见的方法。
单独强调一种方法都有一些学究气(即研究者沉溺于自己的理论体系中,忽视用户的实际需求),读者需要明察。如果你要用传统的方法记忆大量单词,必须要有足够的时间、精力和周密的计划,否则很容易产生挫败感。建议按照下属步骤进行:
1、确定目标。根据自己的实际情况和近期内的需要,确定需要背诵的单词范围和时限。如果是想考四级,就把目标确定在四级单词上。否则,如果好高骛远的话,会因为单词的孤军深入(缺乏阅读、语法、作文等配套训练)而损兵折将,导致记忆大量流失。
2、选择适当的单词表(3000词左右为宜)。这个单词表应该是这样的:单词排列清晰,有国际音标,有最常用的汉语注释(一般是一到三个注释,不超过五个)。不要选择花里胡哨的字典、英汉双解、附有大量解释、同义反义、例句等分散注意力的单词表。
3、每天背100到200个单词。采用上述方法中的多种手段,尽快背完(一般控制在一月之内)。力争对每个单词都有印象,但不要因为个别单词影响整个进度。
4、坚持复习词汇表(每天扫一遍,划去已经认识的单词),并辅以大量练习。此时,你可以仔细研究单词的含义以及它们之间的联系,可以看一些英汉双解、例句、同义词、反义词、同类属的词。可以阅读与词汇表相配的材料。
大量背诵单词一定要集中时间和精力背诵,那种认为一天背十个,一年就背多少个的想法是不现实的。也不要试图直接通过阅读小说或报纸而背诵大量单词。阅读小说时不要查字典,碰到你在单词表中见过的单词可以多留意一下,没见过的最好是不要理会。你的目标就是那个词汇表。背完后可以再背下一个词汇表。
形象记忆法适合于有相当基础的学习者。由于谐音法(三克油=thank you)在其中占据了相当重要的位置,它受到许多正统教师的指责,说它把学生“教坏了”。但是,以我的亲身体验,这实在是一种妙不可言的方法。不过,它的功效取决于形象代码的优劣。有不少人打着形象记忆的幌子,却又缺乏创造力和想象力,败坏了这一方法的声誉。如果你能找到姚鸿恩著的“英语单词形象记忆法”一书,一定要好好研读它。我私下认为,这是一本最好的记忆法+单词的书籍,以下的介绍和大部分例词出于此书。
首先,你得有一个单字母、常用双字母和多字母的形象代码表。例如,a形象为“果”(像苹果吗?),谐音为“鸭”。o形象为“洞,轮”。x为“禁止、错误”。ad为“广告”(advertisement的缩写),ed为“过去”(动词的过去式一般都在后面跟ed)。同理,est为“最”。pla为“解放军”。
首先出场的是熟字形象法。例如catwalk(狭窄的过道)记为“猫(cat)走(walk)狭窄的过道”,kidnap(绑架)记为“小孩(kid)小睡(nap)时被绑架”,mature(成熟)记为“好像自然(nature)变成熟”。cur(恶狗)记为“没有被(e看起来像被子)治愈(cure)的恶狗”。
然后是谐音法。amen就是阿门(直接音译过来)。abolish啊暴力须废除。abyss鸭比试,在深渊。alien爱恋外国的侨民。*****别去对母狗发牢骚。boff暴富狂笑。cackle开口儿咯咯笑。brute哺乳它是畜生。串联形象法。absolute绝对专人比黄花瘦制的上帝。familiar熟悉的伴侣是无拘无束的常客。
综合形象法。immolate阴谋最近导致谋杀(immo谐音为阴谋,late=最近)。drear大*股沉闷忧郁(d形象代码为“大”,rear=*股)。Adonis广告上面是美少年(Ad=广告,on=上面,is=是)。hesitate他坐着吃鱿鱼(犹豫),或记为:他犹豫地坐着吃(he=他。sit=坐,ate=eat的过去式)。evil颠倒的生活是罪恶的(live颠倒过来看)。
英语单词对于英语学习者而言如砖块之于建筑,一个人词汇量的掌握情况在很大程度上影响着其英语水平。英语词汇量共有约125万,对于英语是第二语言的人来说,掌握3000个单词可以进行日常交流以及简单的短文阅读,掌握5000个单词就能进行广泛阅读及翻译,掌握8000个单词则能自由地进行书面及口语交流。一些人感觉记忆单词非常困难。其实,大部分单词都是按照一定规则构成的,有矩可循。
一个英语单词并不是一些毫无意义的孤立的字母的随意排列,而是由一些含有具体意义的构件——词素(词根、前缀和后缀)——所构成的“有机结构体”。生理学和记忆学表明,逻辑思维、机械记忆属于左脑的功能,而形象思维、联想记忆则属于右脑的功能。人们的逻辑思维和机械记忆活动通常比较多,而形象思维和联想记忆能力往往不是很强,右半脑经常处于闲置不用的状态。
德国心理学家艾宾浩斯用无意义的音节作为记忆的材料,把实验数据绘制成一条曲线——艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线。该曲线表明人们遗忘是有规律的,掌握遗忘规律就可有效防止遗忘。美国心理学家乔治·米勒就如何在短时记忆中对信息进行编码提出了创克这个概念,他认为语言的记忆或存储、输出或使用并不以单个词为单位,而是那些固定和半固定的模式化了的创克。创克即组块,是将分离的项目组合成较大的或有意义的单元的加工过程。组块是记忆容量的测量单位,在记忆中具有极重要的作用。它有两个显著特点:第一,扩容性,即短时记忆信息可以通过加大每一组块容量而得到扩充和提高;第二,差异性,即组块内部组织水平或对信息再编码的方式不同,从而导致相应的组块所包含的信息量也不同。创克记忆策略就是根据单词音、形、义的特点和已有知识经验,通过各种联想方式将单词的音、形、义有机地结合起来,形成新的或更大的组块的词汇记忆方法。因此,教师应引导学生在记忆单词时进行创克联想,利用创克效应强化记忆、防止遗忘。笔者在此探讨一下如何利用创克联想记忆法速记单词。
词源及根缀法
词源是指一个词由什么词演变而来,是对原始词的挖掘。词源主要研究原始的独立词发展到目前所用词的演变过程,根缀法的词根、前缀和后缀最初都是独立的词,例如investigate一词是由拉丁语vestigium(痕迹,足迹)的变体vestigate(跟踪,追踪)再加上前缀in-构成的,如果用根缀法来分析这个词,就是in-“入内”、vestig“踪迹”、-ate“动词后缀”三者组合起来,即“深入到内部(in-)看看、问问(vestig)——调查、研究”。由此我们可以看出根缀法在揭示词的基本意义的同时再现了词的原始意义和结构,也就是词源和根缀法间的密切联系。再如cyclone(旋风)来源于希腊语的kukloma,而kukloma来自于词义为“圆”的kuklos,用根缀法来分析这个词:cycl意为圆、环、轮,—one是含有“大”的意义的名词后缀,即为“大的圆形物”——旋风。这样分析对于理解词的基本意义、记忆整个单词都很有帮助。
虽然词源和根缀法有着密切联系,但词源主要探究某个单词由哪些古老的单词演变而来,而根缀法中的根是指一个单词的核心部分,侧重研究一个词各成分之间的关系。根缀法源于词源,是对原始词经过加工或语法变化后的单词进行分析的一种方法。下面笔者谈谈如何利用单词的根缀特点来速记单词。
一些单词是由词根和词缀构成的,词缀包括前缀和后缀。一个词根不仅代表了一个单词的基本意义,而且代表了它所产生的整个同族词群的共同基本意义。例如,词根“vis”的意思是“看”,那么就可以推测出visit、vision、invisible、visual、visage、previse、supervise和television这些同族词语都与“看”有关。一般来说,知道词根的意义,就可以推测出单词的基本意义,再结合词缀的意义,就可以得出单词的完整意义。词缀是加在词根前面或后面,可以改变、限制和加强这个词的含义,例如intercept的前缀“inter”表示“在……中”,词根“cept”表示“拿取”,“在途中拿取”就是“截取”。
词根有两种现象:一是一根多义,二是一义多根。例如:calci的意思是“石”,在calculus“结人比黄花瘦石”中本意未变,但在calculate 中意思为“计算”,因为古时人们以小石头记数,所以calci由“石头”引申为“记数,计算”。又如:circ的意思为“圆、环”,在circle“圆圈”中是本意,但在circuity“转弯抹角”中意义就变了,circ由“圆”引申为“绕圈子”,而在circulate“流通”中,此词根的意义由“圆”又引申为“循环”了。从以上例子不难看出,词根的引申意义是人们运用联想、比喻、引申等构词法巧妙地创造出来的,所以在掌握多义词根和由之衍生的词汇时需要进行联想。而一义多根现象是由外来语本身语法、发音需要等因素造成的,例如:voc,vox, vok, voic, vouc, vow六个词根都表示“声音,喊”的意思,均来源于拉丁语,因此,convocation召集, invoke祈求,advocate辩护、提倡等词的词根虽然不同,但意思相近。教师应引导学生意识到这两个现象,记忆单词时就可以举一反三。
我们还可以用逆序记忆法来快速记忆单词。逆序记忆法就是通过对英语单词进行逆序排列,使一组单词在音、形、义的联系上更加直观,从而使单词记忆更加容易、快捷、深刻。例如词根“scrib”意思是写,由该词根派生的词大都含有这一基本意义,如果含有该词根的词排在一起,不仅突出了它们的形似,而且体现了它们的内在联系:scribe作家、抄写员,ascribe记在名下、归因于,subscribe在……下签名、订阅,describe描写、描述。
联想记忆法
联想指由一事物(或观念)想到另一事物(或观念)的心理过程。有时,非逻辑且逆常理的联想对强化记忆有奇特功效,即奇特联想。格式塔理论认为,如果视觉表象描绘的对象是相互作用的,那么一个单一的整体痕迹(即格式塔)便形成了,这样有利于我们形成相互作用的、统一的形象,从而促进联想学习。
1.联想记忆的心理学基础
记忆在外语学习中是非常重要的,而记忆又是很复杂的心理过程。外语记忆就是在大脑皮层上声音和文字符号与其所表达的意义之间暂时联系的形成和巩固。联想心理学认为,人的大脑极易产生联想。例如,学习英语单词palm就可以联想到人体各部分的单词:shoulder、temple、ankle、wrist、toe、knee、finger、chin和cheek等,通过这样的有机联系,可以达到举一反三的效果。
2.联想记忆法分类
联想记忆法根据特点的不同可以分为:
(1)音义联想 所谓音义联想,就是有意识地利用汉语的发音来模拟英语单词的读音,并将单词的读音与其意义联想起来进行记忆。主要分为以下几种: ①模拟生物或物体发出的声响,例如:cough咳嗽,tick滴答声。
②由单词发音转化而来的音译词,例如:engine引擎,humour幽默,cigar雪茄,waltz华尔兹,coffee咖啡,motor马达。这些音译词的特点是代表读音的同时也能代表单词的意思。
③将单词发音与其词义进行联想的谐音词。例如,candy看弟(谐音)吃糖果,holy神圣的厚礼(谐音),myth神话是(谐音)秘事,sleeve使力舞(谐音)衣袖,nullify那里废(谐音)弃,long长龙(谐音),mar
马(谐音)损坏了树叉(r),maid少女是美的(谐音),cark卡壳(谐音)了真让人烦恼,fish钓鱼很费事(谐音),attend在at ten点出席会议,Hermit何处觅他(谐音),隐士,pineapple皮难剖(谐音),菠萝,hijack好宰客(谐音),劫机,cab开吧(谐音),出租车,chinwag青蛙一样(谐音)呱呱地说个不停,auxiliary全是希拉里(谐音)在辅助克林顿,ponderous胖得要死(谐音)的笨重,stink死叮住(谐音)。 这些单词的谐音虽然不代表它的意思,但却能够与它的意思产生奇特的联想,帮助记忆。 ④某些词还可以联系起来组句记忆。例如:client委托人fraud欺诈,音联为:克莲娜(谐音)委托我调查弗若德(谐音)欺诈案。Bread与break,差别在“d ”和“k”,“课(k)间休息,面包会有的(d),一切都会有的”。 (2)词义联想 词义联想是帮助记忆一个英语单词有多种意义的联想记忆法。我们常常遇到这样情况:一个句子,没有不懂的语法结构,也没有不认识的生词,但却读不懂它的意思。那是因为我们虽掌握了一个单词的某一意思,却未掌握它在某一句子中的意思。因此,它仍然是一个生词。例如:It is a poem by an unknown pen.翻译成“它是一首不详的笔的诗”则不通。原因在于pen不仅有“笔”的意思,还有“作家”的意思,另外还有“写作”“栅栏”“把…关起来”等意思。通过词义联想,可以将这一系列意思串起来:把作家关起来,在栅栏内用笔写作。
其次,词义联想还可以对单词本身的结构赋予一定的想象。如giggle联想为“三个女孩咯咯地笑”,error联想为“三个r好象出错了”。 另外,词义联想还可以同音义联想一样将某些词组句进行联想。例如:Toil、boil、 soil:一个老汉在土壤soil上辛劳toil耕作,这时天热得像煮沸boil的水。Tread、bread、thread、dread、spread:小三毛正在吃着拣来的面包bread,有个富人不停地踹他tread,他的裤子线thread开了,富人让他滚开以防疾病传播spread,他害怕dread得直央求。
(3)分解联想 分解联想是把一个英语单词分解成几个联想单位,这些联想单位可以是字母、字母组合、前缀、词根或已经认识的任何单词,例如horsefeathers可以分成horse+feathers.一般来说,马的身上是不会长出羽毛的,但是在做梦时可能会出现这种情况,所以,它的第一个意思是梦话;如果不是在做梦,却说马的身上能长出羽毛,那么它的第二个意思是胡说。assassinate可以分解为ass+ass+in+ate,两头驴(ass+ass)在里面(in)吃(ate)草时被暗东篱把酒黄昏后杀(assassinate)。Barnstorm分解成barn+storm,“谷仓barn边有风暴般storm狂热的巡回演出”。Aspire可分解为a+spire,一个a乡绅spire渴望追求成功。Kidnap可分解为kid+nap,“小孩kid小睡nap时被绑架。Bargain可分解为bar+gain,酒吧赠的东西是便宜货。innocent可分解为in+no+cent,身无分文的人是清白的;maneuver可分解为man+u+ever,"一个人永远控制你;saturnine可分解为sat+nine+urn,一个人坐在九个骨灰盒上够忧伤的。 其次,分解法还可以将某些形近字分解成几个部分,再运用联想,加以区别,例如:discomfit和discomfort区别在词末fit(适合)与 fort(城堡),那么,discomfit不适合当然会使人为难尴尬,discomfort长期呆在城堡里使人不舒服。 如果从词中找不到熟词,可以逆向考虑,给这个词加一个或几个字母,使它成为一个已经认知的词,这就是联想在分解词汇中的一个逆向使用。例如:regimen养生法,常规强化训练课,加一个字母t变为regiment军团,这样可以联想为:军团成员他(t)们重视养生法和常规强化训练课。再如:cur恶狗,加e成cure治愈,这样可以联想为:医(e)药治疗不了恶狗。又如cab出租车加le为cable电缆:电缆绊住了(le)出租车。同样一举两得。
(4)形象联想 为了便于记忆,笔者将26个字母进行了形象联想:a青蛙;b梨;c门把;d量角器;e被子;f手杖;g耳朵;h椅子;i香烟;j球杆;k机关枪;l棍子;m双门;n门;o洞;p旗;q斧子;r树;s蛇;t钩子;u杯子;v漏斗;w山;x剪刀;y苗;z电。利用字母形象来区别单词,适用于仅一字之差的单词。例如:flagrant和fragrant这两个词仅一字之差。我们可以把l看成棍子,flagrant赌棍的名声是臭名远扬的;r看成是树,fragrant树上的花是芬芳的。再如dangle,mangle和tangle,把d 看成量角器,那么,dangle老师的量角器悬挂在墙上;把m看成门,mangle双门居然被乱砍了;把t看成是钩子,tangle 许多钩子纠缠在一起。 这种形象联想还可用于记忆那些本身没什么形象、但是人为地将字母形象化的单词。例如:mow是谷堆,禾堆的意思,把m看成门,o看成洞,w看成山脉,那么mow就是门洞里禾堆如山。
(5)图示联想 图示联想法就是在大脑中想象该词的具体形象及其相关词的形象与联系,以扩大巩固已有的词块。这种联想有如下几种: ①由某一个生词的情境或形象联想到相关的词。例如:从cupboard可以想象橱柜里的东西:bowl、plate、dish、fork、spoon、chopstick、kettle、gas、range、tap、washcloth、bottle、knife、cuttingboard等,从而使这些零散的词有机联系起来。
②以箭头图示表示动作趋向,使之形象化。在记忆fetch, take和bring时可用箭头图示表示它们的动作趋向。 ③以形象的画面表示词义与之相近的词之间的联系。例如:star,planet, satellite可以根据它们在太空中所处的不同位置及运行轨迹构图记忆。 (6)首字母联想 除了上述形象联想中提到的字母形象外,首字母联想也是记忆单词的一种有效手段。当所记内容较长时,利用每个词的第一个字母形成缩写词,化繁为简。例如太阳系8大行星Mercury、Venus、Earth、Mars、Jupiter、Saturn、Uranus、Neptune,可以利用句子Men very easily make jobs serve useful needs.帮助记忆。 英国语言学家魏尔金斯指出,没有语法不能很好地表达,而没有词汇则什么也不能表达。由此可见词汇记忆在英语学习中的重要性。以上几种策略是相互联系的,因此要灵活运用,多一些“牵强附会”,少一些死记硬背,记住才是硬道理。
第二节 戴维思快乐英语学习法
左右脑一起学习外语(联想法的音义串联法)
一、谐音图像法
1,Jeopardy 危险 [‘dVepEdi] 谐音为“解剖地”。试着在脑海想像在大地薄雾浓云愁永昼震时,大地像解剖了一样,出现触目惊心的大裂缝,
一不小心就会掉进去,真是“危险”啊!记住,创造的图像愈鲜明就愈不容易忘记。
2, Fascination 迷惑 [fAsi’neiFEn] 谐音为“发射内心”,试想从内心深处发射出迷惑的感觉。有效运用谐音能提醒英文单字的基本
发音,而图像故事则有助于联想单词的意思。
3, Acupuncture 针灸 [‘AkjupQNktFE] 的发音可以利用中文谐音--“阿Q胖球”或“阿Q棒球”来帮助记忆,想像一个胖
小子身上插满了又细又长的针,只见胖小子像气球一样消气,用“针灸”减肥果然有效。
二、音义串联法
该方法通过一个单词的发音与意义串联的技巧。以26个英语字母为例,每一字母举一例。你可以举一反三的应用与学习。
节略释例如下:
1,Acumen [’kju:m[n] n.敏锐;洞察力
(音义串联)阿Q面上有冻茶,所以可以联想为洞察力。
谐音提示:阿Q面
正确读音为:Acumen [’kju:m[n]
2,Baffle [bfl] v.受挫;困惑
(音义串联)很困难时去拜佛。
谐音提示:拜佛
正确读音为:Baffle [bfl]
3,Confront [kEn’frQnt] v.面对
(音义串联)面对镜子看自己,看烦了……(看了很烦)
谐音提示:看烦
正确读音为:Confront [kEn’frQnt]
4,Dismantle [dis’mntl] v.折除设备
(音义串联)馒头在折除设备时,不小心从高处跌下,馒头就跌死了。
谐音提示:跌死馒头
正确发音为:Dismantle [dis’mntl]
5,Eligible [’ZlidVEbl] a.适合的;合格的
(音义串联)爱上了洒保,作为未来适合的对象。
谐音提示:爱了酒保
正确发音为: Eligible [’ZlidVEbl]
6,Fascinate [‘fsi,neit] v.有吸引力的;倾倒的
(音义串联)发现你的吸引力。
谐音提示:发现你的
正确发音为: Fascinate [‘fsi,neit]
7,Genuine [dVenjuin] a .真正的;真诚的
(音义串联)监狱里的人真正地改过自新。
谐音提示: 监狱人
正确发音为: Genuine [dVenjuin]
8,Handicap [‘hndikp] v.阻碍;拖累 a.残障的
(音义串联)哥哥用hand 拿cap给残障的弟弟。
谐音提示: hand 弟 cap
正确发音为:Handicap [‘hndikp]
9,Ignore [ig’nRr] v.不顾:忽视
(音义串联)一个糯米不小心掉在马路上,所有的行人都忽视它。
谐音提示:一个糯儿(米)
正确的发音为: Ignore [ig’nRr]
10,Jeopardy [dVepEdi] n.危险:危难
(音义串联)医生解剖地面,地板又开裂了,很危险。
谐音提示:解剖地
正确发音为: Jeopardy [dVepEdi]
11,Kind [ kaind ] n.种类, 性质adj.仁慈的, 和蔼的, 亲切的, 友爱的
(音义串联)凯地,的种类是仁慈的
谐音提示:凯地
正确发音为:Kind [ kaind ]
12,Loophole [’lu:phJl] n. 漏洞 (墙上的)射击孔,窥视孔枪眼,小窗,换气孔
(音义串联)路破了,上面有漏洞。
谐音提示:路破
正确发音为: Loophole [’lu:phJl]
13,Malice [’mlis] n.恶意;敌意
(音义串联)因有敌意,被他骂死了。
谐音提示:骂了死
正确发音为: Malice [’mlis]
14,Neglect [ni’glekt] v. 忽视;忽略
(音义串联)熬夜看书,忽略休息,你累了。
谐音提示:奶过累
正确发音为: Neglect [ni’glekt]
15,Opponent [’punEnt] n.对手
(音义串联)阿婆能成为强劲的对手。
谐音提示: 阿婆能
正确发音为: Opponent [’punEnt]
16,Precise [pri’sais] a.精确的;正确的
(音义串联)辣妹要晒黑时,需要精确地调整紫外线指数,以免怕晒死。
谐音提示:怕晒死
正确发音为: Precise [pri’sais]
17,query [‘kwiEri] v.询问;质疑
(音义串联)受人贿赂的官半夜凉初透员遭受质询时亏理。
谐音提示:亏理
正确发音为: query [‘kwiEri]
18,Remedy [‘remidi] v.医治;n.治疗法
(音义串联)病人到有驴马的地方,放松心情治疗。
谐音提示:驴马地
正确发音为: Remedy [‘remidi]
19,Scrutiny [‘skru:tini] n.详细检查
(音义串联)医生详细地检查死哭的你,看看是什么原因。
谐音提示:湿裤的你;死哭的你。
正确发音为: Scrutiny [‘skru:tini]
20,Tangible [‘tndVbl] a.可触知的
(音义串联)天主的汉堡是可以被触知的。
谐音提示:田鸡跛;天主堡。
正确发音为: Tangible [‘tndVbl]
21,Ubiquitous [ju:’bikwits] a.到处存在的
(音义串联)到处存在的经济不景气,又逼苦他死。
谐音提示:又逼苦他死;
正确发音为: Ubiquitous [ju:’bikwits]
22,Vulnerable [‘vQlnrb([)l] a.易受伤的
(音义串联)挖了好象宝藏似的东西,手很容易受伤。
谐音提示:挖了若宝;
正确发音为: Vulnerable [‘vQlnrb([)l]
23,Wander [‘wCnd] v.闲逛
(音义串联)百货公司特价时,到处闲逛问价钱。
谐音提示:温的;问的;晚的。
正确发音为: Wander [‘wCnd]
24,Xenophobia [,zen[;f[ubi[] n.惧外症
(音义串联)日本人这么封闭,拒绝外面信息。
谐音提示:这么封闭啊
正确发音为: Xenophobia [,zen;fubi[]
25,Yawn [jC:n] v.打哈欠
(音义串联)边打哈欠边抓痒。
谐音提示:痒
正确发音为: Yawn [jC:n]
26,Zest [zest] n.乐趣、风味
(音义串联)一边跳舞一边喊 yes 很有乐趣。
谐音提示:热死;yes
正确发音为: Zest [zest]
第三节 英语单词词义的形象串联记忆法
《英语单词形象记忆法》简称“SY记忆法”,s代表Shanghai,上海,Y代表姚的姓。以区别于其他记忆法。
我们只选取“串联形象记忆法”
串联形象法是帮助记忆一个英语单词有多种意义的联想记忆法。
英语中拥有数量众多的一词多义的单词。这同中文的情形颇为相似。一个词,当它具有两个以上的意义时,其中
必有一个是本义,而其他的则是引申义,即从本义“引申”出来的,发展出来的。
例如,中文的“道”,本义是。路”,引申为达到道德标准的途径,如“朝闻道,夕死可矣”(《沦语·里仁》);还引
申为正当的手段,如“不以其道得之,不处也”(《论语·里仁》)。
大多数的一词多义的英语单词,同样能找出其本义与引申义。例如:bar,本义为“杆、棒”。杆、棒可作障碍用,
引申为“障碍物”,“围栏”;又在法庭上有围栏,引申为“法庭”;餐馆里有“围栏”分开店主与顾客,故又引申为
“酒吧”、“柜台”;等等。
我们也许在阅读中常遇到这样的障碍:一个句子,没有不懂的语法结构,也没有“不识的生词”,但却渎不懂意思。
其实,拦路虎往往就是那个看来认识而并不认识的单词。我们虽掌握了它的某一意义,而未掌握它在该句子中的
另外的意义。因此,它仍然是一个生词。
例:It is a poem by an unknown pen. “它是一首不详的笔的诗”,读不通。其实这句英语中的pen不是“笔”,
而是“作家”,这样就读通了:“它是一首作者不详的诗”。 Pen不仅有“笔”、“作家”的意思,还有”写作”、“栅栏”,
“把…关起来”等意思。串联形象法通过一定的组合排列,将pen的几个中文意思串成一句句子,以便联想记忆:
“ 把作家关起来,在栅栏内用笔写作 ”。 记住了这句句子,也就记住了pen的多种意义。
比如:pen,你若已知它是“笔”、“作家”、“写作”等意思,而不知其“栅栏”、“把…关起来”的意思,那么就可删改为:
栅栏把作家关起来 串联形象法的思路,关键在于用已知的意思串联未知的意思。
在编制串联形象句子时,要考虑释义之间有意义上的联系,这种联系可以是奇特的甚或荒诞的。读者实践后会发现,
奇特的联系更容易记住。
由于英语中一词多义的单词俯拾皆是,因而,串联形象法应用范围甚广
第四节 组合运用
我们将形象代码法、音义串联法和词义串联形象法组合起来对初、高中英语的常用3000-5000单词进行逐字的自己
创作一翻。
例一,Afraid [’freid] adj.害怕
(一)代码词义联想法:
1)代码:a-一个,f-佛,ra-喇,i-我,d-得
2)语文造句:一个(鬼怪式)佛喇(嘛的作法)我(看)得(非常)害怕。
3)词义联想:一个+佛+喇+我+得--害怕
(二)音义串连法:
1),谐音提示:阿飞的
2)音义串联:(女同学碰到)阿飞的(王某),(非常)害怕。
3)正确读音为:Afraid [’freid]
(三)词义串连法
1,查字典,按照《学生英汉汉英多用词典》查出其基本词义:为害怕;担心。
2,可用造句法将两者连接起来:
女同学碰到阿飞非常害怕,我为其担心。
初中同学只学习上面。下面为高中同学作进一步的学习用。
3,若使用金山词霸来查美国传统词典的基本词义,为:
①Filled with fear:
恐惧的,害怕的充满恐惧的:
②afraid of ghosts; afraid to die; afraid for his life.
害怕鬼;怕死;担心他的生命
③Having feelings of aversion or unwillingness in regard to something:
不情愿的,嫌弃的对事情反感的或不情愿的:
④not afraid of hard work; afraid to show emotion.
不怕艰苦的工作;不愿意显露感情
⑤Filled with regret or concern. Used especially to soften an unpleasant statement:
恐怕后悔的或遗憾的,尤指用于婉转地陈述令人不快的言语:
⑥语文造句:(女同学碰到)阿飞(时非常的)害怕并充满恐惧的,她像害怕鬼一样吓得怕死,并担心她的生命;
我极不情愿的,嫌弃的对事情反感的或不情愿的:并不愿意显露感情,恐怕后悔的或遗憾的
4,在使用金山词霸来查出全部词义时它还包括有以下内容:
1) 一般用法:2)继承用法:3)习惯用语:4)特殊用法:5)派生词汇等等。如例:
例1, claim [kleim] vt. 要求
(一)代码词义联想法:
1)代码:c--- 雌,la--拉, i-- 我, m-- 模
2)语文造句:要求c 雌(鸡)la拉 i 我 m 模(它)
词义联想:要求--雌+拉+我+模
(二)音义串连法:
claim [kleim] vt. 要求
(音义串联)
要求(听)克勒蒙(的话)
谐音提示
克勒蒙
正确读音为: claim [kleim]
(三)词义串连法
1,查字典,或使用金山词霸来查出全部词义,
下面是按照《大学英语5000单词详解》
基本词义 claim [kleim] vt.
1)(据权利)要求, 索取, 索赔, 认领, 申请
2)主张, 声称, 自称, 断言
3)值得, 需要重视[注意]
2,若按照金山词霸2002版本其词性变化为:
1)claim [kleim] vi.
(1)提出需要
(2)要求赔偿损失(against)
2)Claim [kleim] n.
(1)(根据权利提出的)要求, 索赔, 索取, 认领
(2)(应得的)权利, 所有权, 要求权, 资格
(3)要求物, (矿区等的)申请购买地
(4)主张, 断言, 声称, 自称
3,词义串连
(1) claim [kleim] vt. (根据权利)要求(取得) 索取(与)索赔(的财产) 认领;(然后) 申请(将我们的)主张(向他们) 声称
(你那种) 自称(的) 断言(是错误的); 值得(我们大家) 需要重视[注意](的)。
(2)claim [kleim] vi. 提出需要(向他们)要求赔偿损失
(3)Claim [kleim] n.(根据权利提出的)要求(和) 索赔(与) 索取(来) 认领(我们应得的财产的)权利(和) 所有权(以及)
要求权;
(我们有) 资格(获得)要求物(如) 申请购买(矿区土)地;
(这个)主张(我敢) 断言(和我们的) 声称(或) 自称(是一样的有效的)。
4,例句:
1)一般用法:
claim a large amount against him 要求他赔偿大量金额。
Every citizen may claim the protection of the law. 每一公民均可要求法律的保护。
Does anyone claim this umbrella? 有没有人认领这把伞?
2)继承用法
claimable adj. 可要求的; 可索取[赔]的
Claimee [kleim`i:] n. 被索赔人
claimless adj.
3)习惯用语
have a claim on 有对...要求权
have a claim to 有对...要求权
have many claims on 对...有许多要求
have no claim on 没有对...要求的权利;无资格得到
have no claim to 没有对...要求的权利;无资格得到
hold down a claim 在某一地区居住一段时间以便要求拥有土地所有权
jump a claim [美]占有别人的所有物,强占别人土地的采矿权
4)特殊用法
accessory claim 附带权利要求
adjusted claim 精算后请求金额
assigned claim 转让债权
attendant claim 附带要求
bad claim 不良债权
baggage claim 领取行李
barred claim 失去时效的债权
belated claims 迟索的赔款
以上举例我将它命名为“英语单词形象联想组合法”做了介绍,学习英语单词的最好方法是按照上述方法,自己将5000单词一一的作一套
形象联想,开始每天做10个,随着自己能力的提高,可加大每天的量,如果你每天能达到20个一年就是6000单词;若是50个,则三个多
月就能达到 5000单词。
但是要使用回忆与创造环境的技巧,每天的学习时间不要超过2小时。
第五节 组合记忆法在专业词汇上代码的变通使用
一、先看一个例子:
例1:horsefeathers这个词,我们可以分成
horse(马)十feathers (羽毛)两个部分来记,
并且认为它们之间构成了一种意念关系。一般
来说,马的身上是不会长出羽毛的。但是,在
某种特定的情况下,马的身上不仅可以长出羽毛,
还可以长出火箭或导弹。上述这种情况在做梦时
完全有可能出现。所以horsefeathers的第一个含
义是“梦话”。如果你不是在做梦,却硬说马的身上
能长出羽毛,那么horsefeathers的第二个含义便
是“胡说”。显然,如果我们掌握了这个词内在的意
念关系, 这个词就会在原有词汇的基础上被牢牢地
记住。
例2,同样,poppycock这个词也可以分开记:poppy
(罂粟花)十cock(公鸡)。不可能长在公鸡的身上,所
以其含义是“胡扯”,“废话”。英语中具有这种意念关
系的词汇, 也是屡见不鲜的。
例3,hexachlorocyclohexane
[,heks,klC:ru,saikl’heksein ]
(六氯环己烷,六六六)
这个词,如果我们不是按照其字母排列而是按照其
组合关系来记,就能删繁就简,化难为易。heza(六),
chloro(氯),cyclo(环),hex(六,己),ane(烷),
这些部分组合在一起便是hezachlorocycloLezaae。
例4,再如:
pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis
[ `nju:mnu, Qltr-,maikrs` kCpik`silikvCl`keinu kuni`usis ]
n.[医]硅酸盐沉着病,矽肺病 这个词是由45个字母组
成的,见上海译文出版社《新英汉词典》1009页,商务
印书馆;《英华大词典》第1065页,国防工业出版社
《英汉技术词典》第l 563页。或金山词霸2002版。
分开记:pneumono(肺),ultra(超),microscopic
(显微的,细小的)silico(硅),volcano。(火山),
coni、(尘埃),osis(表示病名的后缀),那么这个词
的含义, 就是极其微小的硅的粉末象喷发的火山灰
一样沉积在肺中即肺尘病或硅酸盐沉着病。同时,也可
记住由这些部分组合而成的另外一些新词:pneumono(肺)是pneumonia
(肺炎)的医学词,silicosis(石末沉着病);pneumonosilicosis
(硅肺),coniosis(粉尘病),pneumonoconiosis
(尘埃沉着病) 所以,这类专业词汇,往往是由其它词汇
组合而成,因此,组合法首先是应用原词汇来组合,当然,
要能用原词汇,就必须自己有一定的原词汇的基础。
二、专业词汇的组合法便需采取变通的方式,首的字才进
行代码变换、音义串连和词义串连。
例pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis
[`nju:mnu, Qltr-,maikrs’kCpik’silikvCl’keinukuni’ usis]
第一步:查其原词汇为:pneumono(肺),ultra(超),
microscopic(显微的,细小的)silico(硅),volcano。
(火山),coni、(尘埃),osis(表示病名的后缀);
第二步:只对其中不熟悉的词汇进行代码变换、音义串连
和词义串连;假设,此例中只有pneumono(肺)为不熟悉的
单词。就可进行代码变换、音义串连和词义串连;
第三步:将pneumono(肺)进行代码变换、音义串连和词义串
连。
(一)代码词义联想法:pneumono [`nju:mnu]
1)代码:p-坡,ne-非,mo-磨,no-不是。
2)语文造句:坡(上并)非(是)磨(子,它)不是(磨子而是)肺。
3) 字形与词义联想:坡+非+磨+不是--肺。
(二)音义串连法:
pneumono [`nju:mnu] 肺(音义串联)肺中有满落的石头
谐音提示:有满落
正确读音为: pneumono [`nju:mnu] 肺
(三)词义串连法:本字无多义,但转义词pneum adj.空气等就多了此处(略)
海洋教你背单词:四步背单词
――张海洋
转自:http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_51607c550100boj9.html
运图像记忆法来记忆英语单词,关键在于把抽象的字母转化为熟悉的图像,然后把这些图像组合起来进行联想。这样,原本抽象的单词就能变成一个生动的画面,就能像看电视、看电影那样来进行记忆,不仅记得快、记得牢,而且记忆的过程充满着乐趣,会让你从此爱上背单词!
经过我们深入系统的研究,单词记忆的方法,可以归纳为最简单的四个步骤:
第一步:找单词(包括找完整单词、近似单词、词根词缀);
第二步:找拼音(包括找全拼、近似拼音、拼音首字母);
第三步:找编码(找字母编码);
第四步:找谐音(包括整体谐音和部分谐音)。
这四个步骤,简化一下,就是“单凭编写”,也就是说,要记忆单词,单凭编写就可以获得非常好的效果。
在详细讲解这四个步骤之前,让我们先来做一个小测试。下面有10组信息,请认真看一到两遍,然后闭上眼睛回忆一下,看看哪组信息印象最深刻、那组信息印象最模糊。
1,a、b、d、o、m、e、n ——腹部
2,g、o、s、s、i、p ――闲聊
3,a、l、l、o、c、a、t、e ——分配
4,for、mu、late ——规划
5,trans、pa、rent ——显而易见的
6,ap、ti、tu、de ——天资
7,一只老鼠在给他扯胡子。
8,哈哈,妈妈给了儿子一榔头。
9,我在杭州逗留了一会。
10,10个婴儿在大厅休息。
怎么样?是那组信息印象最深、记得最牢?是不是图像最鲜明生动的后面那几组中文信息?
相比而言,前面的几组英文,都是抽象的内容,都不太容易记忆,即使勉强记下来,也很容易忘记。而后面的几组中文信息,只要根据文字稍微展开想象,相信很长时间都不会忘记。
其实,上面这10组信息,都是为了记住英文单词,不过记忆方法不一样而已。我们来看看这10个单词:
1,abdomen ——腹部
2,gossip ——闲聊
3,allocate ——分配
4,formulate ——规划
5,transparent ——显而易见的
6,aptitude ——天资
7,moustache ——胡子
8,hammer ——榔头
9,hang ——逗留
10,lobby ——大厅
1-3组的单词,用的是传统的死记硬背,一个一个字母串起来进行记忆。4-6组按音节把单词分成小段来进行记忆,比前面的稍好一些。
7-10组则运用图像记忆的方法来进行记忆,具体如下:
7,moustach ——胡子
分析:mous——老鼠(mouse)的近似拼写;
ta——“他”的拼音;che——“扯”的拼音。
记忆:老鼠在给他扯胡子。
8,hammer ——榔头
分析:ha——“哈”的拼音;mm——“妈妈”的拼音首字母;er——“儿”的拼音。
记忆:哈哈,妈妈给了儿子一榔头。
9,hang ——逗留
分析:hang——“杭”的拼音。
记忆:我在杭州逗留了一会。
10,lobby ——大厅
分析:lo——像数字10;bby——婴儿(baby)的近似拼写。
记忆:10个婴儿在大厅休息。
大家可以感觉一下,后面这四组是不是更容易记住而且不容易忘记呢?还有,记忆的过程是不是比较好玩呢?
其实,1-6组的单词,如果运用图像记忆方法,也同样可以记得快、记得牢。
1,abdomen
n. 腹部
分析:ab——“阿伯”的拼音首字母;do——做;men——“门”的拼音。
记忆:阿伯在做门的时候撞伤了腹部。
2,gossip――闲谈
分析:go――去;ss――像两个美女;ip――“挨批”的谐音。
记忆:我上课的时候偷偷溜出去跟两个美女闲谈,结果被老师看到,挨批了。
3,allocate
v. 分配,配给
分析:all——所有;o——外形像鸡蛋;cat——猫;e——“鹅”的拼音。
记忆:所有的鸡蛋都分配给了猫和鹅。
4,formulate
v. 规划,确切地阐述
分析:for——为了;mu——“母”的拼音;late——迟的。
记忆:为了帮目前做好规划,我上学迟到了。
5,transparent
a. 透明的,显而易见的
分析:tr——“铁人”的拼音首字母;an——“一”;s——像美女;
parent——父母。
记忆:铁人带了一个美女去见父母,其目的是显而易见的。
6,aptitude
n. 倾向,天资
分析:ap——“阿婆”的拼音首字母;ti——“提”的拼音;
tu——“兔”的拼音;de——“的”的拼音。
记忆:阿婆曾经提到,兔子的天资是很好的。
下面,我们就来详细介绍“四步背单词”的四个步骤。
第一步:找单词:
一,找完整单词:
1,hesitate――犹豫
分析:he――他;sit――坐;ate――吃(eat)的过去式。
记忆:他犹豫地坐着吃。
2,catcall――喝倒彩
分析:cat――猫;call――喊叫。
记忆:猫对着你喊叫,就是在向你喝倒彩。
3,hatred――仇恨
分析:hat――帽子;red――红色的。
记忆:小红帽非常仇恨大灰狼。
4,forget――忘记
分析:for――为了;get――得到。
记忆:为了要得到新的,需要先忘记旧的。
5,butterfly--蝴蝶
分析:butter――黄油;fly――飞。
记忆:蝴蝶很喜欢在黄油上面飞。
6,excerpt
n. 摘录,节录
分析:except——除了……之外;r——像小草。
记忆:除了关于小草的部分之外,其它我都摘录完了。
7,freight
n. 货运,货物
分析:fr——“飞人”的拼音首字母;eight——八。
记忆:飞人运走了八件货物。
8,justice
n. 正义,合理性,法官
分析:just——刚才;ice——冰。
记忆:法官刚才加了一块冰。
9,leaflet
n. 传单,小册子
v. 散发传单
分析:leaf——树叶;let——让。
记忆:这些树叶都让我当作传单发出去了。
10,menace
n. v. 威胁
分析:men——男人们;a——“一”;ce——“厕”的拼音。
记忆:男人们在一个厕所里受到了威胁。
11,glove――手套
分析:g――“哥”的拼音首字母;love――喜爱。
记忆:哥哥很喜爱这双手套。
12,smother――窒息
分析:s――外形像蛇;mother――妈妈。
记忆:一条蛇把妈妈缠得快要窒息了。
二,找近似单词:
1,widow――寡妇
分析:window――窗户;n――“泥”的拼音首字母。
记忆:寡妇的工作是要把窗户上的泥擦干净。
3,peak――山顶
分析:speak――说话;s――外形像蛇。
记忆:有一条蛇在山顶上说话。
5,roof――屋顶
分析:room――房间;f――外形像拐杖。
记忆:我房间的屋顶上插满了拐杖。
6,ashore
adv. 在岸上,到岸上,在陆地
分析:as——作为;hore——马(horse)的近似拼写。
记忆:作为一匹马,是应该在陆地上跑的。
7,balloon
n. 气球,热气球
分析:ball——球;oon——很快(soon)的近似拼写。
记忆:气球就是很快能升上天的球。
8,reed
n. 芦苇
分析:reed——鹿(deer)的近似拼写。
记忆:一头鹿倒在了芦苇丛里。
三,找词根词缀:
1,precaution
n. 防备,警惕
分析:pre——前缀,表示提前;caution——注意。
记忆:防备就是提前注意。
2,preface
n. 序言,开场白,开端
分析:pre——前缀,表示提前;face——脸。
记忆:我要提前洗脸,准备开场白。
3,misfortune
n. 不幸,灾祸
分析:mis——前缀,表示否定;fortune——幸福。
4,hemisphere
n. 半球
分析:hemi——前缀,表示“一半”;sphere——球。
5,impatient
a. 不耐烦的,焦急的
分析:im——前缀,表示否定;patient——耐心的。
小结:“以熟记新”是单词记忆中的另一个重要原则。如果用死记硬背的方法,那么任何一个单词都是陌生的字母组合。但是,如果我们善于从一个新单词中找出熟悉的部分、找出一个学过的单词,那么,我们再来记这个新单词就会觉得很简单了。
第二步:找拼音
一,找全拼:
1,change――改变
分析:chang――“嫦”的拼音;e――“娥”的拼音。
记忆:嫦娥改变了对猪八戒的看法。
2,danger――危险
分析:dang――“挡”的拼音;er――“儿”的拼音。
记忆:当危险来的时候,母亲总会挡在儿子的前面。
3,machine――机器
分析:ma――“马”的拼音;chi――“吃”的拼音;ne――“呢”的拼音。
记忆:机器马需要吃什么食物呢?
4,dance――跳舞
分析:dan――“蛋”的拼音;ce――“厕”的拼音。
记忆:一个鸡蛋在厕所里跳舞。
5,banana――香蕉
分析:ba――“爸”的拼音;na――“拿”的拼音。
记忆:爸爸很爱吃香蕉,拿了又拿。
6,guide――导游
分析:gui――“鬼”的拼音;de――“的”的拼音。
记忆:这个导游是鬼变成的。
7,stun
v. 使目瞪口呆,打晕
分析:s——像美女;tun——“吞”的拼音。
记忆:美女竟然把它吞下去了,真让人目瞪口呆。
8,nuisance
n. 讨厌的人,令人讨厌的东西
分析:nui——“牛”的近似拼音;san——“三”的拼音;ce——“厕”的拼音。
记忆:一头牛在三个厕所里都留下了令人讨厌的东西。
9,pond
n. 池塘
分析:po——“破”的拼音;nd——“脑袋”的拼音首字母。
记忆:我在池塘边摔破了脑袋。
二,找近似拼音:
举例:
1,excited――兴奋的
分析:ex――“一休”的近似拼音;ci――“吃”的近似拼音;
te――“天鹅”的拼音首字母;d――“的”的拼音首字母。
记忆:一休终于吃到了天鹅的屁股,感到非常兴奋。
2,advantage――优点
分析:ad――“阿弟”的拼音首字母;van――“玩”的近似拼音;
tage――“他哥”的拼音。
记忆:阿弟经常玩弄他哥,他哥却不生气,这是他哥的一个很大优点。
3,analogue
n. 类似物(或人)
分析:ana——“安娜”的近似拼音;lo——像数字10;gue——“孤儿”的近似拼音。
记忆:安娜跟这10个孤儿都是类似的人。
4,vein
n. 静脉,风格
分析:vei——“为”的近似拼音;n——“你”的拼音首字母。
记忆:她是为你才割静脉自杀的。
5,vocation
n. 行业,职业,天职,使命
分析:vo——“我”的近似拼音;ca——“查”的近似拼音;tion——“神”的谐音。
记忆:我的使命是检查神的工作。
6,harsh
a. 刺耳的,严厉的,粗糙的
分析:har——“海”的近似拼音;sh——“水”的拼音首字母。
记忆:海水涌过来,发出了刺耳的声音。
三,找拼音首字母:
1,dirty――脏的
分析:di――“敌”的拼音;r――“人”的拼音首字母;ty――“汤圆”的拼音首字母。
记忆:敌人的汤圆都是脏的,千万不要吃。
2,wobble――摇晃
分析:wo――“我”的拼音;bb――“爸爸”的拼音首字母;le――“乐”的拼音。
记忆:我爸爸快乐地摇晃着。
3,amplify
v. 放大(声音等),增强,扩大
分析:a——“一”;mp——“媒婆”的拼音首字母;li——“立”的拼音;fy——“翻译”的拼音首字母。
记忆:一个媒婆立在翻译面前放大声音说话。
4,catastrophe
n. 灾难,灾祸,大祸
分析:cat——猫;a——“一”;str——“石头人”的拼音首字母;op——“藕片”的拼音首字母;he——他。
记忆:我的猫差点给一个石头人带来了灾难,我只好赔了一些藕片给他。
5,sympathy
n. 同情,赞同
分析:sy——“司仪”的拼音首字母;mp——“媒婆”的拼音首字母;at——在;hy——“海洋”的拼音首字母。
记忆:司仪和媒婆在海洋面前都显得很有同情心。
6,strive
v. 努力
分析:str——“石头人”的拼音首字母;iv——四;e——“鹅”的拼音。
记忆:石头人和四只鹅都很努力。
7,tilt
v. (使)倾斜
分析:tilt——“踢了踢”的拼音首字母。
记忆:我踢了踢它,它就倾斜了。
8,throne
n. 宝座,王后
分析:thr——“她忽然”的拼音首字母;one——“一”。
记忆:她忽然成为了一个王后。
小结:背单词如果不运用拼音的方法,就是一个很大的损失。谁都知道拼音是在英文的基础上演变而来的,拼音的很多规则就是参考英文的。所以运用拼音的方法来背单词,完全可以理直气壮!对小学三年级以上的中国人来说,拼音是很熟悉的东西,而英文字母却是比较陌生的。用拼音来背单词,完全符合“以熟记新”的记忆原则。
第三步:找编码(找字母编码)
把单个或多个字母通过像形等方法转变为常用的编码。
1,business――生意
分析:bus――公共汽车;in――在里面;e――“鹅”的拼音;ss――外形像两条蛇。
记忆:在一辆公共汽车里面,有一只鹅和两条蛇在谈生意。
2,boom――繁荣
分析:boo――像数字600;m――可以联想到“麦当劳”。
记忆:一条街上竟然开了600家麦当劳店,真是够繁荣啊!
3,mien――风度
分析:men――男人们;i――外形像一根烟。
记忆:男人们抽烟都会显得没有风度。
4,pilot――飞行员
分析:pi――“屁”的拼音;lo――外形像数字10;t――外形像伞。
记忆:放几个屁,撑上10把伞,就能像飞行员一样飞行。
5,banquet
n. 宴会
v. 宴请
分析:ban——“搬”的拼音;qu——“去”的拼音;et——代表外星人。
记忆:这个宴会准备搬去外星人家里举行。
6,virus
n. 病毒
分析:vi——六;r——像小草;us——我们。
记忆:这六株小草给我们带来了病毒。
小结:s像蛇、f像拐杖、t像伞、p像红旗、m联想到麦当劳、k联想到肯德基,等等,这些就是对字母进行编码,把抽象的字母转化为熟悉的图像,这样,图像记忆法就能很好地运用出来了。因此,“找编码”这个步骤训练的是我们把字母灵活地转变成图像的能力。
第四步:找谐音
一,整体谐音:
1,chase――追赶
分析:“锤死”的谐音。
记忆:追赶上它,然后锤死它。
2,pest――害虫
分析:“拍死它”的谐音。
记忆:看到害虫,我们应该毫不留情地拍死它。
3,ambulance――救护车
分析:“俺不能死”的谐音。
记忆:俺不能死,快叫救护车!
4,custom――风俗
分析:“砍死他们”的谐音。
记忆:这个古老村庄的风俗是,看到陌生人就要砍死他们。
5,bamboo――竹子
分析:“半步”的谐音。
记忆:这些竹子太重了,我只走了半步就累倒了。
6,hypertension――高血压
分析:“害怕天旋”的谐音。
记忆:高血压的病人都很害怕天旋地转的感觉。
7,umbrella――伞
分析:“俺不热了”的谐音。
记忆:有了伞来挡住太阳,俺就不热了。
8,mortal
a. 致命的
分析:“魔头”的谐音。
记忆:魔头是会致命的。
9,mutton
n. 羊肉
分析:“马桶”的谐音。
记忆:马桶上有很多羊肉。
二,部分谐音:
1,audit
n. v. 审计,查账
分析:audi——“奥迪”的谐音;t——“他”的拼音首字母。
记忆:他在奥迪车里查账。
2,auditorium
n. 观众席,听众席
分析:audi——“奥迪”的谐音;to——去;ri——“日”的拼音;um——“幽默”的谐音。
记忆:观众席上有很多人愿意开奥迪去日本学幽默。
3,cafeteria
n. 自助餐馆,自助食堂
分析:cafe——咖啡馆;teria——“特热”的谐音。
记忆:自助食堂里面的咖啡馆特别热。
4,caution
n. 小心,谨慎,慎重
分析:cau——能(can)的近似拼写;tion——“神”的谐音。
记忆:小心谨慎就能够成为神。
5,rectangle
n. 长方形,矩形
分析:re——“阿姨”的谐音;ct——“餐厅”的拼音首字母;angle——角度。
记忆:阿姨在餐厅里面测量长方形的角度。
6,excess
n. 过分,多于
分析:ex——“一休”的谐音;ce——“厕”的拼音;ss——外形像两个美女。
记忆:一休上厕所的次数多于这两个美女。
小结:有些人反对谐音法,担心这会误导学生的正确发音。其实谐音法的目的是为了记住单词的字母组合,而不是为了记住发音。发音当然应该根据音标来进行,但这并不妨碍我们用谐音的原理来记住它的字母组合。再退一步说,许多学生之所以学不好英语,很重要的一个原因就是他们的音标没有掌握好,这是学校教育的失职。这部分学生,本来就读不准音标,即使不用谐音法而是按照音标去读,也不见得就能读得标准。事实上,很多单词都是通过谐音来翻译的,例如sofa――沙发;cola――可乐;chocolate――巧克力,等等。通过这些单词就知道,绝大部分学生都能正确地区分谐音和音标。当然,我们还是建议发音比较标准的人来运用这种方法。
总结:当我们遇到一个陌生单词需要记忆的时候,就可以按照“四步背单词”——“单凭编写”这四个步骤来进行记忆。首先,看能否从中找到熟悉的单词(包括完整的单词、近似单词和词根词缀);如果没有的话,看能否找出拼音(包括全拼、近似拼音、拼音首字母);通过以上两个步骤,如果还剩下少量的字母,就可以运用字母编码的方法把这些字母或者字母组合转变为常用的编码;如果你的单词发音比较标准,那么可以考虑运用谐音的方法来帮助记忆。最后,把这些转化出来的中文跟单词的中文意思联系起来,组成容易记忆(最好是富有图像感)的句子。这样,任何一个英文单词都难不倒我们了!
快速阅读与记忆网上教学
快速阅读与记忆网上教学(免费版)
SpeedReading & Memory
重庆工学院经济学系
版权所有者:贺昌祯
E-mail:hohyfm@yahoo.com.cn
E-mail:hehyfm@yahoo.com.cn
联系电话:023-68662683
2003-08-29 16:13:36在21世纪的今天,知识的广博、爆炸式的更新、浩如烟海的信息量、个人时间的有限等都需要提高阅读速度,改进学习方法。
世界上各国都在探索改进学习方法。改进过去的死记更背的阅读和记忆的方法。
纵观当前国内各地有关“快速阅读与记忆”的各种培训班的培训时间大多数安排在假期四天(或八个晚上、或两个双休息日),以这样短的时间要学成“变读为看”的快速阅读与记忆是很困难的。所以,都在课前和课后交代要坚持练习,持之以恒的不断练习才能达到快速阅读与记忆的目的。否则,效果就大大成问题。
最近,国内网上从2001年的一个金眼网在网上进行教学外,至今2003年2月已陆续出现了几个网上教学网站。大致有:北京京辰企业管理咨询服务公司杨氏速读培训中心,网址:http://www.bj-yangs.com/;北京快学堂教育科技发展有限公司,网址:http://www.kuaixuet.com.cn/index.asp/;汉杰高效速读远程教育网,网址:http://www.gxsd.net.cn/;重庆周乾三的速看速记网,网址:http://www.sksj.com.cn/;金眼速读培训网,网址:http://www.kingeye.net/。
我个人在二年多在大专学生中,采用20—30天的教学训练时,发现一个班只能有一、二个能达到“过目不忘”的地步,即通过一分钟的阅读500汉字,后立刻写下所读的内容百分之九十以上者可称之谓“过目不忘”;提高记忆能力达到百分之五十以上的人也只能在百分之三十左右。若用提高倍数来计算,若原来只有百分之五,则为百分之五十就是提高十倍;若原来只有百分之三,则是提高十六、七倍。
学习的个体差异是很大的。所以发达国家经过几十年的推广、培训和学习,也没有使经过培训的人,达到人人都能“变读为看”和快速记忆的能力。正如国内许多培训教材中把具有“变读为看”和快速记忆能力的人当为奇才、当为典型来介绍一样。古代的“一目十行和过目不忘”的奇人,是在茫茫之中摸索出来的。今天,科学发现了右脑记忆的潜能,初步研究出一些训练你如何使用左、右脑记忆功能的方法。但要达此目的,并非一朝一夕之功。“变读为看”是最难的。愿有志者,通过艰苦卓绝的长期努力来达到“变读为看”的能力;这是最好的结果。一般的人,通过本网上推荐的自我训练教材(免费)30的天训练,都能使记忆能力提高3——20倍之间;阅读的理解能力达到百分之八十左右。之后,若能在今后的学习和工作中运用所学习的方法,那将获益非浅;若能用所学习方法再在一年多的时间内进行强化训练,最终达到“变读为看”时,那将改变您的人生状态。总之希望有所帮助。;
因此,我比较认同美国的“速读美国公司(Speedread,America,Inc.) ” 把快速阅读作为公益事业来办。
美国的速读美国公司(Speedread,America,Inc.) 网址:http://www.speedread.org 是一个非营利的教育研究组织。它的目的是对那些欠缺速读方法的人提供帮助。
本网站准备在三年之内免费提供自我训练课件,即使以后收费也准备以买一本书的价格收取。当然,欢迎贤达人士赞助以便于能使有志于此的青年参加此网的工作。本人是退休教师年龄已经72岁,目的就是要帮助人们提高阅读与记忆能力。
当前,仅提供大专成佳节又重阳人版(年龄在17——45岁之间);逐渐提供初中生版、高中生版、中年版和老年版。
本网所引用和参考的资料均在“读记方法简介”中的“资料来源”中一一列出,特此致谢。
由于个人学识、能力与精力有限,缺点、错误和不足之处再所难免,敬请批评指正。
网站参见:http://srm.cqit.edu.cn/junior%20college/index.html
中英对照谚语五百句
A bad beginning makes a bad ending.
不善始者不善终。
A bad thing never dies.
遗臭万年。
A bad workman always blames his tools.
不会撑船怪河弯。
A bird in the hand is worth than two in the bush.
一鸟在手胜过双鸟在林。
A boaster and a liar are cousins-german.
吹牛与说谎本是同宗。
A bully is always a coward.
色厉内荏。
A burden of one's choice is not felt.
爱挑的担子不嫌重。
A candle lights others and consumes itself.
蜡烛照亮别人,却毁灭了自己。
A cat has 9 lives.
猫有九条命。
A cat may look at a king.
人人平等。
A close mouth catches no flies.
病从口入。
A constant guest is never welcome.
常客令人厌。
Actions speak louder than words.
事实胜于雄辩。
Adversity leads to prosperity.
穷则思变。
Adversity makes a man wise, not rich.
逆境出人才。
A fair death honors the whole life.
死得其所,流芳百世。
A faithful friend is hard to find.
知音难觅。
A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.
吃一堑,长一智。
A fox may grow gray, but never good.
江山易改,本性难移。
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
患难见真情。
A friend is easier lost than found.
得朋友难,失朋友易。
A friend is never known till a man has need.
需要之时方知友。
A friend without faults will never be found.
没有十全十美的朋友。
'After you' is good manners.
“您先请”是礼貌。
A good beginning is half done.
良好的开端是成功的一半。
A good beginning makes a good ending.
善始者善终。
A good book is a good friend.
好书如挚友。
A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever.
一本好书,相伴一生。
A good conscience is a soft pillow.
不做亏心事,不怕鬼叫门。
A good fame is better than a good face.
美名胜过美貌。
A good husband makes a good wife.
夫善则妻贤。
A good medicine tastes bitter.
良药苦口。
A good wife health is a man's best wealth.
妻贤身体好是男人最大的财富。
A great talker is a great liar.
说大话者多谎言。
A hedge between keeps friendship green.
君子之交淡如水。
A joke never gains an enemy but loses a friend.
戏谑不能化敌为友,只能使人失去朋友。
A leopard cannot change its spots.
积习难改。
A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth.
说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。
A light heart lives long.
静以修身。
A little body often harbors a great soul.
浓缩的都是精品。
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
一知半解,自欺欺人。
A little pot is soon hot.
狗肚子盛不得四两油。
All are brave when the enemy flies.
敌人逃窜时,人人都成了勇士。
All good things come to an end.
天下没有不散的筵席。
All rivers run into sea.
海纳百川。
All roads lead to Rome.
条条大路通罗马。
All that ends well is well.
结果好,就一切都好。
All that glitters is not gold.
闪光的不一定都是金子。
All things are difficult before they are easy.
凡事总是由难而易。
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
只会用功不玩耍,聪明孩子也变傻。
A man becomes learned by asking questions.
不耻下问才能有学问。
A man can do no more than he can.
凡事都应量力而行。
A man cannot spin and reel at the same time.
一心不能二用。
A man is known by his friends.
什么人交什么朋友。
A man of words and not of deeds is like a garden full of weeds.
光说空话不做事,犹如花园光长刺。
A man without money is no man at all.
一分钱难倒英雄汉。
A merry heart goes all the way.
心旷神怡,事事顺利。
A miss is as good as a mile.
失之毫厘,差之千里。
A mother's love never changes.
母爱永恒。
An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
一天一苹果,不用请医生。
A new broom sweeps clean.
新官上任三把火。
An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.
以眼还眼,以牙还牙。
An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.
一日之计在于晨。
An old dog cannot learn new tricks.
老狗学不出新把戏。
An ounce of luck is better than a pound of wisdom.
聪明才智,不如运气。
An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.
预防为主,治疗为辅。
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
滚石不生苔,转业不聚财。
As a man sows, so he shall reap.
种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆。
A single flower does not make a spring.
一花独放不是春,百花齐放春满园。
A snow year, a rich year.
瑞雪兆丰年。
A sound mind in a sound body.
健全的精神寓于健康的身体。
A still tongue makes a wise head.
寡言者智。
A stitch in time saves nine.
小洞不补,大洞吃苦。
A straight foot is not afraid of a crooked shoe.
身正不怕影子斜。
A wise head makes a close mouth.
真人不露相,露相非真人。
A word spoken is past recalling.
一言既出,驷马难追。
A year's plan starts with spring.
一年之计在于春。
A young idler, an old beggar.
少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
Bad news has wings.
好事不出门,坏事传千里。
Barking dogs seldom bite.
吠犬不咬人。
Beauty lies in the love's eyes.
情人眼里出西施。
Be swift to hear, slow to speak.
听宜敏捷,言宜缓行。
Better late than never.
不怕慢,单怕站。
Better to ask the way than go astray.
问路总比迷路好。
Between friends all is common.
朋友之间不分彼此。
Birds of a feather flock together.
物以类聚,人以群分。
Blood is thicker than water.
血浓于水。
Blood will have blood.
血债血偿。
Books and friends should be few but good.
读书如交友,应求少而精。
Business is business.
公事公办。
Business is the salt of life.
事业是人生的第一需要。
By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it.
读书使人充实,交谈使人精明。
Cannot see the wood for the trees.
一叶障目,不见泰山。
Care and diligence bring luck.
谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。
Caution is the parent of safety.
小心驶得万年船。
Cheats never prosper.
骗人发不了财。
Children are what the mothers are.
耳濡目染,身教言传。
Choose an author as you choose a friend.
择书如择友。
Come what may, heaven won't fall.
做你的吧,天塌不下来。
Complacency is the enemy of study.
学习的敌人是自己的满足。
Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success.
自信是走向成功的第一步。
Constant dripping wears away a stone.
水滴石穿,绳锯木断。
Content is better than riches.
知足者常乐。
Count one's chickens before they are hatched.
蛋未孵先数雏。
Courtesy on one side only lasts not long.
来而不往非礼也。
Creep before you walk.
循序渐进。
Cry for the moon.
海底捞月。
Custom is a second nature.
习惯是后天养成的。
Custom makes all things easy.
有个好习惯,事事皆不难。
Diamond cuts diamond.
强中自有强中手。
Do as the Romans do.
入乡随俗。
Do as you would be done by.
己所不欲,勿施于人。
Doing is better than saying.
与其挂在嘴上,不如落实在行动上。
Do it now.
机不可失,时不再来。
Do nothing by halves.
凡事不可半途而废。
Don't claim to know what you don't know.
不要不懂装懂。
Don't have too many irons in the fire.
不要揽事过多。
Don't make a mountain out of a molehill.
不要小题大做。
Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today.
今日事,今日毕。
Don't put the cart before the horse.
不要本末倒置。
Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.
不要自找麻烦。
Don't try to teach your grandmother to suck eggs.
不要班门弄斧。
Do well and have well.
善有善报。
Each bird love to hear himself sing.
孤芳自赏。
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.
早睡早起身体好。
Easier said than done.
说得容易,做得难。
Easy come, easy go.
来也匆匆,去也匆匆。
Eat to live, but not live to eat.
人吃饭是为了活着,但活着不是为了吃饭。
Empty vessels make the greatest sound.
实磨无声空磨响,满瓶不动半瓶摇。
Envy has no holidays.
忌妒之人无宁日。
Even Homer sometimes nods.
智者千虑,必有一失。
Even reckoning makes long friends.
亲兄弟,明算账。
Every advantage has its disadvantage.
有利必有弊。
Everybody's business is nobody's business.
人人负责,等于没人负责。
Every day is not Sunday.
好景不常在。
Every dog has his day.
谁都有得意的时候。
Every door may be shut, but death's door.
人生在世,唯死难逃。
Every heart has its own sorrow.
各人有各人的苦恼。
Every little helps a mickle.
聚沙成塔,集腋成裘。
Every man for himself, and the devil takes the hindmost.
人不为己,天诛地灭。
Every man has his faults.
金无足赤,人无完人。
Every man has his hobbyhorse.
萝卜青菜,各有所爱。
Every man has his weak side.
人人都有弱点。
Every man is the architect of his own fortune.
自己的命运自己掌握。
Every minute counts.
分秒必争。
Every mother's child is handsome.
孩子是自己的好。
Every potter praises hit pot.
王婆卖瓜,自卖自夸。
Everything is good when new, but friends when old.
东西是新的好,朋友是老的亲。
Example is better then percept.
说一遍,不如做一遍。
Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother.
经验是智慧之父,记忆是智慧之母。
Experience must be bought.
吃一堑,长一智。
Fact speak louder than words.
事实胜于雄辩。
Failure is the mother of success.
失败是成功之母。
False friends are worse than bitter enemies.
明枪易躲,暗箭难防。
Far from eye, far from heart.
眼不见,心不烦。
Far water does not put out near fire.
远水救不了近火。
Faults are thick where love is thin.
一朝情意淡,样样不顺眼。
Fear always springs from ignorance.
恐惧源于无知。
Fields have eyes, and woods have ears.
隔墙有耳。
Fire and water have no mercy.
水火无情。
Fire is a good servant but a bad master.
火是一把双刃剑。
First come, first served.
先来后到。
First impressions are half the battle.
初次见面,印象最深。
First think and then speak.
先想后说。
Fools grow without watering.
朽木不可雕。
Fool's haste is no speed.
欲速则不达。
Fools has fortune.
呆人有呆福。
Fools learn nothing from wise men, but wise men learn much from fools.
愚者不学无术,智者不耻下问。
Forbidden fruit is sweet.
禁果格外香。
Fortune favors those who use their judgement.
机遇偏爱善断之人。
Fortune knocks once at least at every man's gate.
风水轮流转。
Four eyes see more than two.
集思广益。
Friends agree best at distance.
朋友之间也会保持距离。
Friends are thieves of time.
朋友是时间的窃贼。
Friends must part.
再好的朋友也有分手的时候。
Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.
天才不过是勤奋而已。
Give a dog a bad name and hang him.
众口铄金,积毁销骨。
God helps those who help themselves.
自助者天助。
Gold will not buy anything.
黄金并非万能。
Good for good is natural, good for evil is manly.
以德报德是常理,以德报怨大丈夫。
Good health is over wealth.
健康是最大的财富。
Good medicine for health tastes bitter to the mouth.
良药苦口利于病。
Good watch prevents misfortune.
谨慎消灾。
Great barkers are no biters.
好狗不挡道。
Great hopes make great man.
伟大的抱负造就伟大的人物。
Great minds think alike.
英雄所见略同。
Great men have great faults.
英雄犯大错误。
Great men's sons seldom do well.
富不过三代。
Great trees are good for nothing but shade.
大树底下好乘凉。
Great wits have short memories.
贵人多忘事。
Greedy folks have long arms.
心贪手长。
Guilty consciences make men cowards.
做贼心虚。
Habit cures habit.
心病还需心药医。
Handsome is he who does handsomely.
行为漂亮才算美。
Happiness takes no account of time.
欢乐不觉时光过。
Happy is he who owes nothing.
要想活得痛快,身上不能背债。
Happy is the man who learns from the misfortunes of others.
吸取他人教训,自己才会走运。
Harm set, harm get.
害人害己。
Hasty love, soon cold.
一见钟情难维久。
Health is better than wealth.
健康胜过财富。
Health is happiness.
健康就是幸福。
Hear all parties.
兼听则明。
Heaven never helps the man who will not act.
自己不动,叫天何用。
He is a fool that forgets himself.
愚者忘乎所以。
He is a good friend that speaks well of us behind our backs.
背后说好话,才是真朋友。
He is a wise man who speaks little.
聪明不是挂在嘴上。
He is lifeless that is faultless.
只有死人才不犯错误。
He is not fit to command others that cannot command himself.
正人先正己。
He is not laughed at that laughs at himself first.
自嘲者不会让人见笑。
He is wise that is honest.
诚实者最明智。
He knows most who speaks least.
大智若愚。
He laughs best who laughs last.
谁笑到最后,谁笑得最好。
He sets the fox to keep the geese.
引狼入室。
He that climbs high falls heavily.
爬得越高,摔得越重。
He that will not work shall not eat.
不劳动者不得食。
He who does not advance loses ground.
逆水行舟,不进则退。
He who makes constant complaint gets little compassion.
经常诉苦,没人同情。
He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.
想不犯错误,就一事无成。
He who risks nothing gains nothing.
收获与风险并存。
History repeats itself.
历史往往重演。
Honesty is the best policy.
做人诚信为本。
Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst.
抱最好的愿望,做最坏的打算。
I cannot be your friend and your flatterer too.
朋友不能阿谀奉承。
If a man deceives me once, shame on him, if he deceives me twice, shame on me.
上当一回头,再多就可耻。
If you make yourself an ass, don't complain if people ride you.
人善被人欺,马善被人骑。
If your ears glow, someone is talking of you.
耳朵发烧,有人念叨。
If you run after two hares, you will catch neither.
脚踏两条船,必定落空。
If you sell the cow, you sell her milk too.
杀鸡取卵。
If you venture nothing, you will have nothing.
不入虎穴,焉得虎子。
If you want knowledge, you must toil for it.
要想求知,就得吃苦。
Industry is the parent of success.
勤奋是成功之母。
It is better to die when life is a disgrace.
宁为玉碎,不为瓦全。
It is easier to get money than to keep it.
挣钱容易攒钱难。
It is easy to be wise after the event.
事后诸葛亮好当。
It is easy to open a shop but hard to keep it always open.
创业容易守业难。
It is hard to please all.
众口难调。
It is never too old to learn.
活到老,学到老。
It is no use crying over spilt milk.
覆水难收。
It is the first step that costs troublesome.
万事开头难。
It is the unforeseen that always happens.
天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福。
It is too late to grieve when the chance is past.
坐失良机,后悔已迟。
It never rains but it pours.
不鸣则已,一鸣惊人。
It takes three generations to make a gentleman.
十年树木,百年树人。
Jack of all trades and master of none.
门门精通,样样稀松。
Judge not from appearances.
人不可貌相,海不可斗量。
Justice has long arms.
天网恢恢,疏而不漏。
Keep good men company and you shall be of the number.
近朱者赤,近墨者黑。
Kill two birds with one stone.
一箭双雕。
Kings go mad, and the people suffer for it.
君王发狂,百姓遭殃。
Kings have long arms.
普天之下,莫非王土。
Knowledge is power.
知识就是力量。
Knowledge makes humble, ignorance makes proud.
博学使人谦逊,无知使人骄傲。
Learn and live.
活着,为了学习。
Learning makes a good man better and ill man worse.
好人越学越好,坏人越学越坏。
Learn not and know not.
不学无术。
Learn to walk before you run.
先学走,再学跑。
Let bygones be bygones.
过去的就让它过去吧。
Let sleeping dogs lie.
别惹麻烦。
Let the cat out of the bag.
泄漏天机。
Lies can never changes fact.
谎言终究是谎言。
Lies have short legs.
谎言站不长。
Life is but a span.
人生苦短。
Life is half spent before we know what it is.
人过半生,方知天命。
Life is not all roses.
人生并不是康庄大道。
Life without a friend is death.
没有朋友,虽生犹死。
Like a rat in a hole.
瓮中之鳖。
Like author, like book.
文如其人。
Like father, like son.
有其父必有其子。
Like for like.
一报还一报。
Like knows like.
惺惺相惜。
Like mother, like daughter.
有其母必有其女。
Like teacher, like pupil.
什么样的老师教什么样的学生。
Like tree, like fruit.
羊毛出在羊身上。
Little things amuse little minds.
小人无大志。
Look before you leap.
摸清情况再行动。
Lookers-on see more than players.
当局者迷,旁观者清。
Losers are always in the wrong.
胜者为王,败者为寇。
Lost time is never found again.
岁月既往,一去不回。
Love at first sight.
一见钟情。
Love cannot be compelled.
爱情不能强求。
Love is blind.
爱情是盲目的。
Love is full of trouble.
爱情充满烦恼。
Love is never without jealousy.
没有妒忌就没有爱情。
Love me, love my dog.
爱屋及乌。
Make hay while the sun shines.
良机勿失。
Make your enemy your friend.
化敌为友。
Man is the soul of the universe.
人是万物之灵。
Man proposes, God disposes.
谋事在人,成事在天。
Many hands make light work.
众人拾柴火焰高。
Many heads are better than one.
三个臭皮匠,赛过诸葛亮。
Many things grow in the garden that were never sown there.
有心栽花花不发,无心插柳柳成荫。
Measure for measure.
针锋相对。
Misfortunes never come alone.
祸不单行。
Misfortune tests the sincerity of friends.
患难见真情。
Money isn't everything.
钱不是万能的。
Murder will out.
纸包不住火。
My son is my son till he has got him a wife, but my daughter is my daughter all the days of her life.
儿子婚前是儿子,女儿终生是女儿。
Nature is the true law.
天行有常,不为尧存,不为桀亡。
Necessity is the mother of invention.
需要是发明的动力。
Never fish in trouble water.
不要混水摸鱼。
Never judge from appearances.
不可以貌取人。
Never say die.
永不言败。
Never too old to learn, never too late to turn.
亡羊补牢,为时未晚。
New wine in old bottles.
旧瓶装新酒。
No cross, no crown.
不经历风雨,怎么见彩虹。
No garden without its weeds.
没有不长草的园子。
No living man all things can.
世上没有万事通。
No man can do two things at once.
一心不可二用。
No man is born wise or learned.
没有生而知之者。
No man is content.
人心不足蛇吞象。
No man is wise at all times.
聪明一世,糊涂一时。
None are so blind as those who won't see.
视而不见。
None are so deaf as those who won't hear.
充耳不闻。
No news is good news.
没有消息就是好消息。
No one can call back yesterday.
昨日不会重现。
No pains, no gains.
没有付出就没有收获。
No pleasure without pain.
没有苦就没有乐。
No rose without a thorn.
没有不带刺的玫瑰。
No sweet without sweat.
先苦后甜。
No smoke without fire.
无风不起浪。
Nothing brave, nothing have.
不入虎穴,焉得虎子。
Nothing dries sooner than a tear.
眼泪干得最快。
Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.
世上无难事,只怕有心人。
Nothing is difficult to the man who will try.
世上无难事,只要肯登攀。
Nothing seek, nothing find.
没有追求就没有收获。
Nothing is so necessary for travelers as languages.
外出旅行,语言最要紧。
Nothing is to be got without pains but poverty.
世上唯有贫穷可以不劳而获。
Not to advance is to go back.
不进则退。
Not to know what happened before one was born is always to be a child.
不懂世故,幼稚可笑。
No way is impossible to courage.
勇者无惧。
Obedience is the first duty of a soldier.
军人以服从命令为天职。
Observation is the best teacher.
观察是最好的老师。
Offense is the best defense.
进攻是最好的防御。
Old friends and old wines are best.
陈酒味醇,老友情深。
Old sin makes new shame.
一失足成千古恨。
Once a man and twice a child.
一次老,两次小。
Once a thief, always a thief.
偷盗一次,做贼一世。
Once bitten, twice shy.
一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳。
One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
一个和尚挑水喝,两个和尚抬水喝,三个和尚没水喝。
One cannot put back the clock.
时钟不能倒转。
One eyewitness is better than ten hearsays.
百闻不如一见。
One false move may lose the game.
一着不慎,满盘皆输。
One good turn deserves another.
行善积德。
One hour today is worth two tomorrow.
争分夺秒效率高。
One man's fault is other man's lesson.
前车之鉴。
One never loses anything by politeness.
讲礼貌不吃亏。
One swallow does not make a summer.
一燕不成夏。
One's words reflect one's thinking.
言为心声。
Out of debt, out of danger.
无债一身轻。
Out of office, out of danger.
无官一身轻。
Out of sight, out of mind.
眼不见,心为静。
Patience is the best remedy.
忍耐是良药。
Penny wise, pound foolish.
贪小便宜吃大亏。
Plain dealing is praised more than practiced.
正大光明者,说到的多,做到的少。
Please the eye and plague the heart.
贪图一时快活,必然留下隐祸。
Pleasure comes through toil.
苦尽甘来。
Pour water into a sieve.
竹篮子打水一场空。
Practice makes perfect.
熟能生巧。
Praise is not pudding.
恭维话不能当饭吃。
Praise makes good men better, and bad men worse.
好人越夸越好,坏人越夸越糟。
Prefer loss to unjust gain.
宁可吃亏,不贪便宜。
Prevention is better than cure.
预防胜于治疗。
Pride goes before, and shame comes after.
骄傲使人落后。
Promise is debt.
一诺千金。
Proverbs are the daughters of daily experience.
谚语是日常经验的结晶。
Pull the chestnut out of fire.
火中取栗。
Put the cart before the horse.
本末倒置。
Put your shoulder to the wheel.
鼎力相助。
Reading enriches the mind.
开卷有益。
Reading is to the mind while exercise to the body.
读书健脑,运动强身。
Respect yourself, or no one else will respect you.
要人尊敬,必须自重。
Rome is not built in a day.
冰冻三尺,非一日之寒。
Saying is one thing and doing another.
言行不一。
Seeing is believing.
眼见为实。
Seek the truth from facts.
实事求是。
Send a wise man on an errand, and say nothing to him.
智者当差,不用交代。
Set a thief to catch a thief.
以贼捉贼。
Short accounts make long friends.
好朋友勤算账。
Something is better than nothing.
聊胜于无。
Soon learn, soon forgotten.
学得快,忘得快。
Soon ripe, soon rotten.
熟得快,烂得快。
Speech is silver, silence is gold.
能言是银,沉默是金。
Still water run deep.
静水常深。
Strike the iron while it is hot.
趁热打铁。
Success belongs to the persevering.
坚持就是胜利。
Take things as they come.
既来之,则安之。
Talking mends no holes.
空谈无补。
Talk of the devil and he will appear.
说曹操,曹操就到。
Tall trees catch much wind.
树大招风。
Teach others by your example.
躬亲示范。
The best hearts are always the bravest.
无私者无畏。
The best man stumbles.
伟人也有犯错时。
The cat shuts its eyes when stealing.
掩耳盗铃。
The danger past and God forgotten.
过河拆桥。
The darkest hour is nearest the dawn.
黎明前的黑暗。
The darkest place is under the candlestick.
烛台底下最暗。
The devil knows many things because he is old.
老马识途。
The devil sometimes speaks the truth.
魔鬼有时也会说真话。
The die is cast.
木已成舟。
The early bird catches the worm.
早起的鸟儿有虫吃。
The end justifies the means.
只要目的正当,可以不择手段。
The end makes all equal.
死亡面前,人人平等。
The eye is bigger than the belly.
贪多嚼不烂。
The farthest way about is the nearest way home.
抄近路反而绕远路。
The finest diamond must be cut.
玉不琢,不成器。
The fire is the test of gold, adversity of strong man.
烈火验真金,艰难磨意志。
The first step is the only difficulty.
迈出第一步是最艰难的。
The fox knew too much, that's how he lost his tail.
机关算尽太聪明,反误了卿卿性命。
The fox preys farthest from home.
兔子不吃窝边草。
The frog in the well knows nothing of the great ocean.
坐井观天。
The grass is greener on the other side.
这山望着那山高。
The greatest talkers are always least doers.
语言的巨人总是行动的矮子。
The higher up, the greater the fall.
爬得高,摔得惨。
The leopard cannot change its spots.
本性难移。
The more noble, the more humble.
人越高尚,越谦虚。
The more wit, the less courage.
初生牛犊不怕虎。
The outsider sees the most of the game.
旁观者清。
The pen is mightier than the sword.
笔能杀人。
The pot calls the kettle black.
五十步笑百步。
There are spots in the sun.
太阳也有黑点。
There are two sides to every question.
问题皆有两面。
There is a skeleton in the cupboard.
家家有本难念的经。
There is kindness to be found everywhere.
人间处处有温情。
There is no general rule without some exception.
任何法规均有例外。
There is no medicine against death.
没有长生不老药。
There is no place like home.
金窝银窝不如咱的狗窝。
There is no royal road to learning.
书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟。
The style is the man.
字如其人。
The tongue is not steel, yet it cuts.
人言可畏。
The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it up.
水能载舟,亦能覆舟。
The wise man knows he knows nothing, the fool thinks he knows all.
清者自清,浊者自浊。
The wolf has a winning game when the shepherds quarrel.
螳螂捕蝉,黄雀在后。
The world is a ladder for some to go up and others to go down.
世界如阶梯,有人上有人下。
The world is but a little place, after all.
海内存知己,天涯若比邻。
Think twice before you do.
三思而后行。
Things at the worst will mend.
否极泰来。
Time and tide wait for no man.
时不我待。
Time cures all things.
时间是医治一切创伤的良药。
Time flies.
光阴似箭。
Time is money.
时间就是金钱。
Time lost cannot be won again.
时光流逝,不可复得。
Time past cannot be called back again.
时间不能倒流。
Time tries all.
路遥知马力,日久见人心。
Tit for tat is fair play.
人不犯我,我不犯人;人若犯我,我必犯人。
To err is human.
人非圣贤,孰能无过。
To know everything is to know nothing.
什么都知道,一如什么都不知道。
To know oneself is true progress.
人贵有自知之明。
Tomorrow never comes.
我生待明日,万事成蹉跎。
Too much familiarity breeds contempt.
过分熟悉会使人互不服气。
Too much knowledge makes the head bald.
学问太多催人老。
Too much liberty spills all.
自由放任,一事无成。
Too much praise is a burden.
过多夸奖,反成负担。
To save time is to lengthen life.
节约时间就是延长生命。
Touch pitch, and you will be defiled.
常在河边走,哪有不湿鞋。
Troubles never come singly.
福无双至,祸不单行。
Truth never grows old.
真理永存。
Turn over a new leaf.
洗心革面,改过自新。
Two dogs strive for a bone, and a third runs away with it.
鹬蚌相争,渔翁得利。
Two heads are better than one.
一个好汉三个帮。
Two of a trade seldom agree.
同行是冤家。
Two wrongs do not make a right.
别人错了,不等于你对了。
Unity is strength.
团结就是力量。
Unpleasant advice is a good medicine.
忠言逆耳利于行。
Until all is over one's ambition never dies.
不到黄河心不死。
Venture a small fish to catch a great one.
吃小亏占大便宜。
Virtue is fairer far than beauty.
美德远远胜过美貌。
Walls have ears.
小心隔墙有耳。
Wash your dirty linen at home.
家丑不可外扬。
Water dropping day by day wears the hardest rock away.
滴水穿石。
Wealth is nothing without health.
失去健康,钱再多也没用。
We know not what is good until we have lost it.
好东西,失去了才明白。
Well begun is half done.
好的开始,是成功的一半。
We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.
井干方知水可贵。
We shall never have friends if we expect to find them without fault.
欲求完美无缺的朋友必然成为孤家寡人。
We should never remember the benefits we have offered nor forget the favor received.
自己的好事别去提,别人的恩惠要铭记。
Wet behind the ears.
乳臭未干。
Whatever you do, do with all your might.
不管做什么,都要一心一意。
What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave.
儿时所学,终生难忘。
What's done cannot be undone.
生米煮成熟饭了。
What's lost is lost.
失者不可复得。
What we do willingly is easy.
愿者不难。
When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
入国问禁,入乡随俗。
When everybody's somebody then nobody's anybody.
人人都伟大,世间没豪杰。
When sorrow is asleep, wake it not.
伤心旧事别重提。
When sorrows come, they come not single spies, but in battalions.
新仇旧恨,齐上心头。
When the fox preaches, take care of your geese.
黄鼠狼给鸡拜年,没安好心。
When wine is in truth, wit is out.
酒后吐真言。
Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者事竟成。
Where there is life, there is hope.
留得青山在,不怕没柴烧。
Where there is smoke, there is fire.
事出有因。
While the priest climbs a post, the devil climbs ten.
道高一尺,魔高一丈。
Who chatters to you, will chatter of you.
搬弄口舌者必是小人。
Whom the gods love die young.
好人不长命。
Wise man have their mouths in their hearts, fools have their hearts in their mouths.
智者嘴在心里,愚者心在嘴里。
Work makes the workman.
勤工出巧匠。
You cannot burn the candle at both ends.
蜡烛不能两头点,精力不可过分耗。
You cannot eat your cake and have it.
鱼与熊掌,不可得兼。
You can take a horse to the water but you cannot make him drink.
强扭的瓜不甜。
You may know by a handful the whole sack.
由一斑可知全貌。
You never know what you can till you try.
是驴子是马,拉出来遛遛。
透视1500年英语崛起历程【转】
转自:http://www.catti.net.cn/2008-07/08/content_132073.htm
英语是第一国际语言,母语为非英语国家的人学习外语时首选英语。根据谱系分类法,语言可分成八大语系,即汉藏语系,印欧语系,闪含语系等。英语属印欧语系日尔曼语族西日尔曼语支。以英语为母语的国家有美国、加拿大、英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚、新西兰、南非、加勒比海诸国(巴哈马、牙买加、巴巴多斯、格林纳达、特立尼加和多巴哥)以及南美的圭亚那。还有一些国家如印度、马来西亚、新加坡、尼日利亚、加纳、塞拉利昂、喀麦隆等英语也被作为官方语言。全世界大约有3亿人在讲英语,另外有20亿人在一定程度上懂英语。英语是如何崛起的,值得我们认真研究。
一、 英国英语时期
1.古代英语是从公元449年日耳曼的首领Jitish人在不列颠的肯特郡登陆时开始的。公元前,大不列颠岛上住着克尔特人等,公元五到六世纪盎格鲁撒克逊人开始移入。公元7世纪先后出现了7个Angle—Saxon王国, English一词就是从Angle演变而来的。有三种语言对古代英语产生过较大影响,他们是凯尔特语,遗迹有Avon, Kennet, Dover和London;拉丁语,幸存的词语有: ancor (anchor), flasce (flask), mil(mile), altar (altare), papa, plante (plant), dihtan (dictate);1013年后一个时期,丹麦人统治了全英格兰,所以,古北欧语是对古英语有影响的第三种语言。它们的影子多带/sk/音,如:sky, skin, skull, scare, skill。最早的英语文学作品只能追溯到750年,即刻在石碑上的 “Dream of the Rood”(十字架之梦)。比中国的《诗经》晚了1000多年。
2.中世纪的英语可分两个阶段,第一阶段从1066年诺曼征服起。英王爱德华(忏悔者)无嗣而终,哈罗德被选为继承人。诺曼底大公威廉以哈罗德不是王室血统为由,对英国出兵征服。在长达两个世纪的征服时期,法语作为统莫道不消魂治阶半夜凉初透级的官方用语成了语言上的最大成果,英国的遗老遗少不得不学点法语,以便发号施令。此后,法语常常用来描述上流社会生活和用作文雅词汇。英语的词汇中留下了法语的深深的烙印。如英国人住的是house ,法莫道不消魂国人住的是tower。前缀de-, dis-, in-, inter-, pre-, pro-,ad-,-和后缀-able,-ment, -ess都是从法语借来。早期打入英语的法语单词有:bacon, castle, market, prison, service,paradise, fruit。英法百年战争(1337—1453)结束后,英格兰回到了英吉利人手中,英语又找回了国语的尊严。1489年后,法语只用于书写法令与国会记录。到了1500年,伦敦方言已升格为标准英语。1350—1500年是一个文学巨匠时代,宫廷诗人乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》,兰格伦的《农夫皮尔斯》,威克立夫的《圣经》对英语都产生了革莫道不消魂命性的影响。人们发现,乔叟和兰格伦的作品中,有十分之一的单词是法语和拉丁语。
二、 世界英语时期
1492年哥伦布发现了新大陆,英国的海外贸易急速扩大,建立了许多有特许专利的海外公司,如东陆公司(1579),非洲公司(1588),东印度公司(1600)。1588年打败了西班牙的“无敌舰队”,排除了海外竞争对手,把手伸向全世界。到17世纪初,英国在亚洲、非洲、北美、西印度群岛,先后建立了大量的殖民据点。1517年马丁路德的宗教改革,又给英语的发展提供了难得的机遇。文艺复兴的作家们用外借和造字等方法成套地扩大了英语词汇,拉丁语、法语、意大利语、希腊语、斯堪的纳维亚语、日尔曼语、阿拉伯语、印度语、西班牙语随着贸易、宗教等源源不断地注入英语的河流。
美国学者加兰"坎农将1500—1900年之间的英语称为现代英语。笔者认为这一划分似有欠妥,毕竟,公元1500年是一个遥远的年代,1900年仍算不上现代,叫近代英语较为妥当。它可划分为两个阶段,第一阶段是文艺复兴阶段(1500—1660),第二阶段是权威英语阶段(1660—1800)。文艺复兴时期,在伊丽莎白的庇护下,英国的教育迅速发展,学校取代了私塾,印刷的教材取代了手抄本,学人们纷纷著书立说,斯宾塞、莎士比亚、弥尔顿三位天才横空出世。权威英语阶段上限起于斯图亚特王朝复辟的1660年,止于法莫道不消魂国大革莫道不消魂命后的1800年。这一时期,以语言学家所谓的“诉诸权威为特征”,即一个语法家发现他所推崇的英语结构,就把它奉为权威;如接下去的结构是他所不喜欢的,就辩解说“即便是最好的作者也有闪失”。18世纪有三位语法家功不可磨,那就是洛斯主教,约翰逊博士,诺亚韦伯斯特。
1800--1900这个世纪是英语大举传播、问鼎世界时期。19世纪中叶,英国是世界上工业最发达的国家,它的商品垄断了世界市场,成为“世界工厂”。到了1914年,它的殖民地遍及各大洲,面积达一千三百多万平方公里,是其本土的150倍,人口是本国人口的9倍,号称“日不落帝国”。随着殖民扩张,上百万英国人移居四海,英语也就输出到了美、加、澳、南非以及西印度洋群岛等地。
这一时期最主要的变化是美国殖民者及其后裔的词汇上。美国的人口从1800年的530人,到1900年总人口已达到7560万人。韦伯斯特指出,北美人口不能仅仅依赖于“一个岛屿和几百万人使用的英国英语”,英国英语和美国英语将不可避免地走向分佳节又重阳裂。出于语言学的动机,富兰克林和韦伯斯特都主张改革缀字法。韦伯斯特主张去掉默音字母,完成对法语借用词的英语化过程。独立战争、1812战争、美国南北战争、经济竞争、民族主义的抬头都助长了语言上的分歧。1951年出版了《A Dictionary of Americanisms》,收集了大量的美式英语单词。分析起来,美式英语单词来源于四个方面。
1.旧瓶装新酒,旧词表新意,如fix(新娘),swan(宣称),turkey(火鸡),bluff(悬崖),notch(峡谷)等。
2.复合,如地形词汇backwoods, foothill, watershed, underbrush; 表示新大陆生活方式的词:bluebird, bullfrog, devilfish ;口语词汇:almighty dollar, bluenose, highbrow, paleface, peace pipe, warpath;成语动词有:be on the fence, kick oneself, give somebody a fit, pull up stakes, knock down and drag out, go in for 等。
3.借用词。来自印地安语的词汇有:totem, persimmon, pone(玉米面包), pecan(山胡桃), hominy(玉米粥), moose(麋), coon(机灵鬼), skunk(可恶的人), powwow(巫师), tomahawk(战斧), wampum(贝壳数珠), wigwam(棚屋)。来自法语词汇有:levee(堤), toboggan(平底雪橇), coulee(小河流)。来自西班牙词汇有:ranch, patio(天井)。来自荷兰词汇有:boss, stoop (porch),cookie, sleigh, spook(鬼), Santa Claus。来自德语词汇有:hamburger;原本不是地名的印地安语成为了地名,如 Alabama, Chicago, Dakota, Iowa, Massachusetts, Niagara, Ohio,纽约一带荷兰语地名有: Long, Coney, Staten。法语地名有: Champlain, Huron, Lafayette, Louisiana, St. Louis 。西班牙语地名有: El Paso, Florida, Los Angeles, Montana , San Francisco 。夏威夷数万岛屿仍用夏威夷语: Hawaii, Honolulu (protected bay ), Kona (leeward) , Mauna Loa。我们熟知的American一词是佛罗伦萨人 Amerigo Vespucci 给北美原住民起的名字,于1578年被收入文献。
4.新创词(neologism),如:pep(劲头),chunky(矮胖的), blurb(新书简介), caucus(秘密会议)。英国人视之为野蛮的美国人的方言,并扣上了“俗词”大帽子。
当代英语始于1900年。这一时期,美国击败西班牙成为世界强国,夺得了菲律宾、关岛、古巴、波多黎各。而在英布战争中,英国击溃了布尔人,建立了南非联邦。就这样,英语取代法语作为外交用语,成了国际贸易的媒介。从地理格局上看,借欧洲和北美两大支点,彼此呼应,英语的王者之势已经形成。
早在第二次世界大战时期,英美两国的语言里都有一些互不了解的词,曾给双方造成了不少的误会。为了减少不必要的麻烦,1942美军印发了《A short Guide to Great Britain》,英国的皇家空军也编制了《Notes for Your Guidance》。美国教育家门肯预半夜凉初透言,未来的学者把英语作为美国的一种方言来研究。300年后,美语将成为一种独立的语言。
美国的黑人很多操南方方言,但黑人说的话并不是一种独立的方言。假如黑人和白人受过同等教育,那么,在电话里就很难分清是黑人讲的方言,还是白人讲的方言。如果父母说的是非标准的英语,而黑人又没有受正规教育的机会,那么,他的英语里可能没有连系动词,但这不应该视为劣等人种的标志。如:She a big woman(在名词性词组前). But now I here (在副词前) (选自《The Cool World》。不过,在非正式情况下,问:That your sister? 也是说得过去的。
但根据约瑟夫"赖特的观点,由于教育事业和现代交际手段的发展,即使在农村,方言在急速消失。事实证明,门肯对美语的潮流是夸大了。第二次世界大战后,方言分道扬镳的现象得到了遏止。英语成为联合国的工作语言,国际间的政治、经济、旅游的交流,美国好莱坞的电影,英、美、加、澳的广播、电视等文化交流,都为英语的统一和崛起做出了贡献。
三、 美国英语时期
需要指出的是,二战后英语传播的大旗主要由美国来抗。经过两次世界大战,世界主要国家都遭到重创,而只有美国发了战争财,综合国力空前加强。二战后,美国的工业生产量是资本主义世界的1/2,出口贸易占1/3,黄金储备占3/4。此外,还拥有世界上最强大的军事机器,独家垄断着原子佳节又重阳弹。通过建立联合国、国际货币基金组织与世界银行,实现了从政治上、金融上、投资上和贸易上对世界的全面控制。美国在全世界不断地制造动静,电视、报纸等新闻媒介整天都少不对美国的报道,课堂上、音乐里、旅游、商贸到处可以听到美国的声音,美语(英语)的地位随之被拉升起来。
经济基础决定上层建筑,美语后来居上,对英式英语大有簪越之势。美国英语有自己体系上的特点:
1.语法方面
英国人用的现在完成时,美国人多用一般现在时;美国人用虚拟语气比英国人用的多;英国人用one’s,美国人多用his;美国人多用like,英国人用as/as if;英国人多用带-ly的副词,美国人多用不带-ly的副词;美语里get的 pp是gotten,英国人用got;打电话时,英国人说:Hello, is that Bill ? 美国人说:Hello, is this Bill?
2.词汇方面
同样的意思在美语和英语中用不同的词表达,如:“一套房间”美国人说apartment,英国人说flat;同一单词在美语和英语中表达不同的意思,如mad, 美国人指angry,英国人指crazy。
3.拼写方面
美语中,词尾是-l的非重读音节,不双写;英国人则双写,如:traveler---traveller;有些词在美语中-ter以结尾,而英国人则以-tre结尾。如:theater—theatre. 有些词在美语中-or以结尾,而英国人则以--our结尾。如:honor—honour; 有些词在美语中-ize以结尾,而英国人则以-ise结尾。如:realize—realize; 有些词在美英语中defense---defense等。
4.在发音方面
重读元音美国人读得比英国人要长些,英国人说美国人“拖长腔”;美国英语常常语音鼻化,空气同时从口腔和鼻腔出来;在标准英语中,r只在元音前才发音,而美语中,r在任何位置都发音;美国英语将英国英语中[оu]的读做单元音,将英语中[ ∧]的读做[a],将[α∶]读做[鎉;美国英语中元音之间的t和d都读[d],因此writer 和rider的发音听起来是一样的;美语将-tile结尾的词读做[-tl],英国英语中读做[-tail]等。
自1900年以来,深层结构规则几乎没有发生变化。词汇方面的变化似乎要活跃的多,语义在不断地消长,如1588年从汉语借用的litchi(荔枝),使用的频率在加大。1819年拜仑使用过的toilet一词,今已让位于bathroom。对女士而言,bathroom又正在让位于powder room;创新词如雨后春笋,仅宇宙空间探索的词汇有:space-station, spacecraft, feedback, countdown, blastoff;混成词是另一种创新词,类似复合词,由两个或更多的现有词素构成。如,dandle 是由 dance 和 handle结合而成。
外来词大增, 来自法语的词语有garage(1902),limousine(轿车), camouflage (伪装); 来西班牙语的词语有 tango;来自捷克语的词语有robot ;来自俄语的词语有 Bolshevik (1917), sputnik(苏联人造地球卫星) ;来自阿拉伯语的词语有 fedayeen(突击队员);缩略词(acronym)是有每个词的第一个字母联结成的, AWOL---- absent without leave; NATO----North Atlantic Treaty Organization; radar --- radio detecting and ranging; snafu --- situation normal all fouled up; sonar--- sound navigation ranging; veep --- vice-president等。
纵观千年的演变史,英语崛起有个“三级跳”。1588年英国打败西班牙的无敌舰队,在欧陆站稳脚跟,是第一跳;1640—1660年英国资产阶半夜凉初透级革莫道不消魂命及18世纪末到19世纪初,资本主义迅速发展,19世纪末,成为世界上最大的殖民帝国—— “日不落帝国”,是第二跳;两次世界大战后,英国国力式微,原有的殖民地纷纷独立。(瘦死的骆驼比马大,英联邦中仍有近53个国家。)而美国大发战争财,异军突起,接过英语的接力棒,完成了第三飞跃。文化属于上层建筑,意识有相对独立性,难免会超前或滞后。但在找到更好的标志性事件之前,历史巨变仍不失为重要参照物。
目前,英语的语法简化到了底线,基本结构已经定型,词汇却以每年5000左右的新词迅猛增长。俄罗斯的高中生要求掌握9000英语单词,而我国对大学生的一般要求是求掌握4500单词,研究生才要求掌握5500单词。单词量不足仍将是制约我们快捷使用英语的一大“瓶颈”。
Graddol预测,在21世纪英语和汉语都将名列世界语言六强(其他为印地语、乌尔都语、西班牙语、阿拉伯语)。英语的通用语功能不会轻易被取代,但也不会重现20世纪的辉煌;日语、法语、德语不会有大的作为,汉语必将乘势崛起。
关于英语学习的感悟
今天读了“李晨英语教学网”上的一个讲座通知--欢迎光临本周日彭龙副校长“英语的商业价值”讲座(http://cn.stevenlichen.com/archives/1710)其中谈到了英语学习中至关重要的一点,我上课时也经常启发英语专业的同学,现摘录如下:
谈到英语,很多人会自然联想到日常听说读写能力。其实,这只是英语实力最基础的目标,被称为“通用英语”(general English)。这一基础非常重要,但它不足以代表一个人的英语竞争力,因为几乎每个大学毕业生都有一个通用英语类的证书(比如四、六级证书)来证明这种能力。有了坚实的通用英语基础后,我们可以选择三个方向继续发展,一是学术英语方向 (EAP: English for Academic Purpose),它适合那些准备到海外留学深造,或者从事研究的人员。我们所熟悉的托福和雅思考试就属于这一方向,它能够帮助我们掌握学术界接受和使用的语言表达和思维方式。第二个方向是特殊用途英语方向 (ESP: English for Specific Purpose),它突显一个人在特定的行业领域(如金融、新闻、法律、IT、航空等)使用英语作为沟通交流工具的能力,这些领域在语言词汇、表达方式等方面都具有特定的模式。第三是专业英语方向(EMS: English for Major Study),比如语言学 (Linguistics)、应用语言学 (Applied Linguistics)、英语教学 (ELT: English Language Teaching)等,它适合那些计划从事英语语言研究和教学的人士。此外,很多人可能不熟悉英语素养的概念。语言不是简单的符号,它承载着对象国的历史、国情、文学和文化,了解这些信息,对实现英语实力从量到质的飞跃是必不可少的。
现在的英语专业学生大部分还停留在通用英语的认识层面上,这对于将来职业的发展是十分不利的,就证书考试来说,虽然可以过专业四级、八级,但是就很多大专院校来说,可能更看重大学公共英语的四级和六级成绩,毕竟它们更需要自己的学生取得好成绩。专门用途英语对于专业学生来说接触的机会不是很多,而且还受到学科建设制约,毕竟法律、旅游、商贸还是另外一门学科。专业英语很多课程开设在三四年级,就业压力、课程理论的枯燥使得大多数同学“食之无味”,除了部分考研的同学,可以说都是“身在曹营心在汉”,堪为专业学习担忧。
文章还提出了“经营英语竞争力“的理念:
“经营”英语竞争力有两层含义。一是规划。明确自己的发展方向,从而确定学习步骤和最终的学习目标;二是行动,选择适合自己的方式实现这些目标。要做好第一点,我们需要清楚目标实现的标志是什么。英语能力不是我们自己说达到了就是达到了,最理想的标志是有国际认可度的各类证书,比如托福和雅思是学术英语公认的证书,剑桥商务英语证书(BEC)、剑桥国际财务金融英语证书(ICFE)、剑桥法律英语国际证书(ILEC)等是最权威的职业英语证书。要做好第二点,我们必须首先了解自己现有的水平,还要考虑可投入的时间和金钱,选择自主学习或者参加培训。现在社会上英语培训机构很多,怎么选择呢?我们首先要从品牌上辨别优劣,这个机构是否有办学理念、历史和文化?缺少这些元素往往是短期行为,不关注质量和品质。其次,还要看看以下这些方面,比如教育项目是否丰富,项目单一的培训机构往往要客户适应项目,而不是项目适应客户的需求;是否有自己的全职教师,教师的学历和经验背景是否与其承担的课程内容相符合?这是教学实力和质量的保证;还有这个机构是否对学习过程有支持和监控,交了钱除了上课就什么都不管的地方不要上,还不如自学。
要“经营”好自己的英语竞争力,最重要的是要循序渐进和持续不断,它是一个长效回报性的投入。不要相信“速成”,那完全违背了学习的规律,激情过后收获甚微。
可能也是医治英语学习的“短视”的一剂良方吧。
世界上最恐怖的单词
世界上最恐怖的单词
1. honorificabilitudinitatibus
这个字是由27个字母组成的。出现在大文豪莎士比亚的剧本「空爱一场」love’s labour’s lost里,意思是「不胜光荣」。
2. antidisestablishmentarianism
这个字是由28个字母组成的。根据范克和华格若尔斯编的「英语新标准辞」里面的解释,这个字的意思是「反对教会与国家分开学说」。它曾被英国首相格来斯顿William Ewart Gladstone,1809-1898引述过一次。
3. floccinaucinihilipipification
这个字是由29个字母组成的。「牛津英文辞典」里就有这个字,意思是「把某事的价值加以抹杀的行为或习惯」。
4. supercalifragilisticexpiadocious
这个字是由34个字母组成的。出现在一部名叫Mary Poppins的电影里,意思是「好」。
5. hepaticocholecystostcholecystntenterostomy
这个字是由40个字母组成的。出现在高德编的「医学辞典」里,为一个外科术语,亦即在胆囊与胆管之间或肠子与胆囊之间接人工管子的手术。
6. pneumonoultramicyoscpicailicovolcanoconiosis
这个字是由45个字母组成的。出现在韦氏辞典第八版的版本中意思是「吸入硅酸盐细末或石英岩灰而形成的肺尘埃沉着病」。矿工特别容易得这种病。
7. antipericatametaanaparcircumvolutiorectumgustpoops of the coprofied
这个字是由50个字母组成的。有个图书馆的书架上,陈列着法莫道不消魂国作家拉伯雷着的「葛甘塔和潘特古」故事系列。其中有一本,书名就是这个长长的英文字。
8. osseocaynisanguineoviscericartilagininervomedullary
这个字是由51个字母组成的。它是人体构造一术语,曾出现在英国作家皮考克thomaslovepeacock,1785-1866那本名叫headlong hall的小说中。
英文标点和符号大全
英文标点和符号大全
+ plus 加号;正号
- minus 减号;负号
plus or minus 正负号
is multiplied by 乘号
is divided by 除号
= is equal to 等于号
≠ is not equal to 不等于号
≡ is equivalent to 全等于号
≌ is equal to or approximately equal to 等于或约等于号
≈ is approximately equal to 约等于号
< is less than 小于号
> is more than 大于号
≮ is not less than 不小于号
≯ is not more than 不大于号
≤ is less than or equal to 小于或等于号
≥ is more than or equal to 大于或等于号
% per cent 百分之…
‰ per mill 千分之…
∞ infinity 无限大号
∝ varies as 与…成比例
√ (square) root 平方根
∵ since; because 因为
∴ hence 所以
∷ equals, as (proportion) 等于,成比例
∠ angle 角
⌒ semicircle 半圆
⊙ circle 圆
○ circumference 圆周
π pi 圆周率
△ triangle 三角形
⊥ perpendicular to 垂直于
∪ union of 并,合集
∩ intersection of 交,通集
∫ the integral of …的积分
∑ (sigma) summation of 总和
degree 度
′ minute 分
″ second 秒
℃ Celsius system 摄氏度
{ open brace, open curly 左花括号
} close brace, close curly 右花括号
( open parenthesis, open paren 左圆括号
) close parenthesis, close paren 右圆括号
() brakets/ parentheses 括号
[ open bracket 左方括号
] close bracket 右方括号
[] square brackets 方括号
. period, dot 句号,点
| vertical bar, vertical virgule 竖线
& ampersand, and, reference, ref 和,引用
* asterisk, multiply, star, pointer 星号,乘号,星,指针
/ slash, divide, oblique 斜线,斜杠,除号
// slash-slash, comment 双斜线,注释符
# pound 井号
backslash, sometimes escape 反斜线转义符,有时表示转义符或续行符
~ tilde 波浪符
. full stop 句号
, comma 逗号
: colon 冒号
; semicolon 分号
? question mark 问号
! exclamation mark (英式英语) exclamation point (美式英语)
' apostrophe 撇号
- hyphen 连字号
-- dash 破折号
... dots/ ellipsis 省略号
" single quotation marks 单引号
"" double quotation marks 双引号
‖ parallel 双线号
& ampersand = and
~ swung dash 代字号
section; division 分节号
→ arrow 箭号;参见号
.period 句号
,comma 逗号
:colon 冒号
;semicolon 分号
!exclamation 惊叹号
?question mark 问号
 ̄hyphen 连字符
'apostrophe 省略号;所有格符号
—dash 破折号
‘ ’single quotation marks 单引号
“ ”double quotation marks 双引号
( )parentheses 圆括号
[ ]square brackets 方括号
《 》French quotes 法文引号;书名号
...ellipsis 省略号
tandem colon 双点号
"ditto 同上
‖parallel 双线号
/virgule 斜线号
&ampersand = and
~swung dash 代字号
section; division 分节号
→arrow 箭号;参见号
+plus 加号;正号
-minus 减号;负号
plus or minus 正负号
is multiplied by 乘号
is divided by 除号
=is equal to 等于号
≠is not equal to 不等于号
≡is equivalent to 恒等于号
≌is identical to 全等于号
≈is approximately equal to 约等于号
<is less than 小于号
>is more than 大于号
≮is not less than 不小于号
≯is not more than 不大于号
≤is less than or equal to 小于或等于号
≥is more than or equal to 大于或等于号
%per cent 百分之…
‰per mill 千分之…
∞infinity 无限大号
∝varies as 与…成比例
√(square) root 平方根
∵since; because 因为
∴hence 所以
∷equals, as (proportion) 等于,成比例
∠angle 角
⌒semicircle 半圆
⊙circle 圆
○circumference 圆周
πpi 圆周率
△triangle 三角形
⊥perpendicular to 垂直于
∪union of 并,合集
∩intersection of 交,通集
∫the integral of …的积分
∑(sigma) summation of 总和
degree 度
′minute 分
″second 秒
#number …号
℃Celsius system 摄氏度
@at 单价
奥巴马2008年总统大选获胜后演讲
Barack Obama’s Victory Speech: Change Has Come To America
Hello, Chicago!
If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible; who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time; who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer.
It's the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen; by people who waited three hours and four hours, many for the first time in their lives, because they believed that this time must be different; that their voices could be that difference.It's the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, Democrat and Republican, black, white, Hispanic, Asian, Native American, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled -- Americans who sent a message to the world that we have never been just a collection of individuals or a collection of Red States and Blue States: we are, and always will be, the United States of America.It's the answer that – that led those who've been told for so long by so many to be cynical, and fearful, and doubtful about what we can achieve to put their hands on the arc of history and bend it once more toward the hope of a better day. It's been a long time coming, but tonight, because of what we did on this day, in this election, at this defining moment, change has come to America.
A little bit earlier this evening, I received an extraordinarily gracious call from Senator McCain. Senator McCain fought long and hard in this campaign, and he's fought even longer and harder for the country that he loves. He has endured sacrifices for America that most of us cannot begin to imagine. We are better off for the service rendered by this brave and selfless leader. I congratulate him, I congratulate Governor Palin for all they've achieved, and I look forward to working with them to renew this nation's promise in the months ahead.
I want to thank my partner in this journey, a man who campaigned from his heart and spoke for the men and women he grew up with on the streets of Scranton and rode with on that train home to Delaware, the Vice President--elect of the United States, Joe Biden.And I would not be standing here tonight without the unyielding support of my best friend for the last sixteen years, the rock of our family, the love of my life, our nation's next First Lady, Michelle Obama. Sasha and Malia, I love you both more than you can imagine, and you have earned the new puppy that's coming with us to the White House.And while she's no longer with us, I know my grandmother is watching, along with the family that made me who I am. I miss them tonight, I know that my debt to them is beyond measure.To my sister Maya, my sister Auma, all my other brothers and sisters, thank you so much for all the support that you've given me. I am grateful to them.To my campaign manager David Plouffe, the unsung hero of this campaign who built the best--the best political campaign I think in the history of the United States of America;to my chief strategist David Axelrod, who has been a partner with me every step of the way, to the best campaign team ever assembled in the history of politics--you made this happen, and I am forever grateful for what you've sacrificed to get it done.
But above all, I will never forget who this victory truly belongs to--It belongs to you. It belongs to you. I was never the likeliest candidate for this office. We didn't start with much money or many endorsements. Our campaign was not hatched in the halls of Washington -- it began in the backyards of Des Moines and the living rooms of Concord and the front porches of Charleston.
It was built by working men and women who dug into what little savings they had to give five dollars and ten dollars and twenty dollars to the cause. It grew strength from the young people who rejected the myth of their generation's apathy; who left their homes and their families for jobs that offered little pay and less sleep; it grew strength from the not--so--young people who braved the bitter cold and scorching heat to knock on the doors of perfect strangers; from the millions of Americans who volunteered, and organized, and proved that more than two centuries later, a government of the people, by the people and for the people has not perished from this Earth. This is your victory.
I know you didn't do this just to win an election and I know you didn't do it for me. You did it because you understand the enormity of the task that lies ahead. For even as we celebrate tonight, we know the challenges that tomorrow will bring are the greatest of our lifetime -- two wars, a planet in peril, the worst financial crisis in a century. Even as we stand here tonight, we know there are brave Americans waking up in the deserts of Iraq and the mountains of Afghanistan to risk their lives for us. There are mothers and fathers who will lie awake after their children fall asleep and wonder how they'll make the mortgage, or pay their doctor's bills, or save enough for their child's college education. There is new energy to harness and new jobs to be created; new schools to build and threats to meet and alliances to repair.
The road ahead will be long. Our climb will be steep. We may not get there in one year or even in one term, but America--I have never been more hopeful than I am tonight that we will get there. I promise you -- we as a people will get there.There will be setbacks and false starts. There are many who won't agree with every decision or policy I make as President, and we know that government can't solve every problem. But I will always be honest with you about the challenges we face. I will listen to you, especially when we disagree. And above all, I will ask you to join in the work of remaking this nation the only way it's been done in America for 221 years -- block by block, brick by brick, calloused hands by calloused hands.What began 21 months ago in the depths of winter can not end on this autumn night. This victory alone is not the change we seek -- it is only the chance for us to make that change. And that cannot happen if we go back to the way things were. It cannot happen without you, without a new spirit of service, a new spirit of sacrifice. So let us summon a new spirit of patriotism, of responsibility where each of us resolves to pitch in and work harder and look after not only ourselves, but each other.
Let us remember that if this financial crisis taught us anything, it's that we cannot have a thriving Wall Street while Main Street suffers. In this country, we rise or fall as one nation; as one people.Let's resist the temptation to fall back on the same partisanship and pettiness and immaturity that has poisoned our politics for so long. Let's remember that it was a man from this state who first carried the banner of the Republican Party to the White House -- a party founded on the values of self--reliance and individual liberty and national unity. Those are values that we all share. And while the Democratic Party has won a great victory tonight, we do so with a measure of humility and determination to heal the divides that have held back our progress.As Lincoln said to a nation far more divided than ours, "We are not enemies, but friends -- though passion may have strained it must not break our bonds of affection." And to those Americans whose support I have yet to earn, I may not have won your vote tonight, but I hear your voices, I need your help, and I will be your president too.
And all those watching tonight from beyond our shores, from parliaments and palaces to those who are huddled around radios in the forgotten corners of the world, our stories are singular, but our destiny is shared, and a new dawn of American leadership is at hand. To those – to those who would tear the world down: we will defeat you. To those who seek peace and security: we support you. And to all those who have wondered if America's beacon still burns as bright: tonight we proved once more that the true strength of our nation comes not from the might of our arms or the scale of our wealth, but from the enduring power of our ideals: democracy, liberty, opportunity, and unyielding hope.That's the true genius of America, that America can change. Our union can be perfected. And what we have already achieved gives us hope for what we can and must achieve tomorrow.This election had many firsts and many
stories that will be told for generations. But one that's on my mind tonight's about a woman who cast her ballot in Atlanta. She is a lot like the millions of others who stood in line to make their voice heard in this election, except for one thing: Ann Nixon Cooper is 106 years old.She was born just a generation past slavery; a time when there were no cars on the road or planes in the sky; when someone like her couldn't vote for two reasons, because she was a woman and because of the color of her skin. And tonight, I think about all that she's seen throughout her century in America: the heartache and the hope; the struggle and the progress; the times we were told that we can't, and the people who pressed on with that American creed: Yes we can.At a time when women's voices were silenced and their hopes dismissed, she lived to see them stand up and speak out and reach for the ballot. Yes we can.When there was despair in the Dust Bowl and depression across the land, she saw a nation conquer fear itself with a New Deal, new jobs, a new sense of common purpose. Yes we can.When the bombs fell on our harbor and
tyranny threatened the world, she was there to witness a generation rise to greatness and a democracy was saved. Yes we can.She was there for the buses in Montgomery, the hoses in Birmingham, a bridge in Selma, and a preacher from Atlanta who told a people that "we shall overcome." Yes we can.A man touched down on the moon, a wall came down in Berlin, a world was connected by our own science and imagination. And this year, in this election, she touched her finger to a screen, and cast her vote, because after 106 years in America, through the best of times and the darkest of hours, she knows how America can change.Yes we can.America, we have come so far. We have seen so much. But there's so much more to do. So tonight, let us ask ourselves, if our children should live to see the next century; if my daughters should be so lucky to live as long as Ann Nixon Cooper, what change will they see? What progress will we have made?This is our chance to answer that call. This is our moment. This is our time: to put our
people back to work and open doors of opportunity for our kids; to restore prosperity and promote the cause of peace; to reclaim the American Dream and reaffirm that fundamental truth that out of many, we are one; that while we breathe, we hope, and where we are met with cynicism, and doubt, and those who tell us that we can't, we will respond with that timeless creed that sums up the spirit of a people:Yes We Can.
Thank you, God bless you, and may God Bless the United States of America.
演讲视频:http://v.blog.sohu.com/u/vw/1899731
演讲中译:
张放译,转自:http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4c1c19620100b8pr.html?tj=1
Hello, Chicago!
芝加哥,你好啊!
假如还有人怀疑美国是不是一切皆有可能的地方,假如还有人困惑于我们的建国先辈们所持有的梦想,在今天还是不是鲜活,假如有人仍在质疑我们民瑞脑消金兽主的力量到底强不强大,(那么)今晚(发生的一切)就是你们给他们的回答。
这个回答,是由那些连续三四小时在学校,在教堂,排着长长的队伍的人们给出的,这情形美国历史上从来没有发生过。其中有很多人是平生第一次去投票,因为他们相信,这次一定与以往不同,他们相信,自己的声音肯定会使一切与过去不同。这个回答,是由下面的人给出的:年轻人和老人,有钱人和没钱人,民瑞脑消金兽主党的和共和党的,黑人,白人,西班牙裔人,亚裔人,美国本土人,同性恋,异性恋,残疾的和不残疾的。所有这些美国人,都在向世界发出一个信息,那就是,我们从来不仅仅是无数个人的累加,不仅仅是红州(代表共和党)和蓝州(代表民瑞脑消金兽主党)的混合体;我们是,也将永远是,美洲上团结起来的州(即美国)。对于那些长期以来被灌输不信,恐惧和怀疑我们到底能做出什么的人们来说,今晚(的一切)也是一个回答。我们可以掌控历史前行的弧线,并把这一弧线弯曲,令它重新朝着更好的未来延伸。已经等了好久,但今晚,由于我们今天在这选举时刻,在这重新定义一切的时分所做出的一切,变革已经莅临美国。
今晚稍早些时候,我接到麦坎恩参议员打来的电话,麦坎恩参议员十分有君子风度。他为此次竞选,做出了艰辛而长久的付出。不过,他对自己热爱的这个国家,则付出了更多艰辛与岁月。他为美国做出了多少牺牲,我们多数人甚至难以想象。而现在,我们则因为这位勇敢而无私的领袖所做的奉献,正过着幸福的日子。我向他和佩林州长所赢得的一切表示祝贺。并且,我期待在未来数月后,与他们一道,为重新振兴国家而工作。我要感谢这次竞选行程中我的搭档,他为竞选尽心尽力,为那些和他一起在斯克兰顿街头上长大的男人女人们发声,为跟他一起搭乘火车,回特拉华老家的男男女女们发声。他就是,美国当选副总统,乔·拜登。今晚,我能站在这里,是因为我拥有着过去16年来我最好的朋友,我们家的基石,我生命中的挚爱,我们国家的下一位第一夫人,米雪·奥巴马的始终不渝的支持。莎莎,还有玛丽亚,我爱着你们两个,爱得超出了你们的想象。你们已经赢得了一个新的宠物,它要随我们一起搬进白宫啦。还有一位,她已经不再与我们在一起了,我知道,姥姥在高天上正望着我,她跟所有培养我成为今天这样的亲人们一起,在望着我。今晚,我想念他们,我内心知道,我对他们永远感激不尽。我还要感谢我的妹妹玛亚,另个妹妹奥玛,以及我所有其他的兄弟姐妹们。感谢你们给予我的全部支持。我对他们怀着感念之情。我要感谢我的竞选经理D·普劳夫,他是这次竞选活动中的无名英雄,但正是他完成了最好的,我想,是完成了美国历史上最好的政治选举活动。我还要感谢首席策略专家D·艾克斯罗德,他在我一路竞选活动中,一直不弃不离陪伴着我。我还要感谢我这个最好的竞选团队。这个团队是政治历史上最好的团队了。是你们使得这一切成为事实,我对你们为赢得这一切所付出的牺牲,永远心存感激。但除了上述这些,我永远不会忘记的是,这场胜利真正该属于谁,这胜利属于你们,这胜利属于你们。
我一直不是最有希望进入白宫的候选人。开始时,我们没有太多的资金,或者,也没有很多重要人物支持我们。我们的竞选活动,并不是在华盛顿的豪华大厅里策划出来的,而是始于小城市得梅因的后院里,始于康科德和查尔斯顿这些小地方的起居室里,前门走廊上。这竞选的胜利,是由那些劳作的人们,从自己很少的积蓄中,掏出五块十块二十块赞助后赢得的。是从年轻人那里赢得的,他们拒绝承认自己对政治不感兴趣,他们离开家,离开亲人,干收入很少的助选的活儿,睡很少的觉。是从那些并不太年轻的人那里赢得的,他们在严冬酷暑里,勇于敲开一点也不认识的陌生人的家门。是从数百万自愿组织起来的美国民众那里赢得的。而且它也证明,两百多年后的今天,一个民有,民治,民享的政府,并没有从这个地球消失。这是你们的胜利。 我知道,你们这样做,并不是只为了赢得一次选举,我也知道你们这样做,并不是为我。你们之所以要这样做,是因为你们懂得,摆在眼前的任务太过艰巨了。因为即便我们今晚这样庆祝胜利,但我们都明白,明天带来的挑战,是我们一辈子里最大的挑战了____两场战争,危机四伏的地球,百年里最糟糕的金融危机。因为即便我们今晚站在这里,但我们都明白,在伊拉克的沙漠里,在阿富汗的群山中,还有我们勇敢的美国人,他们一觉醒来,就面临着为保护我们而牺牲性命的危险。还有无数母亲们和父亲们,孩子已经熟睡了,自己却不能入眠,他们要盘算着如何才能偿付房贷,怎样支付医疗费用,如何才能攒够孩子上大学的钱数。还有,新能源要开发,新的就业机会要创造,新校舍要搭建,无数威胁要面对,友邦关系要修补。
前面的路,还很长,我们要攀爬的坡,还很陡。也许,我们在一年内,甚至一届总统任期内,都不一定会抵达那里。但美国人民哪,我从来没有像今晚这样,充满着憧憬,这憧憬就是,我们一定会抵达那里。我向你们承诺:我们美国全体人民一定会抵达那里!今后一定会有诸多挫折,也会有很多个出师不利。还会有许多人,对总统的我所作出的每个决策或政策,都不认可。但我们都明白,政府不可能解决得了每个问题。不过,我一定竭尽可能,与你们坦诚面对,直陈我们面临的各种挑战。我一定会倾听你们的声音。尤其当我们意见不一样时,我更会倾听。总而言之,我还要请你们加入到重建这个国家行列里来,重建的方式,是美国221年来,一直使用的唯一方式,那就是,用一双双长满老茧的手,一块砖一块砖地建,一片瓦一片瓦地盖。 21个月之前,在那个寒冬里开始的事情,绝对不应该在今天这个秋天夜晚,就结束了。这场胜利本身并不是我们要追求的变革。它不过是我们要进行变革的一个契机。假如我们再回到从前,那么,变革就不可能发生。假如没有你们的参与,没有全新的奉献精神,没有全新的牺牲精神,那么,这变革就不可能发生。所以,让我们凝聚起新的爱国精神,凝聚起责任感,我们每个人下定决心,全情投入,更拼命地工作,并且,不仅仅关照自己,也彼此关照吧。
如果这场金融危机的确教会了我们什么的话,那就让我们铭记吧:当华尔街以外的大街都在遭受煎熬时,华尔街是不可能繁荣的。在这个国家里,我们兴盛,国家兴盛,我们跌倒,人人跌倒。让我们抵御住诱惑吧,不再党派纷争,不再鸡毛蒜皮,不再幼稚,因为它们长久以来一直毒害着我们的政治环境。让我们记住吧,正是从我们这个州里,走出一个人来(指林肯),是他首先肩扛共和党的旗帜,走进了白宫。这个共和党,是以自强,个人自由以及全民团结为价值基础,而建立起来的。这些价值,我们所有人都十分认同。所以,当今晚民瑞脑消金兽主党赢得了一场伟大的胜利之时,我们尤其带着谦卑与无比的决心,认同这些价值,并力求弥合阻挡我们前行的纷争。正如林肯面对比目前更加分佳节又重阳裂的美国时,所说的那样,“我们不是敌人,而是朋友,尽管激情令我们的关系紧张,但绝对不许它将我们彼此的感情纽带撕裂。”对于那些我仍没有赢得支持的美国选民们,我想说,今晚,我尽管没有赢得你们的选票,但我已经听到了你们的声音,我需要你们的帮助,而且,我也将是你们的总统。此外,对那些关注今晚选举的大洋外的人们,从各国的议会和皇宫里,一直到世界上被遗忘的角落中围聚在电台旁的人们,我要说,我们的故事,各有不同,但我们的命运,却彼此相通。美国领佳节又重阳导的新的黎明,已经来临。对那些人,那些要撕裂世界的人,我要说:我们将打败你们。而对那些寻求和平与安全的人们,我则说:我们支持你们。而对于所有还在怀疑美国这盏灯塔是否依然闪耀着如初光芒的人们:今晚我们再次向你们证明了,我们国家的真正力量,并非来自我们军队力量的强大,或我们拥有的巨大财富,而是来自我们持久的诸多理念:民瑞脑消金兽主,自由,机会,以及永不放弃的希望。而这就是美国的宝藏,也就是,美国可以变革。我们要使自己更加团结。我们已经赢得的一切,给了我们希望,它令我们明天能够,也必须赢得更多。
这次总统选举,产生了很多“第一”,也诞生了很多必将被后人传诵的许多故事。但今晚,我脑海里一直萦绕着的,却是在亚特兰大投票的一个妇人的故事。此次选举中,她跟数百万排队希望自己的声音被听到的投票人,没有什么两样,只有一样与众不同:这位叫安·尼克松·库柏的妇人已经106岁了。她出生时,奴隶制刚刚结束有一代人的时间。那时,路上没有汽车,天上也没有飞机,那时,像她这们的人,因两个原因不能投票,一是因为她是个女性,再就是她的肤色。今晚,我在想,她这一百年里,在美国都看到了什么:她看到的是,心痛与希望,争斗与进步,是我们被告之我们不能,却也看到,有很多人坚信美国信念,继续顶着压力向前:不,我们能。她看到的是女性的声音被压制,女性的希望被抛弃,但她活着看到,女性已经站立起来,发出声音,并伸手投票了。是的,我们能。她看到的是,30年代的沙尘风暴,是遍及全国的经济萧条,但她也看到,通过(罗斯福的)新政,通过创造就业机会,通过新的共同目标的认同,一个国家竟战胜了恐慌。她看到的是,炸弹扔到了我们的(夏威夷珍珠)港口,残暴威胁着世界。但她在那里,也看到了一代人的伟大崛起,看到了一个民瑞脑消金兽主制度被拯救。是的,我们能。她看到了蒙哥马利市公交车上对黑人的种族歧视;看到了伯明翰市白人水枪喷向抗东篱把酒黄昏后议的黑人学生;看到了塞尔马市的大桥上黑人在为争取权利所进行的拼争。但她还看到,来自亚特兰大的马丁·路德·金牧师这样跟大家说,“我们终将冲破一切樊篱。”是的,我们能。她看到了人类登上月球,看到了柏林墙的被推倒。她还看到,我们用自己发明创造的科学技术与想像,将整个世界连成了一片。而今年,就在这次总统选举,她只用手指轻触一下电脑屏幕,就投下了自己的那一张票。当美国走过了106年,穿越过最好的时光,也走过最黑暗的时刻,她知道,美国还会怎样变革下去。是的,我们能。美国人民啊,我们走过了漫长道路,我们已经见多识广。但我们仍有太多的事情要做。所以今晚,让我们扪心自问一下吧,假如我们的孩子们能活到下个世纪,假如我的两个女儿有幸活到安·尼克松·库柏那样的年龄,他们将看到什么样的变革呢?到时候,我们会取得什么样的进步呢?现在是我们回答这一召唤的时机了。就在当下。就在我们这个时代:让我们的人民回到工作中去吧,并且为我们的孩子们,打开机会的大门吧;让繁荣再现,将和平的事业推向前进吧,让“美国梦”重回人们的心中,并再次证明一个最基本的真理吧,那就是,无论我们有多少人,统统都是一家人;只要我们一息尚存,就要心存希望;当有人不信,有人怀疑,有人告诉我们,说我们不能的时候,我们要带着那永恒的信念,带着那使美国人民振作精神的信念,高声答道:是的,我们能。
谢谢,上帝祝福你们,愿上帝保佑美利坚合众国。
夫子注:关于奥巴马的这篇胜选演说,我想说几句话。他的这篇演讲,定将成为经典演说。如果能把它背诵下来,对于学习英语者来说,肯定是个好主意,对于没学英语但喜欢演讲者来说,也是个不错的想法。可以肯定地说,他的这篇演讲,必将与马丁·路德·金的《我有一个梦想》和《我们终将冲破一切樊篱》等,成为中国人演讲时最好的学习资料。
对学生的建议:有效地做笔记【转】
做笔记是很少能够使你有效学习的手段之一。一些老师和教授认为在学习的过程中有效地做笔记是自然的事情,其他老师也肯定已经叫给学生如何去做笔记。下面我们静静坐下来分析我们的学生不知道如何去有效地做笔记的问题。
我认为是时候去做这个(有效记笔记)了。不论你是一个中学生或者是一名大学学生,或者是一位正在起步的学生,或者是一位中级教授或是一位美国的总检察长,能够有效的记笔记都是一种比较高超的能力。它不仅能够帮助我们回顾一些我们容易遗忘的东西,同时做笔记本身也能够帮助我们在第一时间把知识记的更牢固。
笔记的作用
很多人不能有效做笔记的一个原因在于他们不确定笔记究竟是做什么的。我认为很多人,像是学生和一些专业人士企图在短暂的时间内在他们的笔记中捕获一个演讲,一本书或者是一次会议的全部纪录。这是一种很错误的想法。试着去把每句话都写下,不去思考你正在写些什么以及它是否搭配合适。如果你有一位私人助手,无论如何,你都可以吩咐他(或她)去替你写下所有内容;而如果你只是一个人的话,那么你的笔记就需有一个不同的任务去完成。
做笔记的目的很简单:就是去帮助你学的更快更好。这意味着你的笔记不需要包含所有内容,但他们必须含有最重要的(内容)。如果你只是一味地去捕获所有内容,你就不会有闲暇的精力去识别什么才是真正重要的。这意味着之后,当你去为一次大型的测试复习或是准备一篇学期论文,你将不得不去吃力地看完所有大量额外的废话从而发现极少的有用的信息。
写什么
在做笔记的时候你的注意力应该被分成两个方面。
首先,对你来讲哪些是新的(知识)?你完全没有必要把你已经熟知的东西记录下来。如果你已经知道独立宣言是在1776年被签署并制定,你就没有必要把它纪录下来。任何你已经熟知的东西你都不必记录在你的笔记中。
第二,哪些是相关知识?不论在一次测试,一篇论文或是在完成一次课题时,哪些信息在今后可能最有用?把精力集中在那些相关或是能够论证你的观点的知识点上,即是那些需要你不得不确实去做的阅读材料。集中精力注意这些信息的如下方面:
事件发生的时间:1 这些时间日期能够让你创建一个年表,根据时间发生的先后把事件一次填充在里面,2 同时理解事件的具体内容。例如,了解牛顿出生在1643年,你就可以根据在他前后出现的物理学家或是根据17世纪的其他线索而把他的著作相应的对应于正确的时期。
人物的名字:成功的把任务名字和其主要的思想联系起来也可以帮助(我们)更好的记住一些内容。当名字再次出现的时候,能够有助于我们去识别不同理论间的关系,不管是由相同的个人或是由与此相关的人们提出的。
理论原理(定理):一个定理的原理应该被记录下来,这些原理都是很多学说的重要的理论。
定义:像是很多定理一样,定义也是很重要的知识点,除非你已经懂得了一个原理的定义说明,否则你就应该把它记录下来。记住,很多领域每天都在以许多我们不熟悉的方式来使用这些定义。
富有争议的论点:正反意见,一个关键问题的批评意见,以及任何相关争议的观点或是你的观点都应该被记录下来。这是每一个规范出现从而前进的要素,而且能够帮助你理解各种观点如何改变和原因,同时包括你正在学习的特定理论的思考和发展的过程。
图像和练习:当一张图像被用来论证一个论点,或是当我们进行一个课堂练习时,都应该把它们记录下来。明显地,它更能描述每个细小细节,但是一个关于图像的简短描述或是关于课堂上内容的叙述应该能够足以提醒你并帮助你重构这些内容。
其他要素:几乎一个教授写在黑板上的任何东西都应该被记录下来,除非它很浅显易懂或是你已经很清楚了。各种书籍,电影,电视剧和其他媒体工具都非常有用,虽然他们可能与你手头的专题不相关。我常常会把这种要素写在空白处以便以后去查阅(弄懂)(例如这往往对研究报告论文很有用处)。同时也要注意其他同学的评论,至少试着去捕捉评论的要点来加强你的理解。
你自己的疑问:一定要记录下你自己关于这些材料的疑问。这会帮助你记着去咨询教授或是过后去查阅(资料),同时还能通过你理解中的漏洞促进你去思考。
记笔记的技巧
你没有必要过于痴迷让笔记有效的技巧。但是有一些少数的技巧看起来对所有人都非常有效。
大纲:不管你是用罗马字母还是用记号标记,大纲是抓住观点和数据之间层级关系的非常有效的方法。在历史课上,你可能会写下一个非常重要领佳节又重阳导人的名字,在他或她的名字下面你可以写下他或她参与的重要事件。在这些事件下面,写一个简单的描述。以此类推。大纲是一个阅读时记笔记非常棒的方法,因为书的作者通常已经把材料用一种非常有效的方法组织起来了。所以你可以从一段的开头到结尾在你的笔记里面用大纲将结构简单重构。
然而对课堂或演讲来说,这种方法有局限性。观点之间的联系并不总是有层次的而且老师或演讲者可能会在观点之间跳跃。一个在课堂或演讲后期被提到的观点可能跟课堂或演讲前期的观点有联系,这会让你要么a)翻到你的笔记的前面看看哪里最适合记录下这个信息(希望还有空白可以写) 。要么b)可能会冒丢失教授刚才讲的跟她以前讲的东西之间联系的风险。
思维关联: 对课堂来说,思维关联可能是一个跟踪观点之间相互关系的合适方法。虽然我现在不再是思维关联的最大粉丝了,但是它可能正符合我们的要求。下面我给大家介绍一个方法:在一张空白纸中央,写下这堂课的主要观点。每当一个新的子观点被介绍进来后,你从中央向外画一条分支并把子观点写在这条分支上。如果这条子分支又有了它自己的子观点,你可以在它之下画一条更小的分支。依此类推。这样,如果一个要点应该是第一个标题之下但是你现在处在第四个下面,你可以很容易地把它画成第一条分支。同样的,如果一个观点联系另外两个观点,你可以把它连接在这两个不同的分支上。如果你想让笔记看起来干净点,你可以重新画图,也可以把它们敲进一个叫FreeMind的程序来帮你做这件事情。FreeMind是一个免费的思维关联工具程序(如果你在用维基来记录你的笔记的话,有一些维基内嵌了这个程序)。
Cornell系统: Cornell 系统是一套帮助你增加记忆和笔记有用性的简单但有力的系统。在一张纸下方四分之一的地方画一整条线。在这条线的距右边5厘米左右往顶部画一条线。现在你把纸分成了三部分。在最大的这块区域,你跟往常一样做记录,你可以列纲要或做思维关联或其他任何东西。在课堂结束后,在右边也是最小的一块地方写下一些线索或者关于你记录上材料的疑问。这会帮你处理从课堂或阅读中得到的信息,另外提供一个考前的手边学习工具:简单地过一下最大的那块然后尝试着回答那些疑问。在最下面的那一块区域,用你自己的话写下2到3行关于这些材料的总结性描述。它通过强迫你用一种新的方法来用这些信息,又一次帮助你处理了这些信息。另外它为你以后在你的笔记里面查找东西提供了一个很好的引用。你可以从读者文摘下载Cornell系统的使用说明和模版。虽然这个系统的美丽之处在于你随手就可以画一个模版。
我认为我只是归纳了在做笔记时人们想出的一些方法和技巧。有一些人用记号笔或彩色钢笔(画重点),另外有些人用巴洛克系统来记笔记。我已经试着把它写的简单并且具有概括性,但是最重要的是你的方法必须能够反应你思考的思路。问题在于绝大部分学生不能写出他们思考的过程。只是记的很分散,结果他们的笔记就只是这样。你对于他们你有没有什么意见?那么在这学期的学习中你就试着把它结合起来运用它。
转自:http://campusfuller.com/
学习指导【转】
原文:Guide to Acing Your Exams
译者:Jovi.袁
Doing well on your college exams can be crucial, especially in test-based classes where most of your grade depends on how you do on exams and quizzes. Of course, you need to study. But doing well on tests isn’t just about how much information you can cram from the textbook into your head. You’ll need to be involved in class, stay on top of deadlines and manage your time.
在大学的考试中取得好成绩是非常重要的,因为在这个以测试为基准的学习环境中,只有通过考试,才能检验出你的学习水平。所以,好好学习是勿需置疑的。但同时你也应该意识到,并不是考试考的好,就说明你已经把所学的知识全部化为自己了的。这就需要你进一步融入课堂,充分利用和管理你的学习时间,以便获得更多的知识。
Get to Know Your Professor 与教授沟通
The first thing you should do during the first week of classes is introduce yourself to your professors. Go up to them after class, or make a point of dropping in during office hours.
首先,在你入学的第一个星期里,你就应该把自己介绍给你的教授。课下或者在办公时间内,只要花一点心思,你就能做的到。
Whether you’re in a hundred-student survey course or a 30-person seminar, this is the easiest way to get your professor to notice you and more quickly attach a face to a name. In an auditorium of faces, yours will be one of the recognizable ones. In a smaller class, the professor will have an early impression of you as someone who takes the initiative and is engaged in their class.
无论你在一个100多号人的公开课教室里,还是在一个30几个人的小班里,这是让教授注意并认识你的最有效的办法。并且无论人多人少,你都将成为教授脑海中映像最深刻的那一个。
Don’t suck up, but make a sincere effort at conversation. Introduce yourself, ask questions about something the prof has covered that interests you, or comment on something on the syllabus you’re looking forward to. If you don’t usually talk to teachers, you might be surprised to find that your professors have actual personalities. They might listen to the same underground indie rock band as you, or share your habit of dirt-biking on the weekends.
不用害怕,你应该更加勇敢,真诚的去和他们沟通。介绍自己,同时了解一些教授们身上令你感兴趣的问题,或者去和他们探讨一下你希望中的学习课程及方法。如果不经常沟通的话,你会惊讶的发现,教授身上也有一些我们难以置信的东西。比如他们会和你一样爱听那些不入流的地下音乐,甚至同样在星期天玩一些看来脏兮兮的骑行运动。。
Once you’ve had a face-to-face with your professors, you’ll usually be more comfortable asking questions in class or for help with an assignment. Being on that one-on-one level with your teachers can also help you feel more involved with school, which can really be an anchor on those days when you feel lost and overwhelmed, and everything seems foreign.
一旦你开始和教授之间一对一的交流后,你会觉得向他们提问或求助,一切的一切都是那么的平常。而且你们之间的一对一交流更可以帮助你更快的融入到学校的生活中,当你感到迷失和失落时,他也会给予你最大的帮助,让你重新回归到生活中。
Keep visiting your profs occasionally during office hours throughout the semester. They provide that time for you, so take advantage of it. Stay on their radar. Professors like students who get involved and express a genuine interest in the material. Especially in classes where grades are more subjective, based on essays and class discussions instead of on tests where there’s always one right answer, just being on your prof’s good side could mean the difference between a B+ and an A–.
当然偶尔的,你也可以在办公时间去拜访教授们。。尽量抓住并利用好这段时间,让他们能时刻注意到你的存在。教授们通常都非常喜欢对于任何事情潜心钻研的学生,特别是善于在这样一个以成绩为主的课堂里,进行更多的课堂讨论和辩论而不是一味的拘泥于只有一个标准答案的考试。那么我们就不难解释为什么有的人得到B+,而有些人得到A-
Take Notes in Every Class 善做笔记
Most professors will pull test questions from their lectures, not just the reading. So if you never take notes, you could be missing a lot of crucial test material come exam time. Making yourself take notes is also a good way to force yourself to pay attention, especially when you’re tired or when the topic isn’t that interesting to you.
许多教授出题目不仅仅是书中的内容,更多的是授课笔记中的内容。所以如果你不做笔记的话,你将会遗失考试中一些至关重要的内容。当然,做笔记同时可以帮助你提高注意力,特别是你疲惫的时候,或者对课堂内容不感兴趣的时候,这时做笔记就不失为一种好办法了。
Keep a separate notebook for each and every class, color-coded if that makes it easier for you to keep track. Half-inch binders with loose-leaf paper also work really well, and unlike notebooks, they allow you to rearrange your notes in any order you want.
每个本子都只用来纪录某一学科的笔记,并且你可以用不同颜色的笔来标注你所记的内容,这样会更有利于你的记忆。而且你也可以准备一个活页的笔记本,相对于一般的本子来说,这种本子可以使你更加随意的来编排你的学习内容。
Tape recorders and digital recorders are a great way to catch everything that gets said in a class if you have a hard time pay attention and writing things down at the same time. It’s also a good way to make sure you don’t miss anything—you can compare your notes to your recording after class and write down anything important you may have overlooked.
录音机和数码复读机的确是好东西,它可以帮助你在精力不集中时,纪录下上课的内容。回到家后你就可以用它对照你的笔记,来检查你所遗失的内容,保证你万无一失的纪录下上课的内容。
Bringing a laptop to class is also becoming more and more common, and many laptops have built-in microphones and cameras, so recording a whole class couldn’t be easier. Make sure you ask your professors if it’s OK before recording a lecture. Some campuses or instructors may frown upon this.
现在许多手提电脑都有内置的麦克风和录像机,随着手提电脑越来越多的进入到课堂之中,记笔记更是变的愈加方便了。当然请求老师的同意是非常有必要的,因为一些教授们可是会为此蹙眉的哦。。
Do Your Reading Assignments—and Not All at the Last Minute 预习复习
If you have daily reading assignments on your syllabus, do them on the dates they’re assigned; don’t wait until the night before the test. Your professors assign the reading for a reason: The assigned pages are usually what they’re going to lecture on in class. Even if you don’t understand everything you’re reading, push yourself through it. Then when your professor lectures on the reading, that could clear everything up for you, and the lecture itself will make more sense because it’s not the first time you’re seeing the material.
如果你们每天都有预习任务的话,请在规定的时间内完成它们。不要总是等到考试前一天,才想起那遗忘已久的书本。而教授们布置阅读任务也是有原因的。因为他们所讲的内容都是出自这里。即便你还不能理解所有你所学的内容,只要你真正的去看了,去做了。那么每当老师在上课时教授这一部分时,你的理解将会变的非常轻松而且清晰。为什么?因为这已经不是第一次你见到它们了。
If you do the reading beforehand, you’ll also have the advantage of knowing whether your teachers are covering material that’s already in the textbook or material that’s new. If your professor takes the time to cover something in class that’s also in the reading, you know it’s really important and will probably be on the test. On the other hand, if your professors introduce new concepts that aren’t in the reading, then you know you’ll need to write it down if you want to be able to review it later.
如果你经常提前预习的话,那么你将会发现,你的确获益匪浅。因为当老师授课时,你可以清楚的分辨出哪些内容是书上的,哪些是作业上的,哪些是新的。而且如果老师花时间去讲解某一知识点的时候,那么这些肯定非常重要,甚至有可能出现在考试中。另外,如果当老师讲授一些新知识的时候,如果你预习过了,你就会发现,“哦,这点书上没有”,那么你就会刻意的去纪录他们,以便你以后可以随时复习。
After class, read the assignment again. Now that you’ve heard the professor’s explanation and have a context for the reading, you’ll read the material with a new understanding. Doing a second run-through will also help solidify the concepts in your head and move them from your short-term memory to your long-term memory. And when it comes time to study for your midterms and finals, you should be able to skim through the readings more quickly. You won’t need to cram because you’ve already absorbed the information throughout the semester.
不过仍然需要做到课下及时复习。因为你已经知道了这些章节的目录,以及教授们的解释,那么自然而然的你就会对所学内容有一种新的认知。当第二次复习时,你就会把某写短暂的记忆变成长久的记忆储存在脑海中。以至于当你再一次碰到他们的时候,你会进行有筛选性的阅读,不必再向以前那样狼吞虎咽似的,因为你已经掌握了其中的主要内容。
Get a Planner 懂得规划
Before classes start, head down to an office supply store and pick up a daily planner or notebook-sized calendar. Or if you prefer to do your planning on computer instead of on paper, use a free application like Google calendar or Mozilla Sunbird.
在学习开始前,钻进一家办公用品商店,去挑选些日常计划表或者日历吧。如果你喜欢用电脑也行,你可以挑选在网上挑选一些免费的日程规划软件。很有用哦。
When you get your syllabus for each class, transfer every single deadline into your calendar—reading assignments, quizzes, term papers, study group meetings and exams. Being able to look at one book or screen instead of four or five different stapled packets of information (each organized differently) will give you a better overview and idea of when your busy days and weeks will be, and you’ll be a lot less likely to miss a deadline.
当你了解到你的课程安排后,把所有的课程啊,测验啊,考试啊还有研讨会等等一些,全部整理到你的日程规划表中。这样的安排,会比你一次次察看不同的信息安排表显得更有效率和宏观性,让你了解哪些日子会比较忙,从而不会轻易的遗忘某件事的截至日期。。
Keeping a calendar can help you with maintaining a personal life too. If you know exactly when your roommate’s party is going to be (and you actually want to go), having it on your calendar can help you plan some study time around it. Or at the very least, you’ll know that if you go to the party, you won’t be able to finish your anthropology project.
拥有一个日程规划表同样可以优化你的私生活。当你知道你室友的生日后,如果你特别想去,那么你可以把他纪录下来,并且安排好其他时间。最起码你可以做到不会因为要去一个生日宴会,而忘记完成自己的人类学项目。
No All-Nighters 注意休息
Staying up late throws off your internal clock, and all-nighters are never good for you. Sleep deprivation can make it harder for you to process information, shutting down the higher-level thinking processes in your brain, and it can run down your immune system, which is the last thing you want if you’re living on campus, in cramped quarters, where students are always getting sick.
你要明白到了该睡的时间而去熬夜,对你而言没有任何好处。得不到充足的睡眠时间将会对你的大脑思考产生很大的影响,更有甚会影响你的免疫系统,也许在这个有人经常得病的狭小的宿舍内,没有人愿意失去他。。
If you absolutely need more time to finish studying or to complete all your assignments, go to sleep early and wake up before the sun rises. By the time you have to get to your first class, you’ll be at least somewhat refreshed and have your assignments complete.
如果你确实需要更多时间来完成你的作业的话,那么请睡的早点,也起早点。这样的话,在第一节课前,你至少可以保证完成作业并且以一个清醒的状态踏入教室。
Studying, especially in extended blocks of time, taxes your brain, so make sure you keep a clear mind and take plenty of breaks. Make sure you don’t have any caffeine before bedtime, and try not to drink alcohol during the week. Even though a glass of wine might relax you and help you fall asleep more easily, alcohol actually interferes with sleep cycles—you tend to wake up more often, get less sleep during the night, and feel more tired in the morning.
学习是一件非常劳心劳神的事情,所以请务必确保充足的休息和睡眠时间。在睡觉前,不要喝太多的咖啡,即使在周末也不要尝试去喝酒。即便一小杯酒,都会很容易使人产生困乏的感觉,因为它会扰乱我们的睡眠循环,使你更容易夜醒,以至于你得不到充足的休息,第二天感觉更累。
If you need a caffeine kick to get going in the morning, coffee or tea can be a great way to get started. Buy yourself a coffee pot with an automatic timer, and you’ll be able to wake up to the smell of freshly brewed java.
如果你确实需要咖啡因帮助你早起的话,也许咖啡和茶会是你的首选。你可以买一套时间自动化的咖啡壶。那么在你早晨起床时闻到一股新鲜香浓的咖啡味,将会是非常美妙的。
Self-Discipline 自律
There’s no way you’ll be able to get by if you don’t study, complete your reading assignments, or go to your classes. And without someone standing over your shoulder, telling you when to get things done or making you go to class, doing well is going to require a lot of self-discipline.
如果你自己不学习,不完成作业或者不去上课,那么你永远都不会成功。在大学中,没有人会永远呆在你身边,看着你,教导你该做什么。所以大学生活中,自律是成功的先决条件。
But being disciplined isn’t just all about studying and going to class, it’s also about balance. When you’re swamped with work around finals and midterms, it doesn’t mean you have to sacrifice your personal life. Find ways to prepare for your tests without going into social isolation: Study in the library with your boyfriend or girlfriend, so you two can spend time together even if you don’t really have time to talk a whole lot. Review test questions with flash cards while hanging with your buddies at the pub or the coffeehouse. If you’ve got friends in the same classes, turn studying into a game—quiz each other, give points for right answers, and the losers have to chip in to buy the high scorer dinner.
但这里所说的自律,并不仅仅是学习或者去上课。这也是一个平衡性的问题。每当你面对期中,期末考试时,你不一定非要牺牲你的个人时间而寻求一个孤立的环境去准备你的考试,就象是你和你的男朋友或女朋友一起呆在图书馆一样,或许你们根本就不会和彼此说一句话。这时候你可以选择去找一个和你相同专业的好朋友或茶友,你们可以以游戏的方式互相提问,然后再给出正确答案,也许这就是享受一顿高分晚宴的筹码,不是么?
College is a time for learning and a lot of studying, but it’s also a time for having fun with friends and enjoying your freedom. Make time to get out or relax every once in a while, or you’ll get burned out. And when you’re happy and having fun, you’ll find it a lot easier to deal with your classes, and acing your tests won’t seem nearly as hard.
大学时光是一段殷勤奋斗的时光,但同样也是一段享受朋友和自由的时光。不要把自己变成一个书呆子,适当的时候也要让自己休息一下。每当你感觉到快乐的时候,我相信你将会更容易的和你的同学相处,同时你也会更从容的面对任何考试。
http://campusfuller.com/
我希望在学校学到的16件事【转】
我现在28岁。这些天我没有考虑太多过去的或遗憾的事。
但有时我希望早点知道在最后几年自己学会的东西。在学校里可能有自我提高的课程,或是其他的形式。
因为文中这16件事其中有一些老师可能在课堂上对学生们讲过,但我忘记了或是没有注意。
有一些大概没有印入我的记忆,或者对那时的我来说离我身边的现实太过遥远而没法接受和应用。
但我仍然认为从那些德语课中匀出几小时来上一些个人提高课程是个很好的主意,可能只需要花费高中每周一个小时的时间。对许多学生而言,这很可能十分有用,在更大的范围内对整个社会都是有帮助的。
因此,下面就是16件我希望学校教给我的事情(或者我只想早点知道的事)。
1.80/20规则
这是充分利用时间的最好办法之一。80/20规则—就是著名的帕累托原则—基本上讲的是你能从20%的活动中收获80%的价值。所以你以为你做的很必要的事情其实很可能没什么用处。
你可以丢掉没有用的一大堆事情—或者大量减少为此花费的时间。
如果你那么做的话,你将拥有更多的时间和精力花在确实带给你价值、快乐、满足等等的事情。
2.帕金森定律
你可能做事的速度比你预想的要快。这条定律说的是一项任务会在时间上延长,并且其复杂性取决于你为它留出的时间。例如,如果你对自己说你将用一周的时间来解决这个问题,那么问题的复杂性看起来就增加了,并且你需要花越来越多的时间解决它。
因此把你的时间集中在找到解决办法上,那么只要给自己一小时(而不是一整天)或者一天(而不是整个周)就能解决问题。这将会使你的精神集中在解决办法和实际行动上。
结果可能不像你花一周时间来解决这个问题那么完美,但正如上面提到的,80%的价值可以从20%的行动中取得。因为你没有把事情过分复杂化或过度润饰,所以你可能会获得更好的结果。这可以帮你获得更多自由的时间来面对你现在的问题而不是应付那些给你制造压力的隐约其后的任务。
3. 批量作业
让人 厌倦的或是固定的任务会产生许多拖延和低水平的焦虑。迅速完成这些事情的一个很好的办法是捆佳节又重阳绑它们,批量完成。这是指你可以分批地做它们。因为相比于分散 它们,把事情捆佳节又重阳绑起来完成需要较少的“启动时间”,这样你将可以更迅速地完成它们。当你进行批量作业时,你会变得更投入并且精神更集中。
今天一小时内要批量完成的事情可能就像下面这些:清理课桌/ 恢复今天收到的信件/ 洗碗/ 打三通电话/ 列出明天的购物单。
1. 首先,给与价值;然后,得到价值;没有别的方法。
这是件有些反直觉的事情。通常人们认为在我们回报某人前,某人应该先给与我们什么或为我们做些什么。问题是许多人这样认为,目前为止,事情很少以上面的任一种方式发生。
如果你想增加你获得的价值(金钱、爱情、善意、机遇等),你就要增加你给予的价值。因为随着时间推移,你付出多少你就会得到多少。或许不用付出就有回报是不错的事,但那很少发生。
2. 提前做出反应,不要事后才有反应。
这一点跟最后一点相联系。如果每个人都是反应性的,那么几乎什么事都做不成。你就坐等别人去把事情做好好了。这种事经常发生,但等它发生可能要花很久的时间。
更有用和有利的方式是提前做出反应,简单地说就是要第一个做出实际的反应并使事情蓬勃发展。这不止让你节省了等待的时间,而且由于你感到对自己的生活能够控制,而不是被随机的外力而操控,就会获得更多的快乐。
3. 犯错和失败也可以是好事。
在年轻的时候你应该尝试各种事包括失败,直到你学会。随着你一点点地成长,你从学校学会不该犯错。因此你就越来越少地进行尝试。
这可能使你不做反应,并养成被动、坐等他人做事的习惯。我的意思是,如果你真的尝试某事而失败了,那又怎样?或许人们会嘲笑你?
可能他们会的。但是当你经历那些之后,你很快就会意识到那并不是世界末日。很多情况下,人们不会在意那么多。他们有自己的挑战要面对,有自己的生活要考虑。
生活里的成功通常来自于尽管犯过错、失败过但仍不放弃,来自于坚持。
当你第一次学骑车,你可能一次次摔倒,摔伤膝盖,哭起来。但你站起来,拍拍身上的土,再次骑上车。最终你学会了怎样骑车。如果你再联系5岁大的时候和做事的那种方式—而非像你长大后在一两次尝试/失败后就放弃—你很可能会经历许多更有趣的事情,学到很有价值的知识并且拥有更大的成功。
4. 别让自己打败自己。
人们为什么在几次错误或失败后就放弃了呢?我认为一个重要的原因就是他们被自己给打败了。但是这是个毫无意义的习惯。这只会给自己制造额外的和不必要的痛苦,浪费你宝贵的时间。尽可能试着改掉这个习惯才是最好的。
5. 假装融洽。
认识新朋友是很开心的事,但也可能引起紧张。我们都想给别人留下良好的第一印象,并且没有尴尬地交谈。
到目前为止,我发现做到这点的最好方法就是假装融洽。这表示你就假装是遇到了一个你最好的朋友。然后你开始在这种想法下交流而非紧张地开始。
这办法十分管用。你能够从“How to Have Less Awkward Conversations: Assuming Rapport.”这里了解到更多。
9. 使用你的网状激发系统来激发你的优势。
在课堂上我学到器官和身体内部的工作机制,但没人告诉我什么是网状激发系统。真是惭愧,因为这是能学到的最有用的东西之一。你脑袋里这个重要的系统—R.A.S.—所起的作用就是让你能看到你的思想集中在周围环境的什么事物上。它总是能帮你找到你正在寻找的东西。
因此你确实需要集中在你想要注意的事上,不要放在你不想注意的事上,并保持注意的稳定。
设定目标并经常回顾它们,这可以保持你的注意集中在重要的事上,并帮助你采取行动接近你想达到的目标。另一个方法是用外部提醒,例如找张纸写上这篇文章所列的“给予价值”或“假装融洽”。然后你可以把这些纸贴到你的冰箱、浴室镜子等上面。
10. 你的态度改变你的处境。
我们都听说过,你应该保持积极的态度或者“你需要改变你的态度!”。我认为这是一条很好的建议,但毫无理由地这么做是很容易抹杀这些建议并且继续使用自己的老习惯。
但过去这些年我发现,如果你改变了态度,你实际上是改变了现实。例如当你使用积极的而不是消极的态度,你就会看到你之前没有发现的事情和观点。你会想“为什么我以前没有这样考虑事情呢?”
当你改变半夜凉初透态度,你也改变了你关注的事情。你身边所有的事都可以用不同的眼光来看待。
当然,这跟前一条很像,但我想特别提一下这一点。因为改变你的态度会使你的世界产生巨大的变化。悲观或许看起来真实,但那很可能是因为你的R.A.S.调整得使你看到了你所想看到的悲观的事情。这就让你你很多时候都“正确”,或许那就是你所想要的结果。另一方面,比起一直正确还有更有趣的事情。
如果你尝试改变对现实的态度—而非分析你头脑中的观念—你将会大吃一惊。
在Take the Positivity Challenge里你能了解到更多内容。
11. 感谢是让你快乐的简单方式。
当然,我可能被告知我应该觉得感激。或许因为这是该做的事,但如果某人说对某事怀有感激之情是把消极的情绪变为积极情绪的好办法,那我可能变得更充满感激。这对保持你向上的态度和把注意力放在正确的事情上也是个很好的方法。让别人开心自己会更加开心,因为情绪是有感染力的
12. 别把自己跟他人相比。
自我想要攀比。他想找到让自己感觉良好的理由(例如“我买了辆新自行车!”)。但是一旦那样做了,你就很难不跟那些比你拥有更多的人相比(例如“噢,不,Bill买了一辆更好的车子!”)。因此你就会再次感觉自己不够好。如果你把自己跟他人比较,你就让周围的世界控制了你对自己的感觉,那你的情绪就会像过山车一样波动剧烈。
更有用的办法是跟自己相比。看看自己已经进步多少,你已经完成了什么以及你已经成长了多少。这听起来并不怎么有趣,但从长远来看这会带给你更多平和的心态、个人的力量和积极的感受。
13. 你害怕发生的事80-90%从来不会变成现实。
这点很重要。你害怕发生的大部分事情绝不会发生,它们只是你自己头脑中的妖怪。如果它们发生,那么它们通常也不会象你所预料的那么痛苦或糟糕。担心通常只是在浪费时间。
当然这说起来很容易,但如果你让自己想到你所害怕的事情在你整个生命当中是多么微不足道,那么你就能把这些担心从脑海中驱除很多。
14. 别把事情看得太严重。
把事情严严实实地包裹起来很简单,但你所担心的事情绝大多数不会变成现实。现在看来是个大问题的事情三年后你很可能根本不会记得。
把你自己、你的想法和你的情绪看的太严重通常只会导致更多不必要的痛苦。因此,放松一点,从容一点,这确实对你的情绪有很大的好处,对你的生活也是一样。
15. 把每件事写下来。
如果你的记忆就像我的一样,那它就像一只漏水的桶。如果你不养成一个记东西的习惯,你的许多好主意可能就永远消失了。这也是让你的注意力放在你想要的事情上的一个好办法。从Why You Should Write Things Down你可以阅读更多相关内容。
16. 每段经历都会带来机遇。
几乎任何经历都会有你能学习的事情以及帮助你成长的事情。不愉快的经历、错误和失败有时比成功更好,因为它可以教给你一些全新的东西,一些成功无法教给你的事。
无论何时如果你经历了一段“不愉快的体验”,问问自己:机遇在哪儿?这种情况的有益之处何在?一段不愉快的经历可以—随着时间的推移—帮助你创造许多十分积极的经历。
在学校里你希望别人告诉你什么,或者你希望从那儿学到什么?
原文作者:Henrik Edberg
原文链接:16 Things I Wish They Had Taught Me in School
译者:jasmin
转自:http://campusfuller.com/html/y2008/08/05/i-hope-that-in-the-16-schools-to-learn-things.html
About Halloween
Halloween

Holiday observed on October 31, the eve of All Saints' Day. Its pagan origins can be traced to the Celtic festival of Samhain, celebrated in ancient England and Ireland to mark the beginning of the Celtic new year. The souls of the dead were supposed to revisit their homes on Samhain eve, and witches, goblins, black cats, and ghosts were said to roam abroad. The night was also thought to be the most favorable time for divinations concerning marriage, luck, health, and death. The pagan observances influenced the Christian festival of All Hallows' Eve, celebrated on the same date. The holiday was gradually secularized and was introduced into the U.S. by the late 19th century. Still associated with evil spirits and the supernatural, it is celebrated by children in costume who gather candy by ringing doorbells and calling out “trick or treat,” “trick” referring to the pranks and vandalism that are also part of the Halloween tradition.
在西方国家,每年的10月31日,有个“Halloween”,辞典解释为“The eve of All Saints'Day”,中文译作:“万圣节之夜”。万圣节是西方国家的传统节日。这一夜是一年中最“闹鬼”的一夜,所以也叫“鬼节”。
两千多年前,欧洲的天主教会把11月1日定为“天下圣徒之日” (ALL HALLOWS DAY) 。“HALLOW” 即圣徒之意。传说自公元前五百年,居住在爱尔兰、苏格兰等地的凯尔特人 (CELTS) 把这节日往前移了一天,即10月31日。他们认为该日是夏天正式结束的日子,也就是新年伊始,严酷的冬季开始的一天。那时人们相信,故人的亡魂会在这一天回到故居地在活人身上找寻生灵,借此再生,而且这是人在死后能获得再生的唯一希望。而活着的人则惧怕死魂来夺生,于是人们就在这一天熄掉炉火、烛光,让死魂无法找寻活人,又把自己打扮成妖魔鬼怪把死人之魂灵吓走。之后,他们又会把火种烛光重新燃起,开始新的一年的生活。传说那时凯尔特人部落还有在10月31日把活人杀死用以祭奠死人的习俗。
到了公元1世纪,占领了凯尔特部落领地的罗马人也渐渐接受了万圣节习俗,但从此废止了烧活人祭死人的野蛮做法。罗马人庆祝丰收的节日与凯尔特人仪式结合,戴着可怕的面具,打扮成动物或鬼怪,则是为了赶走在他们四周游荡的妖魔。这也就是今天全球大部分人以古灵精怪的打扮,来庆祝万圣节的由来。时间流逝,万圣节的意义逐渐起了变化,变得积极快乐起来,喜庆的意味成了主流。死魂找替身返世的说法也渐渐被摒弃和忘却。到了今天,象征万圣节的形象、图画如巫婆、黑猫等,大都有友善可爱和滑稽的脸。
美国佛州:水下万圣节 布鲁塞尔的万圣节 香港时代广场迎万圣
脸谱化妆是万圣节传统节目 |
"Halloween"一词的产生
很多民族都在万圣节前夜有庆典聚会,这又被叫做“All Hallow E'en”、“The Eve of All Hallows”、“Hallow e'en”,或者“The eve of All Saintas'Day”。最终约定俗成演变成了“Halloween”,中文意译成了万圣节之夜。
万圣节的习俗——不请吃就捣乱
万圣节的一个有趣内容是“Trick or treat”,这习俗却并非源自爱尔兰,而是始于公元九世纪的欧洲基薄雾浓云愁永昼督教会。那时的11月2日,被基薄雾浓云愁永昼督徒们称为 “ALL SOULS DAY”(万灵之日)。在这一天,信徒们跋涉于僻壤乡间,挨村挨户乞讨用面粉及葡萄干制成的“灵魂之饼”。据说捐赠糕饼的人家都相信教会僧人的祈祷,期待由此得到上帝的佑护,让死去的亲人早日进入天堂。这种挨家乞讨的传统传至当今竟演变成了孩子们提着南瓜灯笼挨家讨糖吃的游戏。见面时,打扮成鬼精灵模样的孩子们千篇一律地都要发出“不请吃就捣乱”的威胁,而主人自然不敢怠慢,连声说“请吃!请吃!”同时把糖果放进孩子们随身携带的大口袋里。
另外还有南瓜雕空当灯笼的故事。这又是源于古代爱尔兰。故事是说一个名叫 JACK 的人,是个醉汉且爱恶作剧。一天 JACK 把恶魔骗上了树,随即在树桩上刻了个十字,恐吓恶魔令他不敢下来,然后 JACK 就与恶魔约法三章,让恶魔答应施法让 JACK 永远不会犯罪为条件让他下树。 JACK 死后,其灵魂却既不能上天又不能下地狱,于是他的亡灵只好靠一根小蜡烛照着指引他在天地之间倘佯。
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妖魔鬼怪翩翩起舞 |
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2004年10月30日,一名手持气球的罗马尼亚 |
孩子们喜爱的节日
万圣节是儿童们纵情玩乐的好时候。它在孩子们眼中,是一个充满神秘色彩的节日。夜幕降临,孩子们便迫不及待地穿上五颜六色的化妆服,戴上千奇百怪的面具,提上一盏“杰克灯”跑出去玩。“杰克灯”的样子十分可爱,做法是将南瓜掏空,外面刻上笑眯眯的眼睛和大嘴巴,然后在瓜中插上一支蜡烛,把它点燃,人们在很远的地方便能看到这张憨态可掬的笑脸。
收拾停当后,一群群装扮成妖魔鬼怪的孩子手提“杰克灯”,跑到邻居家门前,威吓般地喊着:“要恶作剧还是给款待”、“给钱还是给吃的”。如果大人不用糖果、零钱款待他们,那些调皮的孩子就说到做到:好,你不款待,我就捉弄你。他们有时把人家的门把手涂上肥皂,有时把别人的猫涂上颜色。这些小恶作剧常令大人啼笑皆非。当然,大多数人家都非常乐于款待这些天真烂漫的小客人。所以万圣节前夜的孩子们总是肚子塞得饱饱的,口袋装得满满的。
万圣节前夜最流行的游戏是“咬苹果”。游戏时,人们让苹果漂浮在装满水的盆里,然后让孩子们在不用手的条件下用嘴去咬苹果,谁先咬到,谁就是优胜者。
eb('http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038951/Halloween','Halloween')
多国语言学习交流平台--Lang-8

Lang-8 (http://www.lang-8.com)是一个提供国际间语言交流及联系的社会关系网络服务(SNS)平台。你既可以用正在学习的语言书写日志,精通该语言的朋友会自动帮你修改错误,也可以主动去帮助其他正在学习你精通的语言的朋友。通过lang-8,每个使用者不仅可以很好的教授和学习语言更能够增进彼此的国际交流。
首先十分的感谢喜洋洋 朋友的email投递,正是他使我们能够认识到如此优秀而实用的语言学习交流平台。在这个平台上面,你可以用你所学习的语言书写日志等待将这一语言作为母语的朋友来修改。当然你也可以帮助其他正在学习并使用您的母语的人修改文章。所以在这里你不仅仅是将学习语言,同时将帮助别人学习你自己的语言。例如,如果有一个正在学习英语的中国人和一个正在学习中文的美国人,那么这个美国人就可以帮助中国人修改英文,中国人也可以为美国人修改他所写的中文文。

交互式网络课程学习 Revoluminary

远程教育、Intel 课堂这种新的学习模式正悄悄地走进我们。面对如此激烈的竞争,很多人不得不学习更多的知识,提高自己的竞争实力,如果足不出户就能学到很多知识可以为我们节省好多的时间!Revoluminary 正是这要一个优秀的交互式网络课程学习。Revoluminary 总部设在加利福尼亚州旧金山,虽然成立不久,但成员已经遍布世界,看来这种省时省力的学习模式还是很受欢迎的。Revoluminary 这种独特的基于Web的学习社区,使老师与学生之间有充分的交流互动,通过在线语音、视频、白板、即时通讯、实时文件共享等网络技术,在协作和娱乐的同时学习到大量知识。其中支持汉语界面。

百年流行词浏览【转】
从百年前的“万国邮政”“电光”到百年后的“大撒把”“非常爱情”,社会的变迁毫无遗漏地反映在词语的变迁上,浏览世纪流行词就是检阅一百年来的沧桑巨变。
晚清时期
流行语——新词让国人的嘴跟不上趟儿
本世纪初,当西方的事物、西方的观念潮水般地涌进国门的时候,受孔孟文化中熏染了几千年的国人,不仅眼睛、头脑应接不暇,连嘴也跟不上趟儿了——那些新东西简直都没有现成的名称来称叫。思想上接受不接受倒在其次,当务之急是先找到合适的词好议论它。最直接的办法是采用音译,如:沙发、坦克、马达、咖啡、伏特、欧姆、法郎、逻辑、雷达等等。但就更多的事物而言,只有更多的得体的意译词才能准确传意。中国早期的留学生以留学日本为多,而日本由于早于中国接受西方文化,明治维新时就已大量使用汉字翻译西方名词,对于中国急于维新的一代青年来讲,最便利的做法就是直接把日本人的译词搬到汉语里来了。像“革莫道不消魂命、教育、文学、艺术、文化、文明、封建、机械、机会、惟一、演说、同志、精神、具体、专人比黄花瘦制、社会、劳动、环境、保险、经济、意味……”虽然都是中国古已有之的,但确实是日本人先拿去用以翻译英文的revolution、education、literature等词,而中国人又从日本借用回来,从而赋予了这些古词以全新的含义。
然而中国古代的词汇库里毕竟没有那么多候选者能恰切地翻译所有外来概念,聪明的日本人就用两个汉字组合成新词,由于每个词里还保留了一些汉字本来的意思,中国人也乐于接受,同样照搬过来。这些词有:“哲学、科学、物理学、化学、企业、历史、体操、动员、政策、系统、政党、警薄雾浓云愁永昼察、独半夜凉初透裁、反应、行为、效果、单位、关系、物质、成分、动议、条件、动机、趋势、意识、概念、观念、直觉、命题、对象、目的、主义、定义、原则、代表、出版、进化、进步、前提、综合、归纳、演绎、意图、背景、现象、现实、情报、象征、同情、内容、绝对、抽象、肯定、否定、积极、消极、主观、客观、直接、间接、欢迎、研究、执行、履行、参观、展览、改良、改善、批评、批判、解放、概括”等等。
除了这种从日本借来的对西方词语的译名以外,还有不少直接借自日语的词,如:“场合、手续、取缔、出勤、见习、引渡、写生”等。
不管是直接音译,还是从日本辗转借来译名,总之本世纪初西方文化的涌入是对汉语相对稳定的几千年词汇史的一次最大冲击,也直接奠定了现代汉语词汇系统的基础。
花絮
晚清婚爱流行语:女权。男女平等。婚姻自由。纳妾。圆房。童养媳。父母之命,媒妁之言。贞节牌坊。望门寡。八字。庚辰。择吉。迎喜神。拜堂。
民瑞脑消金兽国时期
流行语——新词不再陌生
从20年代到40年代这30多年间,汉语词汇的变化基本还是围绕着不断出现的外来事物发展的。这里面有几个有趣的特点。
一是隔阂到接纳的心理过程,就是一件事物引进我们的生活后,起初不愿认同为我们正常生活的组成部分,而是在名称上标明它的“异类”性质,最典型的做法就是加“洋”字:“洋烟、洋服、洋火、洋油、洋蜡”,到后来慢慢改成“香烟、西服、火柴、煤油、蜡烛”叫法的时候,就标志着对它们的进一步认同了。
第二是从恐惧到平和的心理过程,表现为在构词上有明显的夸大色彩,如用“万”来称其多的:“万邦公法、万国邮政、万牲园、万兽园、万有有生论”等;再如用“电”来表示某种神奇的能力的:“电光、电驴、电码”等,后来“万国……”的说法逐渐被“世界……”所替代,“万牲园”、“万兽园”改成了“动物园”,“电驴”也改成了“摩托车”,“神镜”改称为“照相机”,“天船”改称“热气球”,“炫奇会”改称为“博览会”。
第三就是从追求生动的权宜叫法变成追求规范的明晰称呼,如早期的“听差的、堂役、老妈子、丫头”等后来一律称“服务员”;“邮差”改称“邮递员”;“苦力、脚行”改称“搬运工”;“荐人馆”改称“职业介绍所”;“拘票”改称“ ** 证”等等,这些“~员”"~工”“~所”“~证”都是社会分类明晰化在语词里的反映。
第四是词语的变化反映出认识更加准确、精确化,如“火机”改称“蒸汽机”,“自行屋”改称“电梯”,“养疯院”改称“精神病院”,“印文机”改称“印刷机”,“玻璃皮包、玻璃雨衣、玻璃丝”改称“塑料皮包、塑料雨衣、塑料绳”等等。
花絮
民瑞脑消金兽国婚爱流行语:文明婚礼。集团结婚。婚纱照。自主婚姻。爱情至上。女界。女德。三从四德。妇女解放。男女受授不亲。节妇烈女。贤妻良母。逃婚。
新中国17年
流行语——词汇甩不掉意识形态
50年代以后大陆地区的词汇变化主要是意识形态作用的反映,这种作用首先不是在事物的称呼上,而是更多表现在与人有关的称呼上。当以三反五反、公私合营、生产合作化为标志的社会主义改造基本完成以后,“掌柜的、老伴、经理、董事长”也就不再有存在的条件了;当“粮棉统购统销,工人监督生产”等旨在把所有人的社会地位拉平的一系列政策出台,应运而生的响亮称呼便是“同志”:“工人同志、解放军同志、售票员同志、司炉工同志……”不一而足,乃至有了“母亲同志、姨父同志”。这“同志”两个字蕴含的意义更是富有而广远:共同劳动,共同生活,共同奋斗,共同目标……
新的道德并不排斥温情脉脉,所要消灭的只是等级观念。过去的夫妻称谓如“先生、太太、男人、女人、老公、老婆、当家的、屋里的”显然带有太浓重的社会阶层色彩,于是打破一切尊卑意识、性别意识和身份意识的通称“爱人”成了唯一的称呼。这种情况一直持续到80年代中期。
时代的特色表现在生活的方方面面。五六十年代的街道、商店名称以“和平、新华、国华、利民、光明”命名的不在少数。反映在人名上,更是成堆成片的“建国、建军、国庆、爱华、爱平、国强、新民、卫国、跃进、学雷、学锋”等等,人名反映时代特色有时是说一不二的。有部电视剧里有个解放前出生的人名叫“楚天舒”,在毛主人比黄花瘦席词句“极目楚天舒”于60年代发表之前能起这样的名字,显然是不可能的。语言学家王力曾说他解放前起名为“力”就是为了不跟别人重名,因为作为“怪力乱神”之一的“力”是个不吉利的字眼,不料到解放以后“力”是力量的象征,到处都有叫“王力”的,让老人无奈。
建国以后妇女翻身运动在名字上也造成了矫枉过正、习非成是的循环喜剧。过去“英”“平”“飒”“爽”等字眼都是描写男人的英武、豪迈之气的,妇女解放以后自然要拿最英武的男性词汇来形容她们不让须眉,于是“飒爽英姿”这种说法不知不觉成了女性的专利,到了七八十年代谁家男孩的名字里若是有个“英”字却往往会招来不少人说“像女孩名”。
花絮
50年代婚爱流行语:夫妻识字。包办婚姻。彩礼。新事新办。媒婆。爱人同志。搞对象。重婚。婚姻法。婚姻自由。先结婚后恋爱。
60年代婚爱流行语:移风易俗。早婚。晚婚。革莫道不消魂命战友。共同进步。生活作风。拍婆子。泡马子。
文瑞脑消金兽革十年
流行语——“革莫道不消魂命”的污染
十年“文瑞脑消金兽革”给语言造成的冲击可以说是既猛烈又彻底,然而也最短暂。虽然那时的流行词语在当时的生活中和媒体上出现频率之高是前所未有的,然而多数词语至多也就只有了不到十年的历史。下面这些词语虽然刚刚退出历史舞台20年左右,对当今青年来说却已多数不能辨识了:“忠字舞、支左、站错队、早请示、晚汇报、天天读、洋冒进、现反、跳出来、炮打、走资派、捞稻草、文斗、武斗、红代会、揪斗、牛棚、派性、黑后台、黑线人物、横扫、红海洋、红卫兵、红宝书、工宣队、狗崽子、斗私批修、二月逆流、革莫道不消魂命小将、大方向、高大全、大树特树、顶峰论、斗批改、大串联、打派仗、打人比黄花瘦倒一切、雄、样板戏、安亭事件……”。“文瑞脑消金兽革”一方面造成了语言形式的刻板,社会语言学家陈松岑这样描述:“许多文章一开头就是‘四海翻腾云水怒,五洲震荡风雷激’;回顾历史就用‘忆往昔峥嵘岁月稠’;感慨巨大变化就用‘虎踞龙盘今胜昔,天翻地覆慨而慷’;歌颂革莫道不消魂命群众就用‘春风杨柳万千条,六亿神州尽舜尧’;批判敌人则用‘一从大地起风雷,便有精生白骨堆’;说明任务的艰巨就用‘雄关漫道真如铁,而今迈步从头越’;文章的结尾则多半是‘多少事,从来急,天地转,光阴迫,一万年太久,只争朝夕’,或是‘宜将剩勇追穷寇,不可沽名学霸王’等等”。可惜的是,“文瑞脑消金兽革”带给社会的并不全是这种“文雅”的格式,另一方面,它也极坏地污染了社会语言风气,就连《人民日报》的社论里也为数不少地出现了“牛鬼蛇神”、“一小撮”、“混蛋”、“这简直是放屁”、“砸烂他的狗头”等骂人词语。
“文瑞脑消金兽革”时人人都不得不划清自己属于哪个阵营,对敌手可以痛斥为“阶半夜凉初透级敌人”、“黑五类”、“小爬虫”、“牛鬼蛇神”,对朋友则是“战友”、“同志”。有趣的是“同志”这个词这时由一个泛尊称变为了一种政治待遇,当你不配再被称作“同志”的时候,就标志着你正当的政治权利已被剥夺,而你也从此没有管别人叫“同志”的资格。随着60年代末期工宣队进驻各个单位,由工厂习惯带来的“师傅”一词逐渐普及成为被社会广为接受的新的泛尊称,一直延续到80年代。
花絮
70年代婚爱流行语:破鞋。野汉子。一帮一,一对红。三转一响。七十六条腿。双眼皮。酒窝。高价姑娘。晚婚晚育。偷玉枕纱厨情。亲不亲,线上分。家庭妇男。轧马路。秦香莲。陈世美。
改革开放年代
流行语——嘴上追赶的时髦
改革开放以来这20年的语言变化是全方位的,既有为适应新事物而新造的词语,又有外语的影响,也有社会风气造成的类推现象,还有港台语言和地方方言的影响,丰富多彩。反映新事物的“香波、摩丝、果茶、果奶、时装表、情侣装、度假村、写字楼、连锁店、微波炉、移动电话”等都带着浓郁的时代气息。但这类词语的生命力却是由他们所代表的事物的生命力所决定的,像90年代初期颇为盛行的“矿泉壶”,现在的小学生已不知为何物了。
像本世纪初期一样,人们也不惜用一些突现自己惊讶心情的词素冠在新事物上,如“高消费、高技术、高科技、高知识、高效率、高品位、高风险、高投资、大制作、大片、超市、超前、超豪华、超一流、超高速”等等。但另一方面,伴随着现代技术崇拜心理的是现代人本精神的回归,这反映在标志个人感受的概念在生活中逐渐增多,如用“感”字作词尾的词就有“成就感、失落感、时代感、生硬感、使命感、陌生感、安定感、孤独感、刺痛感、动感”等等。
新的社会现象毫无遗漏地反映在词语上。金融上的风险意识深入人心,于是有了“风险贷款、风险抵押、风险机制、风险企业、风险意识、风险资本”等;服务业的开展,使人们仿照“导游”造出了“导读、导购、导医”等;教育事业的多层面开展导致了“普教、高教、职教、成佳节又重阳人教育”;离婚率的增加导致了“单亲家庭、单亲子女”等词汇的出现。
就最一般的文体分类意义上讲,一方面是口语词汇尽量往生动、可感的方向发展,另一方面是书面语尽量往郑重、规范方向发展。像口语里的“酷、帅、涩、猛、火、绿、菜”无不语出惊人;光用“宰”构成的词就有“宰人、宰一刀、宰秤、宰客、宰手、宰家、宰爷、挨宰、狠宰、暴宰”等。而在书面语中,事物的工程化成为人们追求的时尚:“菜篮子工程、希望工程、安居工程、零点工程、再就业工程、送温暖工程、夕阳工程、五个一工程、绿色食品工程、星火计划、火炬计划、燎原计划”等等,折射出系统化的追求和理性的心态。
花絮
80年代婚爱流行语:集体婚礼。红娘。婚姻介绍所。征婚广告。婚外恋。贤内助。骗婚。婚前性关系。未婚先孕。人工大流产。道德法庭。第三者插足。妻管严。大操大办。计划生育。人工授精。结扎。上环。泡妞。钓鱼。嗅蜜。大男大女。涉外婚姻。阴盛阳衰。性感。性解放。做佳节又重阳爱。
90年代婚爱流行语:三人比黄花瘦陪。小姐。试婚。同居。妻妾成群。丰乳肥臀。离了吗?单身贵族。网络爱情。电脑征婚。旅行结婚。大撒把。热线。非常男女。非常爱情。离婚餐厅。红色恋人。包二有暗香盈袖奶。磁器。勾兑。老蜜。钓棒。傍家。傍大款。
语境对英语辅音发音的影响【转】
转自:http://blog.163.com/liangrule9520@126/blog/static/2064743520078155757389/
摘要:学习英语辅音,自然先要把单个音位(phoneme)发准,这对我们EFL learners来说不是很困难的。只要我们了解并掌握每个辅音音位的发音部位、发音方法以及声带振动的情况,就可以发好英语的辅音。但在口语交流中,任何一个音并不是孤立出现的,它总是出现在连贯的语句中,它因受到不同的语音环境(varied phonetic contexts)的影响产生不同的音位变体。尽管这些音位变体(allophone variations)不具有区别词义的功能(distinctive function)。但认识这些变体、读好这些变体对于提高我们说英语、读英语的质量是至关重要的;同时,对于提高我们的听力也是很有帮助的。
关键词:语境;辅音;影响
一、对辅音的描述(Description of the English Consonants)
对于辅音的描述是我们认识辅音的开始,帮助我们对辅音的全貌有一个初步的了解。我们将从以下五个“What is...?”对它进行描述。
⒈气流的特点(What is the nature of the air-stream?)
气流的特点主要是指发英语辅音时气流是从肺部经由喉腔(larynx)进入口腔(mouth cavity)或鼻腔(nasal cavity)向外呼出发出声音,还是用喉部产生的内吸气流发出声音。气流呼出所发出的音叫呼气音(egressive),指所有用外向移动的气流机制发出的音。与之对立的音类是内吸音(ingressive)。绝大多数语言都是由肺部的气流(肺气)外呼出而发生。少数几个辅音用喉部产生的内吸气流发出,这些音称之为“声门音”(glottal),如[t’,s’,t’]。呼气音在发音时,送气与不送气,以及送气的强弱对于发好英语辅音是至关重要的。汉语PTH的辅音的送气与不送气具有区别词义的功能(distinctive function)。如dùzī(肚子)和tùzī(兔子);yīzì(一字)和yīcì(一次)。而英语的辅音,特别是爆破音的清辅音也有送气与不送气之别[,],但它没有构成音位对立(phonemic opposition)而不足以区别词义。相反,英语辅音是以声带振动与不振动来区别词义的(voicing distinction)。如I have three pence/pens.这两句话在语音上的差别就在于句末尾辅音的清浊之别。但A.C.Gimson多次指出,下列8对音/p,b;t,d;k,g;t,d;f,v;,;s,z;,/清浊的区别性功能(the distinctive voicing feature)不总是那么起作用,他更愿意用送气的“强”和“弱”将以上辅音分为两大类,即fortis和lenis。A.C.Gimson的同学和好友,另一位语音学家 J.D.O'Connor也持同样的观点,可谓所见略同。Gimson把以上8对辅音的区别称为送气强弱对比(fortis/lenis cor-relation)。但是英语辅音送气的强弱总是和用力的大小(more or less muscular energy)、音的长短(length or du- ration)、声带的振动与不振动(voiced or voiceless)相伴随的;又与该音是否占有词重音、语句重音、在词中所处的位置(词首、词中、词尾),以及邻近音对它的影响有关。这就是说,不同的语音环境(different phonetic environment)对呼气音送气与不送气,以及送气的强弱有着不可忽视的影响。但英语辅音的送气与不送气仅仅是非绝对必需的(the difference between aspiration or unaspiration is redundant)。
⒉声门所处的状态(What is the state of the glottis?)
声门所处的状态指的是在发音时声带振动与不振动(Do the vocal cords vibrate or not?)。声带振动时产生的音是浊音或带声音(voiced),即声带振动产生的听觉效果。声带不振动时产生的音为清音或不带声音(voiceless)。英语辅音的成对是由声带的振动与不振动来决定的(paired by the distinction voiceless-voiced)/p,b;t,d;k,g;f,v;,;s,z;,;t,d/。同时,也具有区别词义的功能。一个浊音,如在特定的语音环境里声带振动的程度减弱或完全不振动,叫做清音化(devoiced),这是英语辅音常见的变体。
⒊软腭所处的位置(What is the position of the velar?)
气流流经口腔或鼻腔是由软腭来控制的。软腭有三种位置,进而发出三种不同的音;A.软腭下降,气流同时可以从口腔和鼻腔向外逸出,和我们平时呼吸的情况一样,这样产生的音叫鼻化音(nasalized)。元音或辅音在与鼻音毗邻时就会被鼻化,如add—and,at—ant,back—bank, let—lent,pet—pent,bet—bent;又如thick—think,tack— tank,film。B.软腭下降,气流在口腔的某一位置上完全受阻而无法从口腔向外逸出,只能绕道从鼻腔流出,这样发出的音叫鼻音(nasals),如/m,n,/。C.软腭上升抵住咽腔后壁,至此鼻腔通道被完全封闭,气流只能经由口腔向外流出,这样发出的音叫口腔音(oral)。英语的元音都是口腔音,辅音有21个是口腔音。
⒋发音部位(What is the place of articulation?)
辅音的发音部位,指的是在口腔的什么部位对气流形成阻挡,或哪些发音器官相互接近形成细缝。换句话来说,发音时气流产生爆破或摩擦的部位就是发音部位。语音学家常用消极的发音器官的名称的派生词来命名各类辅音的名称。下面向大家介绍一对容易混淆的同部位音(homorganic)/n/和/l/的异同。A./n/和/l/都是齿龈音(alveolar),发音时舌尖抵住上齿龈隆骨,对气流形成完全阻挡,即它们的发音部位相同;B.从音系学的理论来看,在发/n/和/l/时,气流相对不受阻,因此都可称为响音(sonorant);C.发/n/时,软腭下降,气流经由鼻腔向外流出;而发/l/时,软腭上升并与咽腔后壁接触,封闭了气流从鼻腔向外逸出的通道,气流只能从口腔通过。因此,它们的区别在于气流的流向不同,因而产生不同的音质;D.发/n/时,共鸣(resonance)产生在鼻腔,称之为鼻音;而发/l/时,共鸣发生在口腔,因此称它为口腔音。
⒌从发音方法来认识辅音(What is the manner of articulation?)
辅音的发音方法是以积极的发音器官和消极的发音器官的相对位置,以及在通道的某一个部位气流的受阻情况来划分辅音。我们可以将气流的受阻情况分为下列几种:
①完全封闭(complete closure)
对气流进行完全封闭可发下列三种音:
A.爆破音:发音时气流通道完全被堵塞,同时鼻腔关闭形成软腭顶封闭(velic closure);B.破擦时:第一个成分爆破音在除阻时要延缓爆破,逐渐被其后的摩擦声所取代;C.鼻音:发音时,气流在口腔的某一个部位完全受阻,但软腭下降气流可以通过鼻腔向外流出。
②间歇封闭(intermittent closure)
积极的发音器官和消极的发音器官进行快速的、一次点击式的接触所发出的音。苏格兰英语中的/r/,舌尖快速、连续地点击齿龈所形成的音,如俄语中的pyckuǔ,我们把它叫颤音(trill)。在英国英语里/r/是一次点击(one single tap)发出的音,我们把它称之为闪音(one—tap trill)。如There is /There are连读中的/r/就是舌尖对上齿龈进行一次点击所发出的音。
③部分封闭(partial closure)
这一类音有舌侧音。英语只有一个舌侧音音位,清晰和含混的舌侧音之间不存清浊之对立,强弱之对立,也不存在摩擦和无摩擦的对立。它的两个变体是同等重要的。发音时气流在通道的中央完全受阻,但可以从舌的两侧自由通过。
④缩窄(narrowing)
连贯的气流在通过窄长的通道时并未完全受阻,而是发出可以听得到的摩擦声。此类音主要是摩擦音。
⑤滑动音(approximants/continuants)
发此类音时发音器官既没有形成发爆破音时的阻挡,也没有形成发摩擦音时的缩窄通道。发音器官相互靠近,而间隔变窄的程度又不足以产生听得到的摩擦声。根据 A.C.Gimson(1989)的观点,此类音叫做无摩擦滑动音(frictionless approximants/continuants),有/w,j,r,l,h/ J.D.O'Connor把它们称为Gliding Consonants.
二、辅音分类(Classification of English Consonants)
⒈根据气流受阻的情况我们可以将辅音分为:⑴阻塞音(obstruent):包括爆破音,摩擦音,破擦音。⑵鼻音,无摩擦滑动音。
⒉根据乔姆斯基(Chomsky)和曼诺·哈勒(Morris Halle)对英语语音的响度所持的观点,将英语的辅音分为响音(sonorant)和非响音(non-sonorant)两大类。响音从发音上定义为用相对不受阻的气流,声带取自发带声位置时发出的音,如闪音、鼻音和边音。与响音对立的是非响音,即阻塞音,指有制流阻碍气流的音,如爆破音、摩擦音和破擦音。响辅音/m,n,/和/r,l/位于词尾和它之前的阻塞音可以构成音节(syllabic)。例如,autum[`tm],pardon[pdn],bacon[`beik],little[`litl],April[`eiprl].
三、语音环境对辅音发音的影响(The Articulation of English Consonants Influenced in Varied Phonetic Environments)
语音在话语里从来就不是孤立地出现的,而总是以一定的结构方式组合成音节、词和词的序列。在各种语音组合里,同一个音因处在不同的位置,或受邻近音的影响,结果引起发音上的变化。在英语里,语音变化有大有小。它可以在同一个音位内发生,由不同的变体来表现该音位的发音在不同的语音环境里的细微差异,也可引起音位本身的变异,即该音位在邻近音位的影响下,或者变得与邻近音位相同或相似,或者与邻近音位一起溶合成一个与它们二者都不相同的音位。前一种音变是音位变体的变化,可称为自由变体(free variation);后一种音变是因不同的语音环境的影响而产生的音位的变化,是有条件的(conditioned),叫做环境变体(environmental variation),或称之为同化(assimilation)。在现代英语里,这两种变化主要表现为辅音在发音部位和发音方法以及清浊上的变化。这些变化为的是避免费劲的、不自然的语音过渡,以保持英语语句的自然流畅和节律的均衡。
⒈送气强弱及清浊的变化:
⑴爆破音的清辅音/p,t,k/位于重读元音之前,要强送气,即在爆破音除阻和开始发其后所跟元音之间要有一股强气流向外逸出,因此我们把这种情况下的爆破音的清辅音称之为强送气(aspirated)用 [h]来表示。如,pie[ai],tie[ai],kite[ait]。同时还具备用力较强(more muscular energy),读音较长(longer),肌肉紧张(tense)的特点。
送气强弱的情况:
① 后跟重读元音,送气较强。如,paper,tighter,cooker.
② 后跟非重读元音时,送气较弱。如,paper,tighter, cooker.
③ 后跟长元音/双元音比跟短元音送气强。如, peak—pick,teen—tin,key—kick.
④ 在音节之首要比在音节之尾送气强。如,peep, tart,cock.
⑤ 占有语句重音时送气要强。如,Oh,five!He's foundit.
⑥ 处于重读音节的/s/+/p,t,k/是不送气的(unaspirated),因为位于/p,t,k/之前的/s/本身是清辅音,位于重读音节之首,属于fortis,已经送过气了,它之后的/p,t,k/就应少送气或不送气,发一个unaspirated re- lease。如,spy,stay,sky。我们把这种语音现象称之为音节首音出现的辅音连缀(word initial cluster),用[=]来表示。试比较,eak-speak /air-spare /ie-spy.art-start /ill-still /eam-steam.ar-scar /ill-skill/ool-school.
⑵阻塞音的浊音与清辅音毗邻被部分清化(partially devoiced)。如,of course要读作[f`ks];a scent of flower, a cup of tea;We've found her,[wiv]应读作[wif],是因为of和've中的/v/受到后音/k/,/f/和/t/的影响,使原来的浊辅音变成与后面音一致的清辅音。又如,worked[wkt], kicked[kikt]。这种音变属同化现象(assimilation)。按同化的方向,前音受后音影响而发生的音变,叫逆行同化(regressive)。后音受前音影响而发生的音变叫顺行同化(progressive)。在句子This dog comes里/d/受前音/s/的影响;/g/受后音/k/的影响都要清化d o g。常用[。]来表示浊音清化(devoiced Lenis consonant)。我们中国学生常犯的错误就是不管在什么语言环境下,浊音都读很强。如,sentences,bags。其实,只有当浊音与元音或浊音毗邻(adjacent)时,它们通常是浊的(usually voiced),如,debate夹在/i/和/ei/之间的/b/,它所毗邻的元音都是浊音; umbrella中/b/夹在都是浊音的/m/和/r/之间,保持声带振动。又如,The dog barks,中的/d/,/g/都是浊的。
⑶位于词尾的阻塞音的浊辅音被部分清化或完全清化(not fully voiceless or devoiced entirely)。用[-]表示,如 rob,read,bag。
⑷位于音节起首的/p,t,k/之后的滑动音要清化。如,pray,pry,ply,play,two,twelve,queen[kwi:n],cue[kju:],quenue[kju:]。因为此处的滑动音受之前爆破音的清辅音的影响,被清化。
⑸强送气音之后的/m,n,/要多少有些清化(slightly devoiced)。如,smell,smoke,they don't mind,snake,I don't know,bacon[`beik]中的/m,n,/原本都是浊音,受到/s/送气音的清辅音的影响,声带的振动就不是那么强烈,要受到一定的削弱。试比较:mall-small/ mell-smell/mile-smile /nail-snail/no-snow/naked-snake.
⒉音长的变化
发音方法不同的辅音,即是在相同的语音环境里它们的音长各不相同;发音方法相同的同类辅音在不同的语音环境里,其音的长短也是不一致的。
⑴辅音在词尾要比在词中读得长。如,keep—keeper, time—timer,fill—filler,pain—painful.
⑵后跟一个浊辅音的舌侧音要比后跟一个清辅音读得长。如,bold—bolt,cold—colt.因为在相同的语音环境(in a same contextual situation)里清音比浊音长。所以,浊音前的/l/要比清音前的/l/读得长。
⑶辅音在句末要比在句中读得长。如,I don't know your name.Can you write down your name on the paper?
⑷清辅音所在的音节占有语句重音时要读得长而强,此时该辅音对所在音节的语句重音起到了加强的作用。正如林语堂教授在1993年出版的中学课本里写到:“Do you find that you say the voiced consonants more gently,softly and the voiceless consonants with more force?You must use more force when you say /p,t,k,,s,f/,then your pronunci- ation willbe clear.”如,He`followed the`footpath through the`fields to the `forest.·—··—···—··—·.Theschoolboystood on thesands to see thesailorspass.·—·—··—·—·—·—.
⑸辅音前是短元音要比是长元音读得长。如,tin— teen,sin—seen,hill—heel,tick—take,pick—peak。
⑹后跟有浊音的鼻音和/l/要比后跟有清音读得长。如,simbol—simple,bend—bent,field—felt。
总的来说,爆破音十分短促;半元音必须很快滑向后面的元音(它的duration是很短暂的),摩擦音比爆破音略长;破擦音的长度介于爆破音与摩擦音之间。英语辅音中最长的音是/l,m,n,/,位于词尾时要有一定的长度。用升调朗读时也要有一定的长度。如,Do you know his name?
⒊发音部位的变化:
一个音段对另一个音段的发音施加影响,从而使这两个原本完全不同的音在发音部位上变得相似或相同。
⑴舌齿音(dental)/,/之前的舌龈音要齿音化(dentalized),可用[n]来表示。如,eighth[eit]。此处/t/本身是舌龈音,发音时舌尖和上齿龈进行接触。因受其后舌齿音的影响,使得/t/在发音部位上变得与舌齿音同部位,也属同化现象。又如,width,breadth,next Thursday.
⑵当舌龈音/t,d/之后跟后齿龈音/r/时要后齿音化(post-dentalized)。如,train,drain。有人把/tr/、/dz/当作辅音连缀,也有人把这种现象称之为位于元音或单词起首的破擦音(affricates in initial position)。英语界对音位数目的分歧,往往是因为对//、/d/;/tr/、/dr/;/ts/、/dz/这些辅音结合体的看法和处理不同。A.C.Gimson的 44音位学说认为辅音有24个,破擦音只有//、/d/。四川大学外语系的张凤桐老师(A.C.Gimson的研究生 1981—1983),认为英语的辅音有26个,把这一对音算在4个破擦音之内。另外,湖南师范大学的何善芬(1985),北京外国语大学的胡文仲(1992),已故的许国璋编写的《英语》(1993版本),以及人民教育出版外语编辑室(1993)却认为英语有48个音素,其中辅音为28个,破擦音为3对6个,即 //、/d/;tr,dr;ts,dz/。A.C.Gimson之所以把/, dr;ts,dz/没当辅音待,因为/tr,dr/只能出现在元音前、音节之首,而不能位于元音之后,音节之尾;而/ts,dz/只能出现在元音之后,音节之尾,(即以/t,d/结尾的名词的复数形式,名词所有格加’s的读音,以及动词一般现在时主语为单数第三人称时加s或es的读音),却不能位于元音之前与元音相拼。因此,从音节的构成上来看它们是有缺陷的,不健全的,把它们归为复辅音(辅音结合体或辅音连缀)的理由是比较充分的。所以,英语44音位学说不论在国际通用性、理论的严谨性以及实用性等方面,均胜于其他学说,是我们英语教学与研究的一个比较理想的音位体系。
⑶软腭爆破音(velar plosive)/k,g/后跟有前元音/i:,I,e,/或硬腭半元音/j/(palatal semi-vowel)时,/k,g/要发成硬腭爆破音(palatal plosive)。例如,cat中的/k/。有人把它叫作“hard—c”,hard指的就是硬腭(hard palate)。又如,geese。因为发前元音时舌前部向硬腭抬起,/j/的发音部位与前元音/i:/相同,因此当它们受到前元音和/j/的影响时,发音部位就得与前元音或/j/保持一致。
⑷软腭爆破音(velar plosive)/k,g/后跟有后元音/u:,u,,/和软腭半元音(velar semi-vowel)/w/时,/k,g/变体的舌位比平常靠后(retracted),同时双唇要收圆(rounded)。如,quarted[`kwt],cool[ku:l],goose[gu:s]。我们用符号来表示这种语音现象。
⑸在单词comfort里/m/为双唇鼻音,它受到后音/f/唇齿音的影响,在发音部位上要发生相应的变化,变成和/f/的发音部位相同,即唇齿鼻音。用符号来表示。如,come forward,come for lunch.
⑹舌龈鼻音/n/受到其后的唇齿音/f,v/的影响,要发成唇齿鼻音(labio-dental nasal)。如,invite,influence, on foot也用来表示。当/n/后跟一个软腭爆破音/k,g/时,它就要被同化为软腭鼻音//。如,bank[bk], open class[`up`kls];当/n/后跟双唇音/p,b,m,w/时,/n/在发音部位上就要变成与它们一致的双唇鼻音(bilabial nasal)。如,input[im`put],ten books[`tem`buks],by and by[`bai jm `bai]
⒋发音方法的变化
一个音段对另一个音段的发音施加影响,从而使这两个原本完全不相同的音在发音方法上变得相似或相同。
⑴当爆破音后跟另一个同部位的爆破音时,第一个爆破音只有成阻和持阻阶段,而没有除阻,即不爆破(unreleased)。而第二个爆破音因和第一个爆破音对气流阻挡的位置相同,即同部位,所以它没有成阻阶段,要将第一个爆破音的持阻阶段一直延续下去,直到最后产生爆破。所以,此种情况下的爆破音只有一个成阻阶段,二倍的持阻时间和最终一次性的爆破,这种现象称之为同部位的延时爆破(homorganic delayed plosion)。如,Stop playing, What time,book case,Bob bites,delayed days,big gate.以上例词中的爆破音不仅部位相同,而且清浊也相同。因此,可以叫做同部位清浊相同的延时爆破。要将Stop playing[`stp`leii]中的[—pp—]写成[p:],以此来表示延时。如果爆破音后跟另一个部位相同而清浊不同的爆破音时,依然要延时爆破,称之为同部位清浊不同的延时爆破。如, Stop Bob,what day,black gate,Bob picked,used to,a good teacher,A dog comes,a big county.但不能以[:]来表示,用[⌒]来表示。
⑵爆破音后跟一个不同部位的爆破音。如,a shop girl;top dog;ripe tomato;great care;hot bath;black dog;red paper;a red cover;take part等。此时,第一个爆破音的持阻阶段一直延续到第二个爆破音开始成阻。以fact为例,/k/部位上的阻碍直到空气在/t/部位上再次形成阻碍时才得以除阻。/k/的爆破在口腔里发生,外界是听不到的,即无闻爆破(non-audible release),也就是我们常说的不完全爆破(incomplete plosion)。第二个爆破音要产生完全爆破。常用来表示。
⑶爆破音后跟一个同部位的鼻音(homorganic nasal)时,不管这个鼻音是成节音(syllabic),如pardon[`pdn],还是处在下一个音节的节首位置(initial position),如,ripe mango,爆破音在除阻所释放的受阻气流不能从口腔逸出,此时口腔封闭仍然存在,在开始发鼻辅音软腭下降的一瞬间,音猛然从鼻腔向外逸出,发生爆破,共鸣产生在鼻腔,称为鼻腔爆破(nasal release /nasal plosion)。如,garden[gdn],written[`ritn],bacon[`beik],cold night[`kuldnait],常用来表示。当爆破音后的鼻音不是它的同部位音时,爆破音只有等到其后的鼻音的发音动作完成后才得以除阻;即爆破音的除阻只有等到口腔再次对气流进行封闭和软腭下垂之后才得以产生。如, happen[`hpn],postman[`pustmn],cold meat[kuldmi:t], big nose[big nuz]
⑷爆破音,主要是/t,d/后跟舌侧音/l/时,不管它是成节音/-tl,-dl/,或是下一个音节的起首/-tl-/,/-dl-/,由于它们是同部位音,发音时从爆破音形成对气流的阻碍时起,舌尖始终不能离开齿龈隆骨,要一直保持到除阻的完成和舌侧音/l/发音部位的形成,并且要使爆破所产生的气流从舌的两侧向外逸出。这种爆破称之为同部位舌侧爆破(homorganic lateral release)。如,little[`litl], cattle[`ktl],middle[midl],mudle[mdl],在词界中也是一样,如,at least,at last,a red light,bad luck。在/p,b,k,/+/l/的序列里,它们跟/l/不是同部位音,不管/l/是成节音或是位于下一个音节或词的开始,也都要产生舌侧爆破。如,people[pipl],bubble[bbl],uncle[nkl], angle[l],up late,rub lightly。此时,爆破音在除阻之前或除阻同时需完成/l/的发音部位,即舌尖同上齿龈隆骨进行接触,确保除阻所产生的气流务必从舌的两侧向外逸出。我们的学生发不好这种爆破现象,其原因在于除阻时舌尖没有及时抵住上齿龈对气流再次形成阻挡,迫使气流从舌的两侧通过。而往往用[—p,—b,—k,—]来代替词尾的舌侧爆破[—pl,—bl,—kl,—l]。常用符号[]来表示这种语音现象。
⑸当含混的(dark)后跟一个辅音或/w/时,要被软腭化(velarized)。此时,后舌朝软腭方向抬起,从而赋予该辅音一种与后元音/u/相同的共鸣。如,tells, twelve,health,will they,milk,spelt.含混的//只出现在元音之后或辅音之前。常用[~]来表示软腭音化(velarization)。发好此音的方法:舌尖抵住上齿龈隆骨,不能离开,然后发//或//音即可。它与清晰的/l/(clear /l/)的区别在于发清晰的舌侧音时舌身朝硬腭(palatalized)方向抬起,赋予该音一个短暂的与前元音/i/相类似的共鸣,它出现在元音或/j/之前。如,lead,light, law,w[`dblju:]用来表示腭音化。
⑹普通RP的/r/音位是一个无摩擦滑动音(frictionless approximant /continuant)。当它出现在/t,d/之后时就成摩擦音(fricative)。如,train,drain,try,dry。因为发/t,d/时,后齿龈上形成封闭,而且除阻缓慢,足以产生摩擦。同时,/tr,dr/组合中的/r/要清化。
⑺响音辅音/m,n,/和/l/、/r/位于词尾时,可以和它们之前的辅音构成音节。但我们中国学生常常在阻塞音和响音之间加一个中元音。如,sudden[`sdn]读成[`sdn],要不就把响音之前的阻塞音延长。如,leninizm[`leniniz:m]。在三个鼻音成节音中,/n/是出现频率最高的,特别是它和同部位的舌龈音/t,d,s,z/以及齿龈硬腭音/,d,,/构成的成音节为数众多。如,cotton[`ktn], garden[`gdn],listen[`lisn],reason[`ri:zn],kitchen[`kitn], religion[ri`lidn],revolution[rev`lu:n],television[tele`vin],其它还有rhythm[`rim],bacon[`beik]。但在 kiln,film中/n,m/不是成节音,而/l/则是成节音。同样/l,r/也可构成音节。如,rifle[`raifl],arrival[`raivl],whistle[`wisl],puzzle[`pzl],April[`eiprl]。用[]表示syllabic consonant(成节音)。
综上所述,影响英语辅音发生变化的语音环境有:1.辅音在词中的位置:词首(initial)、词中(medial)、词尾(final)。2.在音节中所处的位置:音节之首(元音之前),音节末尾(元音之后)。3.该辅音所在的音节是否享有词重音或语句重音。4.邻近音对它的影响。辅音受以上语音环境的影响发生以下几个方面的变化:1.送气的强弱;2.用力的大小;3.音的长短;4.浊音的清化;5.发音部位的挪动;⒍发音方法的改变。
参考文献
[1]Alan Cruttenden.Gimson's Pronunciation of English[M].6th edition,2001,9.
[2]Peter Poach.English Phonetics and Phonology:APractical Course[M].2nd edition,2000,8.
[3]Jack C.Richards,John Platt,Heidi Platt.Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching &Applied Linguistics[M].2000,8.
[4]David Crystal.ADictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics[M].沈家煊译,2000,12.
做好英语演讲的方法及技巧【转】
在做演讲时与观众的眼神交流很重要,不仅可以加强与受众之间的互动,还可以帮助缓和演讲者的紧张情绪。如何在演讲中成功运用眼神交流呢?下面为您提供一些技巧。
眼神交流
Move your eyes slowly from person to person, and pause two or three seconds with each listener;
眼神慢慢地从一个人移动到另一个人,在每一个人身上停留两到三秒钟时间;
Look at people straight or look at the bridge of their noses or chins;
眼睛直视听众,或看着他们的鼻梁或下巴;
Look for the friendlier faces and smile at them one by one, then move on to the more skeptical members and smile at them one by one also;
找到那些看起来比较友善的听众,逐个朝他们微笑;然后目标转向那些有些怀疑的听众,也逐个朝他们微笑;
Imagine the audience in bathrobes in case you are nervous.
如果你感到紧张,不妨想象听众都穿着浴衣的样子。
话筒的使用看似是小事一桩,但如果使用不当,也可能会让你在台上尴尬不已。下面就教您如何使用好话筒。
How to use the microphone
如何使用话筒
You must speak up and project your voice even if you are using a microphone;
即使是用话筒,也要声音响亮并运气发声;
Your voice should be resonant and sustained when you speak;
声音要有回声并能稍持续一阵儿;
Pitch your voice slightly lower than normal. Listeners tend to associate credibility and authority with a relatively deep voice;
音调要定得比正常讲话时低一些,听众往往把可信度与权威性与一个相对低沉的声音联系在一起;
Try to end declarative sentences on a low tone without, however, trailing off in volume;
尽量用降调结束陈述句,但不要减弱音量;
Slow down.
放慢语速。
卡片是演讲中经常使用到的工具之一,它可以提示演讲者要演讲的内容。那么,如何在演讲中使用好卡片呢?如果忘词了,又该怎么办?下面就给大家介绍一些技巧。
How to use cards
怎样使用卡片
Number your cards on the top right;
在卡片的右上角标上数字;
Write a complete sentence on both your first and last card;
在第一张和最后一张上写上完整的句子;
Write up to five key words on other cards;
其他卡片上最多只能写五个关键词;
Use color to mark the words you want to emphasize;
用颜色来标记你想强调的词;
Remind yourself at a particular spot to check the time.
在某一处提醒自己查看时间。
How to cope with brownout
如何对付忘词
Just smile and go to the next card. Not the one in front of you, but to the next following. Look at the first word on it. This will be the point from which you will now continue. Of course you missed part of your speech. But nobody will notice it. They will blame themselves for not following your thoughts.
只需要微微一笑,继续下一张卡片上的内容,不是摆在你眼前的那张卡片,而是下一张。看一下卡片上的第一个单词,这就是你要继续的要点。当然你会遗漏一部分内容,但是没有人会注意到这一点。听众只会责怪自己没有跟上你的思路。
很多人对登台演讲都没有自信。下面这些小技巧教你如何在演讲时建立自信。
How to gain confidence
怎样变得自信
Smile and glance at the audience;
微笑并看着观众;
Start very slowly, with your shoulders back and your chin up;
开始发言时要慢一点,身体保持昂首挺胸的姿态;
Open your speech by saying something very frankly;
开场白说一些真诚话;
Wear your very best clothes;
穿上自己最好的衣服;
Say something positive to yourself.
对自己说一些积极的话。
上班了,难免要参加一些工作会议,在会议上你需要提出自己的见解,有时候还要做正式的presentation 来向大家公布你的计划等等。这些都可以看成是演讲。怎样才能做好这些演讲,让你的工作做得更好呢?接下来我们就给大家提供一些如何做好演讲的建议。
How to communicate with the audience
怎样与听众交流
A message worth communicating;
要有值得交流的观点;
Gain the listeners' attentions: capture their interest and build their trust;
引起听众的注意:抓住他们的兴趣并赢得信任;
Emphasize understanding;
重视理解;
Obtain their feedback;
获得反馈;
Watch your emotional tone;
注意声调要有感情;
Persuade the audience.
说服听众。
Don’ts in public speaking
演讲切忌
Talking too rapidly;
语速太快;
Speaking in a monotone;
声音单调;
Using too high a vocal pitch;
声音尖细;
Talking and not saying much;
“谈”得太多,说得太少;
Presenting without enough emotion or passion;
感情不充分;
Talking down to the audience;
对观众采取一种居高临下的姿态;
Using too many "big" words;
用太多大词;
Using abstractions without giving concrete examples;
使用抽象概念而不给出事例加以说明;
Using unfamiliar technical jargon;
使用别人不熟悉的技术术语;
Using slang or profanity;
使用俚语或粗俗语;
Disorganized and rambling performance;
演讲无组织,散乱无序;
Indirect communication i.e. beating around the bush.
说话绕弯子,不切中主题。
How to close
如何结尾
To repeat your opening;
重复你的开头;
To summarize your presentation;
概括你的演讲;
To close with an anecdote;
以趣事结尾;
To end with a call to action;
以号召行动结尾;
To ask a rhetorical question;
以反问结尾;
To make a statement;
以一个陈述句结尾;
To show an outline of your presentation.
展示演讲大纲。
How to begin
如何开头
To tell a story (about yourself);
讲个(自己的)故事;
To acknowledge the occasion of the gathering;
对大家能够聚在一起表示感谢;
To pay the listeners a compliment;
称赞一下听众;
To quote;
引用名人名言;
To use unusual statistics;
使用一些不平常的数据;
To ask the audience a challenging question;
问观众一个挑战性的问题;
To show a video or a slide.
播放录像带或看幻灯片。
How to organize the speech
怎样组织演讲
To have a structure: such as first, second, third; geographically, north, south, east, west; compare and contrasts; our side versus their side; negative and positive;
要有一个结构:可以分一二三点;可以从地理上分东南西北;比较与对比;我方与他方;正面与反面;
To label the materials such as jokes, funny anecdotes, favorite sayings, interesting statistics;
将材料归类整理,如笑话、趣事、名人名言、有趣的数据;
Four objectives of the speech
演讲的四个目标
To offer information;
提供信息;
To entertain the audience;
使听众感到乐趣;
To touch emotions;
动之以情;
To move to action;
使听众行动起来。
穿越海洋-第三届全国英语演讲比赛冠军作品
Crossing the Sea
By Liang Limin(梁励敏 北京外国语大学)
专家点评:引用文学大师的诗句作为开场白,与结束语首尾呼应,颇有感染力。东西方文化的融合表现得十分鲜明,意味深长,是篇优秀的演讲。
Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. The title of my speech today is "Crossing the Sea" . An English poet by the name of Rudyard Kipling once wrote in this poem "We and They" :
All the people like us are We
and everyone else is They
We live over the sea
While They live over the way
We eat pork and beef with cow horn-handled knives
They who gobble their rice off a leaf
Are horrified out of their lives.
When these lines first caught my eyes, I was shocked--how could two people remain so isolated and ignorant of each other in the past? Today´s society, of course, is an entirely different picture. Those people who used to eat with gobble their rice might be as well have taken to fish and chips.
Indeed, just take China as example; Our modern life has been influenced by Western style of living in so many ways that it´s no longer surprising to see teenagers going crazy about rock-and-roll, whole families dining out at McDonald´s and even rather elderly people dressed in Apple Jeans.
However, these are only some expressions of the cultural changes taking place in our society today. What is really going on is a subtle but significant restructuring of the nation´s mentality. Just look around.
How many college graduates are ready to compete aggressively for every job opportunity, whereas not long ago they were asked just to sit idle and wait for whatever was to be assigned to them by the government?
How many young people are now eager to seek for an independent life whereas only two decades ago they would rely totally on their parents to arrange for their future? Ask anyone who participates in today´s speech contest. Who has not come with a will to fight and who has not come determined to achieve self-fulfillment in winning the game? And I´m quite certain that if Confucius had lived to see today´s China, he would have been horrified to see young lovers kissing each other in public places in an unreserved expression of their passion.
It is therefore evident that we as descendants of an ancient Eastern civilization are already living under strong influence of the Western culture. But it is not only in China that we find the incorporation of the two cultures.
Take the United States as an example: During the 1980s, in face of the overwhelming competition from Japan, many American companies such as the Ford began to adopt a teamwork management from their rivals, the essence of which, lay at the very core of Eastern culture.
Take the Chinese acupuncture as another example: This traditional treatment of diseases is finally finding its way to the West and hence the underlying notion that illness is resulted from the imbalance between yin and yang within the body--an idea which would strike any Westerner as incredible in the past!
Ladies and Gentlemen, we live in a great epoch when the global integration of economy and the information revolution have brought cultures of the world closer than ever before. We live in a particular era when countries, East and West, find themselves in need of readjusting their traditional values. We live, at the same time, at a critical juncture of our evolution because such problems as ethnic conflicts and regional unrest are increasingly posing a threat to the peace and happiness of the whole human race.To cope with such an era and to embrace an even brighter future, we need to learn to live more harmoniously in a world community which is becoming smaller and smaller. My dear fellow students, our command of the English language render sit possible for us to gain an insight into Western culture while retaining our own cultural identity.
Therefore, it is our sacred responsibility to promote the cultural exchanges and hence the mutual understanding between China and the rest of the world.
It is my happiest dream that new generation of Chinese will not only grow up drinking Coca cola and watching Hollywood, but also be blessed with the far-reaching benefits of multiple cultures; benefits that our forefathers had never, ever dreamed of.
To end my speech, I would like to quote Rudyard Kipling again:
All the people like us are We
And everyone else is They
But once you cross over the sea
You will end by looking on We
As only a sort of They.
Thank you.
译文:穿越海洋
女士们、先生们,晚上好。今天,我演讲的题目是:《穿越海洋》。
英国诗人罗得雅德·吉卜林曾写过一首诗,名叫《我们与他们》,其中写道:
像我们的人是我们
其余的人是他们
我们生活在海这边
他们生活在路那边
我们用牛角柄的刀叉吃猪牛肉
吞吃粽叶包饭的他们
吓得要死。
第一次读到这首诗,我很震惊——过去两个民族何以如此疏离、彼此陌生?当然今日的社会呈现出完全不同的情景
:那些过去吃米饭的人们也开始喜欢吃鱼和薯条。
的确如此,就拿中国来说,西方的生活方式已经广泛地影响了我们的现代生活,以致对于年轻人对摇滚乐着
迷,全家去吃麦当劳,老年人穿苹果牌牛仔裤,大家都已习以为常。
然而,这不过是我们当今社会中所发生的文化变迁的表面现象而已,真正发生的却是我们的民族心理开始了微妙
而又有重大意义的重建,大家只要看看周围就会清楚。
不久以前,大学生还只是束手空坐,等待政府给他们分配工作;如今,又有多少大学生正在做充分准备,为争取任
何工作机会而激烈角逐?
20年前年轻人还完全依靠父母为他们安排未来,今天又有多少年轻人在急切地寻求一种独立的生活?试问今天参加
演讲比赛的诸位,谁不是带着志在一搏的心情来到这里?谁不是铁下心来赢得这场比赛以实现自我?如今年轻人毫无顾
忌地宣泄情感当众亲吻,我确信,倘若孔子在世,他必被吓坏。
很明显,我们这些东方古老文明的后裔们早已生活在西方文化的强烈影响之下,然而出现这种异质文化合流的
现象不止是在中国。
以美国为例,20世纪80年代,面对来自日本的强大竞争压力,许多美国公司如福特公司开始采用对手的集体合作
管理方式,而这种方式正是东方文化核心之精华。
再以中华针灸为例,这种传统的医疗方法以及这种疗法的依据——即人体阴阳失调导致疾病最终得到西方社会的
承认,而在过去,西方人还认为这是无稽之谈。
女士们,先生们,我们恰逢一个伟大的时代:全球经济一体化、信息革莫道不消魂命使得世界各种文化联系比以往更加紧密;
我们恰逢一个特殊的年代:无论是东方国家还是西方国家都意识到自身急需调整传统价值。与此同时,我们正生活在发
展的关键时刻:种族冲突,地区动荡正越来越威胁着整个人类的和平与幸福。如何对待这一时代,拥抱更加灿烂的未来
,我们需要学会在越来越小的世界大家庭中更加和睦地生活。
亲爱的同学们,我们掌握英语,得以了解西方文化,与此同时,又不失本民族的文化特征。
因此,促进中国与世界的文化交流与相互理解是我们神圣的责任。
我有一个美好的梦想,我梦想中国的年轻一代不仅仅在喝可口可乐、看好莱坞影片中成长,而且还受益于我们的
父辈所从未梦想过的多元文化所带来的深远影响。
最后,再次以罗得雅德·吉卜林的诗作为我此次演讲的结尾:
像我们的人是我们
其余的人是他们
然而一旦你们穿洋越海
就不会再把我们
看做仅仅是他们。
谢谢。
另一半”英语怎么说?【转】
中国人称另一半为“爱人”,“我丈夫妻子”,“我老公/婆”,有孩子称“孩子他爸(妈)”,“俺家那口子”,男的称呼妻子还有“屋里的”,“内人”,甚至古代/代还有“贱内”。那么在英语国家,人们向别人介绍另一半时如何称呼呢?我们来看看。
1. Where can British people find their ideal spouses?
spouse 是配偶的意思,指夫或妻,用于比较正式的场合。
2. How do they meet their other halves?
other half,“另一半”,那口子(指自己的配偶),同时也可以指代男女朋友。
3. Quite a lot of people said they meet girlfriends or boyfriends when they are out in a bar or club, or at a party.
boyfriend/girlfriend 男/女朋友,指尚未步入婚姻殿堂的情侣们。
4. After a couple are engaged, they usually refer to each other as fiance/fiancee before others.
fiance/fiancee未婚夫/妇
5. Sometimes people meet the love of their life at a party or in a pub.
the love of your life 一生之爱,通常用于已经结婚的伴侣或是两人关系密切而稳定。
6. I met my partner by the matchmaker.
partner 也可以用来指自己的另一半。
除此之外还有几种比较甜蜜,幸福的称呼:
7. my wifie/hubby
8. my Mr./Miss. Right
9. my lover
10. my beloved
11. my sweetheart
12. my prince/princess
PS:
当a couple直呼对方时,英语如何表达呢? 可任选如下一种:
13. dear
14. honey
15. babe
16. darling
17. sweetheart
当然啦,遇见自己伴侣的方式有很多种,可以通过工作、聚会、朋友介绍、媒人(matchmaker)、网络约会(internet dating)等各种各样。
关于英语成语【转】
http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/35697355.html?si=10
英语成语是英语词汇中的重要精华部分(part and parcel)。社会生活的各个方面是英语成语取之不尽的源泉(Idioms from Society),当代英语中最常用的成语有4000余条。许多常用的英语成语来自《圣经》(Bible)和莎士比亚(Shakespeare)等文学名著。英语成语主要是口语,而汉语成语主要是书面语;English idiom 字数不固定,而汉语成语多为四字词组。下面分广义和狭义来论述英语成语。
一、 英语成语的理解
(一)广义的英语成语的理解
从文体学来说,广义的英语成语(idiom)包括谚语(proverb)、俚语(slang)、俗语(colloquial)、成对词(twin words)、三词词组(trinomials)、熟语(catchphrase, lexical phrase )和习惯搭配(habitual collocation, restricted collocation)等。现举例如下:
1. 谚语、格言(proverb),警句(sentence idiom)。
英语谚语常有缩写形式,类似汉语的歇后语。例如:
1) Proverbs are children of experience.谚语是经验的产物。
2) It' s no use crying over spilt milk.倒翻牛奶,哭也没用。缩写形式:Cry over spilt milk. 含义:覆水难收。
2. 俚语(slang)。
俚语为某些人群和地区所特有,适用范围有严格限制,使用时要注意其使用的得体性和意义的准确性。例如:
1)screw up 弄糟、一塌胡涂He screwed the whole thing up from start to finish. 他自始至终一塌胡涂。
2)Pay off 贿赂 chat up 与异性搭讪
3. 口语(colloquial)。例如:
snake in the grass 暗箭
hit below the belt stab in the back 暗箭伤人
cut the ground from under sb. 在某人背后搞鬼
4. 成对词(twin words, irreversible binomials 或 words in pairs)。英国学者福勒(H.W.Fowler) 把它比作“连体双胞胎”(Siamese twins),称为重言法(hendiadys)。例如:
beer and skittles 吃喝玩乐,wax and wane 盛衰,weal and woe祸福。
5. 三词词组(trinomials)。有些固定的三词词组也被归为成语,因为它们大都也是一些固定的讲法。例如:
1)sun, moon and stars 日月星on land, on sea, and in the sky 海陆空
2)Eat, drink and be merry. 及时行乐Wine, woman, and song. 吃喝玩乐
(二) 狭义英语成语的理解
狭义的英语成语有以下几个特点(The Characteristics of English Idioms):
1. 长期的习用性(Idiomaticity)。有些谚语有上千年历史。例如:
1)Time flies like an arrow. 光阴似箭。
Art is long, life is short. 人生苦短,艺术长久。
2)A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难之交。
2. 结构的固定性(Structural Stability, Syntactic Frozenness)。
英语成语的固定性(fixity)取决于它们的习用性(idiomaticity),其习用性越强,结构越固定,就越为人们所接受。 例:sword for sword 剑对剑, tit for tat 针锋相对。 Diamond cut diamond. 棋逢对手。Like cures like. 以毒攻毒。
3. 语义的整体性(Semantic Unity)。
英语成语(idiom)也称为混合词(fused words),理解英语成语的意义要从整体上去把握,因为英语成语的语义是一个独立和完整的内在统一体。例如:
1)rain cats and dogs (meaning: rain heavily) 倾盆大雨
2)wear one's heart upon one's sleeve (meaning: show one's feeling plainly) 心直口快
英语成语是英语词汇中的重要精华部分(part and parcel)。社会生活的各个方面是英语成语取之不尽的源泉(Idioms from Society),当代英语中最常用的成语有4000余条。许多常用的英语成语来自《圣经》(Bible)和莎士比亚(Shakespeare)等文学名著。英语成语主要是口语,而汉语成语主要是书面语;English idiom 字数不固定,而汉语成语多为四字词组。下面分广义和狭义来论述英语成语。
一、 英语成语的理解
(一)广义的英语成语的理解
从文体学来说,广义的英语成语(idiom)包括谚语(proverb)、俚语(slang)、俗语(colloquial)、成对词(twin words)、三词词组(trinomials)、熟语(catchphrase, lexical phrase )和习惯搭配(habitual collocation, restricted collocation)等。现举例如下:
1. 谚语、格言(proverb),警句(sentence idiom)。
英语谚语常有缩写形式,类似汉语的歇后语。例如:
1) Proverbs are children of experience.谚语是经验的产物。
2) It' s no use crying over spilt milk.倒翻牛奶,哭也没用。缩写形式:Cry over spilt milk. 含义:覆水难收。
2. 俚语(slang)。
俚语为某些人群和地区所特有,适用范围有严格限制,使用时要注意其使用的得体性和意义的准确性。例如:
1)screw up 弄糟、一塌胡涂He screwed the whole thing up from start to finish. 他自始至终一塌胡涂。
2)Pay off 贿赂 chat up 与异性搭讪
3. 口语(colloquial)。例如:
snake in the grass 暗箭
hit below the belt stab in the back 暗箭伤人
cut the ground from under sb. 在某人背后搞鬼
4. 成对词(twin words, irreversible binomials 或 words in pairs)。英国学者福勒(H.W.Fowler) 把它比作“连体双胞胎”(Siamese twins),称为重言法(hendiadys)。例如:
beer and skittles 吃喝玩乐,wax and wane 盛衰,weal and woe祸福。
5. 三词词组(trinomials)。有些固定的三词词组也被归为成语,因为它们大都也是一些固定的讲法。例如:
1)sun, moon and stars 日月星on land, on sea, and in the sky 海陆空
2)Eat, drink and be merry. 及时行乐Wine, woman, and song. 吃喝玩乐
(二) 狭义英语成语的理解
狭义的英语成语有以下几个特点(The Characteristics of English Idioms):
1. 长期的习用性(Idiomaticity)。有些谚语有上千年历史。例如:
1)Time flies like an arrow. 光阴似箭。
Art is long, life is short. 人生苦短,艺术长久。
2)A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难之交。
2. 结构的固定性(Structural Stability, Syntactic Frozenness)。
英语成语的固定性(fixity)取决于它们的习用性(idiomaticity),其习用性越强,结构越固定,就越为人们所接受。 例:sword for sword 剑对剑, tit for tat 针锋相对。 Diamond cut diamond. 棋逢对手。Like cures like. 以毒攻毒。
3. 语义的整体性(Semantic Unity)。
英语成语(idiom)也称为混合词(fused words),理解英语成语的意义要从整体上去把握,因为英语成语的语义是一个独立和完整的内在统一体。例如:
1)rain cats and dogs (meaning: rain heavily) 倾盆大雨
2)wear one's heart upon one's sleeve (meaning: show one's feeling plainly) 心直口快
二、 英语成语的运用及其汉译
本文从语言学和词汇学的角度对英语成语进行分类和翻译(Classification and Translation of English Idioms)。
(一)直译法
一般说来,简略英语成语的汉译,可在易解的条件下保留英语成语其缩写形式。
译者须首先熟悉常用的英语成语并注意其缩写形式,才能为简略英语成语汉译创造条件。英语的明喻成语在译成汉语时,最理想的办法是借用或套用对等的汉语成语。如果没有对等的汉语成语,那么不妨直译。这样翻译既传达了形象,又为译文增添了异彩。例如:
1. Carry coals to Newcastle.直译加注:运煤到纽卡索,多此一举。(“纽卡索”是英国的一个产煤中心,运煤到纽卡索是多余的事。)同义的汉语成语:担柴上山、画蛇添足。
2. Sour grape(酸葡萄)来源于《伊索寓言》(Aesop's Fables)。可套用的同义汉语成语:妒忌贤能、妒火中烧。例如:If I criticize her book, people will think it's just sour grape. 如果我批评她的书,人们会说我是酸葡萄(吃不到葡萄,说葡萄酸)。
(二)意译法
“正宗”的英语成语是指包含比喻的固定词组,即所谓的成语词组(idiomatic phrase 或 idiomatic expression)。在汉语成语中,常有并列的对偶结构,用两个不同的喻体表达相同的喻意。而在英语成语中,通常可省去重复的部分,而保留它的基本喻意。例如:
1. ride the high horse 直译:骑高头大马喻义(Figurative meaning): be high and mighty意译:趾高气扬、神气活现、目空一切、目中无人。
2. It's no good getting on your high horse about single patents. You can't force people to get married.你不必对单身父母愤愤不平,你不能强迫人们结婚。
The way they treat those dogs really makes my blood boil.他们这样对待那些狗,真使我愤愤不平。
三、 英语成语在交际和写作中的作用
(一) 英语成语的运用能丰富语言表达的感情玉枕纱厨色彩
英语成语的主体和核心是隐喻成语(metaphorical idiom),或比喻成语(figurative idiom),用得恰到好处可以起到画龙点睛的作用。例如:
Suddenly he heard a rustle in the peony pavilion and someone sighing deeply. 忽闻有人在牡丹亭长吁短叹(罗贯中《三国演义》)。翻译成“长吁短叹”能够把人物心中的郁闷表达出来。
(二)英语成语的运用能使英语写作更具表达力
掌握英语成语的隐含义和比喻义,并确定其句法功能,将有助于准确地使用英语成语。例如:
It would be quite wrong to count Europe out of the international scene. It is very much alive and kicking(活蹦乱跳).想把欧洲排除出国际舞台真是大错特错,因为它至今仍生气勃勃。
运用 alive and kicking(活蹦乱跳)这个成语能够生动形象地把欧洲的活力表达出来。
结语
综上所述,英语成语是英语不可缺少的部分,它的产生、形成及应用有着长久的历史和深远的意义,它代表着英语的文化底蕴,是人们在劳动生活中积累起来的宝贵语言财富;英语成语与汉语成语相通互补,形神合一,使我们在学习和使用英语成语时更能体味它的感情及其所包含的魅力。学好英语成语,不但需要较好的英语语言基础知识,还要有丰富的文学历史知识,才能使它更放异彩和芳香。
英语歇后语及成语
Once bitten, twice shy.一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳。
One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys noboy. 一个和尚挑水喝,两个和尚抬水喝,三个和尚没水喝。 One eyewitness is better than ten hearsays.百闻不如一见。 One man’s fault is other man’s lesson.前车之 鉴。 One’s words reflect one’s thinking.言为心声.
Out of office, out of danger.无官一身轻
Out of sight, out of mind.眼不见,心为静。
T
(Where)There is a will ,there is a way.
有志者,事竞成
The on-lookers see most of games.
旁观者清
Tall trees catch much wind.
树大招风
The best sack before it be full.
适可而止
Three cobbers with their wits combined equal ZhuGeliang the master mind.
三个臭皮匠顶得上一个诸葛亮
The mantis stalks the cicida but behind them lurks the oriol.
螳螂捕蝉,黄雀在后
The weasel goes to pay respeap to the hen not with the best of intentions.=The weasel pays hen with evil intend.
黄鼠狼给鸡拜年----没安好心
This ShiMazhao tricks is obvious to every man in the street.
司马昭之心-----路人皆知
The Eight Fairies crossed the sea each displaying his own talent.
八仙过海,各显神通
The monk can run away but not the monastery.
跑了和尚跑不了庙
The burned child dreads the fire.
挨过烫的孩子怕火(一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳)
The fox may grow grey ,but never good.
狐狸可以变老,但不会变好
There is no tree but bears some fruit.
无花不结果
There is no fire without some smoke.
无烟不起火
Time and tide wait for no man.
岁月不等人
Two eyes can see more than one.
两只眼睛总比一只眼睛看得清
Talking mends no holes.
空谈无济于事
(There is) no rose without a thorn.
没有不带刺的玫瑰
Take care of the pence and the pounds will take care of themselves.
小事留意,大事顺利
To see is to believe.
眼见为实
The early bird catches the worm.
早起的鸟儿有虫吃
To say is one thing and to do is another.
说归说,做归做
To mention the wolf’s name is to see the name .
谈虎色变
To save time is to lengthen life.
节省时间就是延长生命
To know everything is to know nothing.
大智若愚
To know oneself is true knowledge.
人贵自知
Take French leave.
不辞而别
To and fro.
来来往往
To pick and choose.
精挑细选
To end in a smoke.
终成泡影
To have one foot in the grave.
半身入土
To fish in the air.
水中捞月
To put all cards on the table.
高出一筹
Tow one’s heart one’s in right place.
好心好意
Tow one’s heart one’s in wrong place.
心术不正
Take—heart.
振作精神
Throw cold water on.
泼冷水
Turn a deaf.
充耳不闻
Throw oneself into sb’s arm.
There is something in the wind.
2、It's raining cats and dogs.
3、Rain before seven,fine before eleven.
4、A good winter brings a good summer.
5、Tall trees catch much wind.
有事将要发生.
2,大雨倾盆.
3,早雨不过午
4,瑞雪兆丰年
5,树大招风
英语歇后语及成语
Once bitten, twice shy.一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳。
One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys noboy. 一个和尚挑水喝,两个和尚抬水喝,三个和尚没水喝。 One eyewitness is better than ten hearsays.百闻不如一见。 One man’s fault is other man’s lesson.前车之 鉴。 One’s words reflect one’s thinking.言为心声.
Out of office, out of danger.无官一身轻
Out of sight, out of mind.眼不见,心为静。
T
(Where)There is a will ,there is a way.
有志者,事竞成
The on-lookers see most of games.
旁观者清
Tall trees catch much wind.
树大招风
The best sack before it be full.
适可而止
Three cobbers with their wits combined equal ZhuGeliang the master mind.
三个臭皮匠顶得上一个诸葛亮
The mantis stalks the cicida but behind them lurks the oriol.
螳螂捕蝉,黄雀在后
The weasel goes to pay respeap to the hen not with the best of intentions.=The weasel pays hen with evil intend.
黄鼠狼给鸡拜年----没安好心
This ShiMazhao tricks is obvious to every man in the street.
司马昭之心-----路人皆知
The Eight Fairies crossed the sea each displaying his own talent.
八仙过海,各显神通
The monk can run away but not the monastery.
跑了和尚跑不了庙
The burned child dreads the fire.
挨过烫的孩子怕火(一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳)
The fox may grow grey ,but never good.
狐狸可以变老,但不会变好
There is no tree but bears some fruit.
无花不结果
There is no fire without some smoke.
无烟不起火
Time and tide wait for no man.
岁月不等人
Two eyes can see more than one.
两只眼睛总比一只眼睛看得清
Talking mends no holes.
空谈无济于事
(There is) no rose without a thorn.
没有不带刺的玫瑰
Take care of the pence and the pounds will take care of themselves.
小事留意,大事顺利
To see is to believe.
眼见为实
The early bird catches the worm.
早起的鸟儿有虫吃
To say is one thing and to do is another.
说归说,做归做
To mention the wolf’s name is to see the name .
谈虎色变
To save time is to lengthen life.
节省时间就是延长生命
To know everything is to know nothing.
大智若愚
To know oneself is true knowledge.
人贵自知
Take French leave.
不辞而别
To and fro.
来来往往
To pick and choose.
精挑细选
To end in a smoke.
终成泡影
To have one foot in the grave.
半身入土
To fish in the air.
水中捞月
To put all cards on the table.
高出一筹
Tow one’s heart one’s in right place.
好心好意
Tow one’s heart one’s in wrong place.
心术不正
Take—heart.
振作精神
Throw cold water on.
泼冷水
Turn a deaf.
充耳不闻
Throw oneself into sb’s arm.
投入某人的怀抱
English Learning Resources【转】
Reading
English Idioms, English Grammar, News Stories, Riddles, Nursery Rhymes, English Culture, Chinese myths, English Slang, IELTS Vocabulary, Daily Horoscope, Jokes, Song Lyrics, Fairy Tales, Comprehension
Extra
Online Radio, AEnglish Articles, Games, Test Advice, Online Translator, Recommendations, English Names, Links
Forum
Free writing corrections
Speaking
Speaking Topics, Quotations, Tongue Twisters, Pronunciation, Speeches, Debate Topics
Writing
Essay Advice, Resume / CV, Letters, Poetry
Teachers
Guilty, Futurology, Ultimate Quiz, Shark Water, School Update, New Country, Class Film, Class Debates, Career Skills, Descriptions
美语发音的全面总结【转】
第一章:五大发音要点!
我们将复杂的(complicated)语音规则总结成五大发音要点,使一般人都能掌握(master)。
它们是:长元音和双元音饱满;短元音急促有力;连音;略音和咬舌头。一、长元音和双元音饱满
鬼鬼祟祟的英文就是鬼鬼祟祟(sneaky;lousy)的元音造成的!只要把元音发饱满(full;plump),你的英语立刻会变得悦耳动听。那些英美流行歌手就是元音饱满的典范!
1.Mike likes to write by the nice bright light at night.麦克喜欢在夜晚明亮的灯光旁写作。[八次疯狂张嘴,元音极其饱满!]
2.Macao came back to China in 1999.澳门于1999年回归祖国。
3.I like the shape of that mountain.我喜欢那座山的样子。[包含了四个容易混淆的元音:形容山水最恰当!]
二、短元音急促有力
4.Jim must study a little bit more.杰姆必须再多一下一点功夫。
5.Let's get together again.让我们找一天再聚一聚。
三、连音
6.I'm working on-it.我正在努力。[美国总统常用]
7.I'll think-it-over.我会仔细考虑的。
四、略音
第一条规则:以某音结尾的单词+同音开始的单词--只发一次即可!
8.You ate-too much.你吃得太多了。
9.I don't know what-to-do.我不知道该做些什么。[两个辅音连接,只读后一个]
第二条规则:以[t],[d],[k],[g],[p]和[b]+以辅音开始的单词
前面的发音“点到为止”,舌头达到发音中位,但不送气!
10.Lend-me your black-bag.把你的黑包借给我。
11.I don't-like-people asking me for money.我不喜欢别人问我要钱。
12.Do you want-that-magazine?你要那本杂志吗?
13.Do you need-that-pencil?你需要那只铅笔吗?
14.Ask-Bob-to sit-behind-me.让鲍勃坐在我后面。
15.Would you mind-giving me that-red-book? 你把那本红皮书给我,好吗?
五、咬舌头
16.There are thirty-three thousand three hundred and thirty-three feathers[羽毛]on that bird's throat.在那个鸟的颈部有三万三前三百三是三根羽毛。
17.Neither father nor mother likes this weather.爸爸妈妈都不喜欢这天气。[咬五次舌头]
18.It's the same thing.都一样!
19.Something is better than nothing.有总比没有好!
20.Father and mother went through thick and thin.管是顺境还是逆境,父母总是同甘共苦。[同甘苦,共患难]
第二章:地道美味速成
最能体现“美国味”的发音都集中在下面的句子中。其实做到很容易,只要你在练习的时候,尽量夸张(overdo, exaggerate)你的发音和口型,尽量放纵,尽量发泄,尽量慢,尽量拉长你的元音,并一口气读完整个句子。
第一、我们来看[A],俗称“疯狂90度咧嘴”音。
21. That black lad[年轻人;少年]was very sad because his dadhad died in
a bad accident in the factory.[九个“疯狂90度咧嘴”音]那个黑人少年极为忧伤,因为他爸爸在工厂的一起严重意外事故中丧身了。
22. You shouldn't have done that.你不应该做那件事的[实际上你做了]。大家一起来数一数,看看下面的对话中出现了多少个(疯狂90度咧嘴音)
23. A: What's the[matter], Alice? You look so[unhappy].爱丽丝,你怎么了?看来你很不高兴。
B: I[had]a[bad]day yesterday.我昨天倒霉了。
A: What[happened]?出什么事了?
B: I went shopping[and]lost my[bag].我昨天去买东西,把包给丢了。
A: Your[bag]? Did you get it[back]?你把包丢了?找回来没有?
B: I went [back]for it. But it was already gone.我回去找了,包已经丢了。
A: [That's]too [bad]. I'm sorry to hear [that].真不走运,事真叫人遗憾。
答案:一共出现了13次“疯狂90度咧嘴”音,可以充分练习国际肌肉!设法尽早把你的中国肌肉变成国际肌肉( turn your
Chinese muscle into international muscle ).
第二、我们来看[i:],俗称穿针引线。
24. Do you see the key on the seat?你看见座位上的钥匙了吗?三次穿针引线,也就是三次长元音[i:]。
第三、[Bi],俗称爱的大嘴音。
25.It's inside my mouth.在我的嘴里。
26.Would you mind making a little less noise?请您轻点儿,好吗?
27.How nice of you to do that?你这样做真是太好了!
28.He speaks very highly of you. 他对你赞不绝口。
29.I'd drive five miles on Friday night to see a fight that I like.星期五晚上我要驱车五英里去观看我喜欢的拳击赛。
四、下面是一个,典型的美国特有的大嘴发音[B]。元音字母O在重读闭音节中,美音和英音有不同的发音。这是英美发音重大差别之一。这个音我们俗称为“啊,祖国的大好河山”疯狂感叹音。
30.Do what you want.做你想做的。
31.Where is the[watch]I put in my[pocket]to take to the[shop]because it had[stopped].因为停止了走动而放在我的口袋里要拿到店里去修的那块表在什么地方?
32.I was[sorry]to hear your had news.听到你的坏消息我很难过。
33.Do you often[watch]television?你经常看电视吗?
34.I'll[watch]the baby while you're away.你们不在时我来照看孩子。
35.I know[what]you mean.我明白你的意思。
36.Try to finish the job as soon as[possible].设法尽早完成这项工作。
37.I've[got]a job for you, [wash]these dishes.我有点活给你做,把这些碟子给洗了。
38.Thank god you're safe!谢天谢地,你平安无事。
39.You go first and I'll follow (you) later.你先走,我接着就来。
40.It's a very popular song.那是一首非常流行的歌曲。
第五、[[u],俗称舀水动作。
41.He's one of my closest friends.他是我最亲密的朋友之一。
42.We're hoping to visit the US this year.我们希望今年能到美国访问。
43.After this dry weather, everyone hopes for rain.在这样干燥的天气之后,备家都希望能下雨。
44.The White House is the home of the President and his family.白宫是总统和他家庭的住处。
45.When his wife died, he was very lonely.妻子去世后,他很孤独。
46.Let me show you the photographs from my vacation.让我给你看一看我假期里拍的照片。
第六、[BU ],俗称啊噢鬼哭狼嚎大嘴音。
47.Get out of my house now.马上从我的房子里滚出去。
48.How about going downtown now?现在去市中心,好吗?
49.I'm so proud of you.我深深为你而骄傲。
50.No doubt about it.毫无疑问。
第七、[Ci],俗称大小奥一音。
51.I was annoyed at the boy for spoiling [糟蹋;破坏;损坏] the toy which belonged to Joy.这个男孩使我很生气,他糟蹋了乔伊的玩具。
第三章:中国发音习惯大突破
下面我们来疯狂攻击辅音。因为中国各种方言影响根深蒂固,使得我们很多朋友有着顽固的发音障碍。
[l]和[n]
52.I like listening to classical and light music.我喜欢听古典音乐和轻音乐。
53.It's nice moonlight tonight.]今夜月色迷人。
[r]和[l]
54.Foreign languages are really difficult to learn.外语很难学。
55.We are terribly sorry for being late.非常抱歉我们来晚了。
[F]和[V]
[F]可以用汉字师傅尸体诗歌潮湿失恋来代替。
Englishfishwashfoolish
56.You are foolish to say so. =It is foolish to say so.你这样说是愚蠢的。
57.You must be patient with your students.你对学生必须有耐心。
[V]可以用日来帮助发音。
pleasuremeasure treasureusualleisure
58.She spends much of her leisure time watching TV.她花了多少空闲时间看电视。
59.Reading gives me great pleasure.
读书带给我很大的乐趣。
[tF]和[dV]
[tF]可以用汉字气来训练。
Chinachairchancechallengechoicecharge
60.I changed my mind.我改变了主意。
61.He charged five dollars for the cups.这些杯子他索价五元。
[dV]可以用汉字“举”来训练。但是只发前半部分,轻轻地,温柔地发。
bridgechangeencourageageedgemanage
62.My uncle manages the hotel我的叔叔经营那家旅馆。.
63.She looks old for her age.她看起来比她的年龄老得多。
[ts]和[dz]
[ts]可以用“雌”来帮助发音。
coatsrootsitsplateslet's
[dz]可以用“儿子”“滋润”“姿色”“艾滋病”来帮助发音。
foodsbedsbirdsbuds
[n],[l]和[m]
[m]是闭嘴音。
64.To speak English well, you must move your mouth and murmur to
yourself all the time.
如果想要说好英语,你必须开口,并时刻自言自语。
[n]开嘴应答音。
65.It will be fun to go camping.去露营会很好玩。[N]开嘴撒娇音,气流要向鼻腔和头部上冲,舌身后缩。Thank you.谢谢!
66.Everything is going fine.万事如意。
67.Nothing special!没什么特别的。
68.She looks angry.她面有怒色。最后我们来攻击美国发音的另外一个最大特点:疯狂卷舌头。
69.Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well.只要有一点值得做的事情就值得好好做。
70.World War Two was worse than World War One.二战比一战更残酷。
71.Chinese people had a hard time during the Second World War.中国人民在二战中历尽磨难。
第四章:综合训练
我们有一系列简易行的手势(gesture sign),使你迅速掌握美国英语发音的秘诀,迅速摆脱中国式英语的痕迹。
下面是综合训练,请同学们拿出你的激情和我们一起疯狂的做手势。
72.No pain, no gain.不劳而获。[两次舀水,两次咧嘴]
73.We should keep our promise.我们应该遵守诺言。
74.He should speak more slowly.他应该说的更慢。[长音短音长音卷舌音舀水]
75.Girls should not stay out late at night. 女孩子晚间外出不可太晚回家。[卷舌音短音感叹祖国山水大嘴音咧嘴音“啊噢”鬼哭狼嚎大嘴音咧嘴音略音爱的大嘴音]
76.I've really enjoyed talking to you about old time.我很高兴与话旧。
77.You should have gone to see the doctor earlier.你早就该去看医生了。
78.I had a test this morning. I didn't do well on the test because I didn't study for it last night. I should have studied last night.今天早晨我去考试了。考得不好,因为昨晚我没复习。昨晚我要是复习就好了。
79.We went to the movie, but it was a bad movie. We wasted our time and money. We should not have gone to the movie.我们去看电影了,但影片很差。我们浪费了时间和金钱。早知道就不去了。
[疯狂语法]“should not + 过去分词”表示“过去应该做但没有做”
80.I have been looking forward to [meeting] you.我一直希望能认识你。[常考试题。包含两条难语法,一见面就一鸣惊人!]
81.I have been hoping to see you for a long time.我很久以来一直希望见到你。
82.A: What are you planning to do?你打算做些什么?
B: I'm hoping to go to China.我希望去中国。[两次疯狂张嘴,两次疯狂舀水]
第五章:健康减肥
下面和我一起来摸肚子,收小腹,促进健康又减肥!
city(城市)better(更好)dinner(正餐,晚餐)ready(准备好)busy(忙)beautiful(美丽的)begin(开始)believe(相信)civilization(文明)clever(聪明的)develop(发展)different(不同的)efficient(有效的)finish(完成)football(橄榄球)gesture(手势)headmaster(校长)illegal (不合法的)jump(跳跃)knowledge(知识)lipstick(口红)medicine(药)minute(分钟)nonsense(胡说八道)pleasure(愉快)quality(质量)relationship(私人关系)relax(放松)something(某事)terrible(可怕的)trust(信任)understand(理解)visit(参观访问)welcome(欢迎)a zigzag
83.Business is business.公事公办/公是公私是私。
84.It is your business to take care of them.照顾他们乃是你的责任。
85.He went into business at the age of ten.他十岁进入商界。
86.He went to Japan on business.他因公去日本。
第六章:绕口令
绕口令(tongue twister)可以帮助大家集中轰炸难点发音,迅速获得发音真谛!
87.She sells sea shells on the shining [光亮的] seashore, and shells she sells on the seashore are seashells [海贝] I am sure.
我国学生常见的英语发音问题及其解决对策【转】
1. 引言
语言是人类最重要的交际工具,而语音是语言的物质外壳,是实现语言的社会功能的物质凭借。正如美国著名语言学家L. Bloomfield 指出:“文字并不是语言,而仅仅是用可辨认的符号来记录语言的一种方式……不论使用什么文字来记录它,这种语言还是保持原状而不会改变。”也就是说,一种语言可以用几种符号纪录,但读音只有一种,日语也是一样,他有平假名和片假名两种书写符号,但读音只有一种。可见,语音是语言的最基本的形式,要掌握一种语言必须以先学好这门语言的语音为基础才能顺利地、有效地学习语言的其他两种要素:词汇和语法。然而,在学习第二语言的过程中,学习者都要受到母语的影响,而出现许多错误。汉语和英语分手两种不同的语系,相差甚远,对我国学生来说难以掌握,在学习英语的过程中,他们常常习惯地将汉语的语言习惯带到英语学习中来,在语音方面尤为明显。本文将结合教学实际分析我国学生在学习英语发音的过程中所出现的问题,并且探讨其原因及解决的途径。
2. 常见的问题
在多年的教学实践中,发现中国学生的发音错误是多种多样、纷繁复杂的,归纳起来有以下三类:
2.1.混淆短元音和长元音,从而引起歧义。
2.1.1.以长元音替代短元音如:
a. 以[ i: ]替代[ i ]。例:I’m going to live here. (我将住在这儿。)学生习惯于以[ li:v ]替代[ live ], 而原句被说成:I’m going to leave here. (我将离开这儿。)
b. 以[ u: ] 取代[ u ]。例:I’m full. (我饱了。)以[ fu:l ] 代替[ful ], 是原句意义变为I’m fool.(我是傻瓜。)
c. 以[ a: ] 取代[ Λ ]。例:This is a cup. (这是一个茶杯。)以[ka:p ]代替 [ kΛp ], 原句变为:This is a carp.(这是一条鲤鱼。)
2.1.2. 混淆单元音和双元音,从而引起歧义。
a. 以[ ? ] 代替[ ai ]。例:Do you like it ? (你喜欢吗?)以[ ? ] 代替[ ai
],将原句变为:Do you lack it ?(你缺吗?)
b. 以[ i: ]代替[ ei ]。例:What did you say? ( 你说什么?) 以[ i: ]代替[ ei
]。原句变为:What did you see? (你看见什么了?)
2.2 混淆辅音。
a. 以[ s ] 代替[ Θ ]。例:It’s a mouth. (那时一张嘴) 以[ s ] 代替[ Θ ],原句变为:It’s a mouse. ( 那是一只老鼠。)
b. 以[ z ] 代[ e ] 。例:Do you like the clothes? ( 你喜欢这件衣服吗?) 以[ z ] 代[ e ],原句变为:Do you like the close ? (你喜欢关闭吗?)
2.3.习惯在 辅音指挥之后加元音。在两个或两个以上的辅音连续出现的时候,习惯在每个辅音后加元音[]或[]例:class[]读成[];grow[]读成[];must[]读成[];goodbye[]读成[];spread[]读成[], 等等。
3.问题产生的原因
究其产生的原因,主要有以下几个方面:
3. 1.受各地方言的影响
我国地域辽阔,方言众多,差别很大。每个学生都是在不同方言环景中成长起来的,因此,他们不知不觉的将各自的方言习惯用到英语发音中来,请看以下各例。
1) 湖北湖南人不分[]和[]如把“奶奶”说成“来来”,而把“good night”读成“ good light”。
2) 湖南的方言里没有[]音。如床前明月光(guan),疑是地上霜(shuan)。举头望(wan)明月,低头思故乡( xian)。而且,[f]和[h]不分,如把“湖北”说成“fubei”因此,把“who”读成[fu:]。
3) 福建方言以[]代]。如把“read”读成[]。
4)四川方言以[kie]代[k],以[]代[]。如:客人[],把“”读成“[]”。
5)广西方言以[]代[],以[]代[],以[]代[]。
6)山东方言以[]代[],以[]代[],以[]代[]。如:“妹妹”为“”,“拜拜”为“”,“人”为“”。
3.2受汉语的影响
汉语和英语分数两个不同的语系,因此它们的语音结构也不一样。我们以“这是一本书”为例分别分析一下这两种语言的语音构成,其中c代表consonant辅音),v代表vowel(元音),汉语的声母相当于英语的辅音,而韵母相当于元音。
汉语拼音:zhe shi yi ben sgu 英语音标:[],其语音结构分别为:cv cv cv cv cv 和cvc vc vcvc 从以上的分析我们可以看出两种语言的语音构成规律:汉语的每个字都是一个声母跟着一个韵母,即一个辅音加一个元音组成,而且都是单元音节。(当然,15个末尾是声母“”或“”的韵母除外。)而英语的元音和辅音的构成是没有规律的,单词的音节数量也不一样,以出现在音节的首、中、尾三个不同的位置,如:tea, start, about, word, china。
标准发音习惯速成
秘诀一:学习音标的时间最短。
秘诀二:使用音标的时间最长。
秘诀三:重一点,长一点,短一点。
秘诀四:舌头、牙齿、喉咙一致对外。
秘诀五:漂亮的发音源自于真实的情感。
1、Why did the white dog bite Ida ?
2、That's understandable.
3、How often do you work out ?
4、Why is it taking so long ?
5、I don't feel well now.
6、I think my family will be proud of me.
英语词汇起源及妙记【转】
1、Chemistry 化学
古代的炼金术士们总想找到一种方法,将低贱的金属变为金子。现在通过原子裂变的原理表明,他们的这种想法并非一般人们想象的那么愚蠢。古埃及人入侵欧洲后,将他们所研究的炼金术,连同其命名al-kimia一起传入欧洲。后来,这个词变成alchemy,“炼金的人”叫做alchemist,最后成了chemistry。“化学”的概念就是从“炼金术”演变来的。
2、Geology 地质学
“地质学”是研究形成地球的物质和地壳构造,以探讨地球的形成和发展的科学。Geology是从希腊语来的,ge即“earth”;-ology,“science”,即研究地球本身的科学。
3、Law 法律
“法律”是立法机关制定的、 ** 保证执行的行为规则。Law在古英语中写作lagu,意即“something laid down(规定下来的事情)”。
4、Electricity 电
古希腊人常用琥珀制 ** 情护符,确信戴着这种护符的人可以引来爱人。他们发现,磨擦琥珀可以吸引羽毛、线头等小东西,磨擦时会放出火花。他们就把这种磨擦起电的现象叫做elektron。来自希腊语elektor,意即“发光的太阳”,进入拉丁语后写作electrum。英语演变为electricity。
5、Atom 原子
古希腊人认为,特质是不可能无限止地分割下去的,越分越小,最后小到不可再分。他们把“原子”叫做atomos:a即“not”;tomos ,“cut”意即“不能再分割”以后这个词在英语中演变为atom。尽管后来发现“原子”并非“不可再分割”,然而约定俗成,“原子”的名字仍然以atom流传下来。
6、Uranium 铀
“铀”是一种放射性金属元素,化学符号为U,主要用来产生原子能。著名的物理学家居里夫人曾用铀作实验,发现了放射现象。
Uranium这个词是从希腊神话中一位神的名字来的。1781年,英籍德国天文学家赫瑟尔(Sir William Herschel)发现了颗尚未被人们发现的行星,于是他就借用了希腊神话中“天王”Ouranos的名字,命名这颗行星为Uranus。即“天王星”。8年后,德国化学家Kloproth发现了第92种元素。为了纪念赫瑟尔和他的行星,他命名这种元素为uranium,我们简译成“铀”。
7、X-ray X射线
X射线,又叫X光,或音译为“爱克司光”,是德国物理学家伦琴(Wilhelm Konrad von Roentgen)发现的,因而也叫“伦琴射线”。
1895年的一天,伦琴正用一个真空管作气体导电实验,突然发现这种射线穿透了普通光不能透过的物体,这一发现使他十分吃惊。数年后一位好奇的朋友问这位教授:“你发现这种射线时,是怎么想的呢?”“我什么也没想”,他回答说,“我在做实验”。这位物理学家命名字这种射线为X-strahlen,译成英文为X-ray,这里“X”的意思是说这种射线的性质尚未探明,还是一个未知数。
8、School 学校
School这个词是从希腊语schole一词来的,意思是“闲暇”。在古希腊人看来,即些从事战争和搞政治的人是辛苦的,而只有“闲暇”的人才有时间读书学习。后来,古希腊的哲学家亚里士多德、柏拉图给青年讲课的地方就被称作schole,这个词以后转成拉丁语词school,后又被英语借用。
和school密切相关的还有一个词:scholar(学者)。同样道理,这个词是指那些有“闲暇”时间读书、研究,构思以及进行学术讨论的人。
9、Education 教育
教育,就是启发、引导、培养新一代。学校的教师是最主要的教育工作者,他们的工作就是把学生内在的天资,能力引导出来。启发出来,而这样一个过程也就是“教育”。英语educate一词的原始含义恰也是如此。这个词是从拉丁语来的e-即“out”;duco- “lead”,合起来就是lead out(引导出来,启发)
10、Astronomy 天文学
astronomy从希腊语来的,字面含义是“研究星球分布的科学”,astron即“star”;nemo, “arrange”,天文学,即是研究日月星辰等天体在宇宙间的分布,运行规律,天体宇宙的结构、性质和发展的科学。
11、Geography 地理(学)
“地理学”是研究地球上的平原、山川、河湖、气候等自然环境及物产、交通、居民点等社会因素的一门科学。Geography是从希腊语来的,ge, “earth”; grapho, “write” or “describe”。因此geography(地理学)就是“描写地球”的科学。
12、Geometry 几何(学)
geometry原指“大地测量”来自希腊语,ge即“earth”; metro, “measure”(测量)。现在的“大地测量学”
叫geodesy.
13、Algebra 代数
Algebra一词是古代阿拉伯人从他们的医学术语al jebr(“断肢再接”或“正骨”)中得到的启示,从而为数学部分支——代数,创造了一个生动的短语ilm al-jebr wa’l-muqabalah,意思是“利用方程式进行简化运算”,意大利人将这个短语来了个掐头去尾,把中间的词变化为algebra,不过,这个词直到17世纪还保留着“正骨”、“接肢”的原始词义呢。
14、Anthropology 人类学
“人类学”是研究人类的分布、起源、进化、早期的文化、信仰、习俗和人种的分类等的科学。
Anthropology在古希腊语中写作anthroplogos,anthros即“人类”,logos即“学习”,“研究”合起来也就是“研究人类的科学”。
Anthropology一词最早出现在古希腊哲学家亚里士多德的著作里;不过当时没有“人类学”的含义,而是指如何“对待人类”。
15、Rostrum 讲台
这个词现代英语里作“讲坛”,“演讲台”,“检阅台”等解,“(**)城楼“也用它,即the Tien An Men Rostrum。你也许想象不到,rostrum的原义竟是“鸟喙”!但了解一下这个词演变的历史,你就会觉得从“鸟喙”到“讲台”并非不合乎逻辑。
这个词起源于拉丁语的rodo,意思是“一点一点地吃”,渐渐演变成rostrum,意思也变成“鸟喙”,因为鸟是用它的喙一点一点地啄食东西的。后来rostrum又用来指古罗马战舰的喙形舰首。同时,古罗马的演讲台又是用战争中缴获来的舰史的“喙形舰首”和金属撞角作装饰,于是“喙形舰首”即rostrum,又成了“演讲台”、“讲台”的代名词,一直沿用至今。
16、Library 图书
library来源于拉丁语librarius,意思是“拥有书籍”。它派生于liber一词,意即“书”或用来刻划字母的“树皮”。
不过,当今世界上多数图书馆已打破了“拥有书籍”的界限,除了书籍以外,还包括拥有报刊,杂志,手稿,文件,甚至录音磁带,幻灯片以及电影胶卷等。
17、Laboratory 实验室
这个词可缩写为lab,它来自于中世纪拉丁语词laboratorium,起源于labor一词,意即“劳动”。Laboratory的真正含义则是“劳动之场所”,在那里,许多科学现象和原理被发现,研究出来。
18、College 学院
这个词一般指综合大学中的学院,如哈佛大学内的文学院、理学院等;也可指独立的学院,如师范学院(a teachers college)、农学院(a college of agriculture)、医学院(a medical college)等。它来源的拉丁语的collegium一词,col 即“with”, lego, “choose”, 意即大学生是被“选拔在一起”到这里业学习的。
19、Academy 专科院校;军事学院
据说古时候有一个名叫海伦的斯巴达姑娘,被一个传奇式的英雄人物忒修斯(Theseus)劫去,海伦的两位孪生哥哥卡斯托耳(Castor)和波吕丢刻斯(Polydeuces)——Castor和Pollux现在是双子星座的两颗明星——四处寻找他们的妹妹,然而没有找到,最后他们遇到了一位农夫,名叫阿卡得摩斯(Akademos),他提供了劫持人和被劫人的下落。作为对农夫有这样高的警惕性的答谢,诸神永远守护着阿卡得摩斯的园林。这是希腊神话中的一篇有名的故事。
后来,大哲学家柏拉图就在这座园林里授课,于是这座园林就根据阿卡得摩斯的名字被叫做academeia。柏拉图死后许多年,他的学生和信徒们仍在这时举行学术讨论。当然他却为后提供了academy这个意味着学习场所的词。
20、Museum 博物馆
这个词来源于希腊词Museion;意思是“谬斯神庙”。谬斯(the Muses)是主管音乐、诗歌、舞蹈、天文等九位女神的总称。他们喜居于希腊南帕那萨斯山脚下以及赫利孔山上的名泉之中。因此,至今仍有fountain of knowledge(知识的源泉),springs of inspiration(灵感的源泉)的说法。出于对谬斯女神们的敬仰,古希腊人把艺术作品以及自然科学方面的物品放置在谬斯神庙,即mouseion里面。
公元前280年,古埃及王托勒密一世在亚历山大城建造的西方第一座收藏文物的博物馆,据说就是以谬斯命名的,这是一座世界上最著名的古代博物馆,一直存在了将近七百年,后来焚于战火。
至今在欧洲国家文字中,不论英、法、德等,都把“博物馆”称作museum。
21、Paper 纸
人们知道,纸张是中国古代的四大发明之一,中国的造纸约有两千多年的历史,约在公元?Á‹? 勰¿ ? ? 夈
毛榉”(Buche)那里来的,从这里可以看出英语和德语的亲缘关系。德语还把“字母”叫做Buchstabe,其字面意思是“山毛榉材料”,因为最初,日耳曼人是用山毛榉木料刻制古代北欧的字母的。
23、Pen 钢笔
古代欧洲人曾使用芦苇杆制成的“笔”,写在纸莎草做成的“纸”上。约在公元七世纪出现“翎管管”,即用天鹅或大雁的翎管做笔。
Pen一词,在古英语中写作penn,来源于拉丁语的penna,意思是“羽毛、翎管”,即羽毛制成的笔。至今仍有“翎管笔”,名字却叫quill pen,“quill”也是“翎管”,可见是个“重叠机构”但约定俗成,又不能打破这个“重叠机构”。而pen现在却随着科学的发展演变为今天的金笔、铱金笔、钢笔等,完全脱去了“羽毛”的含义。
24、Pencil 铅笔
Pencil则是从拉丁词pencillum而来。意思是“小尾巴”,指的是过去有一个时期西欧人也用毛笔写字,那种毛笔确实很象小尾巴。后来,人们发明用木头和石墨制成笔,但仍袭用了pencil这个叫法,起初还在前面冠上了lead(铅)一词,其实石墨并不是铅,我国至今不是仍把这种石墨制成的笔叫做“铅笔”吗?
25、Ink 墨水
这个由三个字母组成的英语词,却有着九个字母的祖先,那是一个希腊词:kauterion,意思是打烙印用的“烙铁”,其动词为cauterize,即“打烙印”。古希腊人不仅用烙铁为牲畜打烙印。还用它来进行艺术创作。即用烙铁将蜡制的颜料固定在画面上,按他们的叫法叫做encauston,即“烙入”,美术上称为“蜡画法”。拉丁语将encauston这个词变为encauatum,含义也变了,专指古罗马皇帝批示公文用的一种紫色颜料。古法语将它简化为enque或enke,泛指墨水。中古英语吸收了这一单词,写作inke,后来简化为ink。
26、Eraser 橡皮
18世纪的物理学家Joseph Priestley发现南美洲的一种名叫caoutchouc的树胶能够擦去铅笔的痕迹,于是这种东西就被叫做rubber,是从动词rub(擦)派生出来的,意即用来擦铅笔字的工作——橡皮。
Eraser一词则历史很长,它是从拉丁语的erado派生出来的,意思是“去掉”、“刮掉”。古罗马人是用一种烙铁似的书写工具,把字烈军属在蜡板上的,写错了,或不需要了,就把蜡刮掉,eraser的字面含义就是“刮去蜡字的工具”。后来铅笔问世后,它渐渐转为“橡皮”的意思。
27、Language 语言
语言同文字相比时,指的是口头的交际活动。
讲话离不开舌头,因为舌头是最根本的发音器官,这一点,中国人自古以来就是很清楚的。汉语的“话”字本身,就含有“舌”字,说一个人能言善辩,叫“有三寸不烂之舌”;激烈的辩论叫“舌战”;信口胡说叫“嚼舌根”;说话油滑叫“油嘴滑舌”等等。总之,不少和说话有关的词语都带有一个“舌”字。
Language一词原义即是“舌头”的意思,是从拉丁词lingua(舌头)变化而来。同出一源的linguistics(语言学)则更接近原词。
另外,英国本民族的词tongue,既可作“舌头”解,又可作“语言”讲。
28、Braille 盲字
braille盲字,或叫“点字法”,是法莫道不消魂国人Louis Braille创制的用凸点符号供盲人书写、摸读的文字符号体系。
1812年,3岁的法莫道不消魂国男孩Louis Braille眼睛不幸失明了。后来他进了盲人学校读书,识字母是用手摸读制成字母形状的小树状,这位求知欲很强的孩子对这种笨拙的方法十分不满意。他长大后,有一天听说一位法军上尉制作了一套凸起的点、横符号,目的是在漆黑的夜间也可以用手指摸读出他的命令。他的这套符号十分简单。比如,一个点表示“前进”,两个点表示“撤退”等。这件事启发了Braille,他终于创造出现在世界上通用的这种点字符号体系。他的名字也成了“盲字”的代名词。
29、Grammar 语法
这个词起源于希腊语的gramma,意思是“字母”。希腊语把“语法”叫作gramrnatike teche,意思是“字母的技巧”。这个词进入拉丁语后写作grammatica,进入古法语写作grammaire,进入英语后写作grammar。
在英国,有许多世纪拉丁语是作为上流社会的语言的,而这个时期,grammar也仅仅指拉丁语的语法而已,是当时受教育者的最重要的一门课程。
美国至今仍有grammar school(初级中学),其中一项主要的训练内容就是拉丁语法。
30、Style 文体
古罗马人是用一种叫做stylus的尖头铁笔在蜡板上写字的,要写得好,就需要有驾驭铁笔的能力。Style一词就是从stylus来的,现在用来指一位作家的“文体”、“文风”,其实也就是他驾驭钢笔的能力。
31、Text 课文
英语的“课文”叫text,“纺织品”叫textile,“作品的结构” 、“皮肤的肌理”、“岩石的纹理”叫texture,这三个词都来自拉丁语动词texo,意思是“编织”,这一点与汉语很相近,我们讲“编筐”、“织布”、“织毛衣”也说“编故事”、“编辑”、“编造”、“罗织罪名”、“罗织成章”等。Texo派生出名词texrus,意思是“文风”、“文学作品的结构”或“编织词句的方式”,那么,英语的另一个词pretext(借口)就好理解了,pre来自拉丁语pre,意思为“在…前面”,pretext即是说“借口”这个东西象一幅织就的幕布一样掩饰在某些东西前面,将其真莫道不消魂相遮盖。
32、Quotation 语录
quotation的动词是quore(摘引),是从拉丁词quot来的,意思是“how many?”起初,quote的含义是指“将一卷书分成章节。编上页码”;后来又用来指“按章节页码列举语句”,即“语录摘引”;最后又指用引号将所引语句突出出来,即“引语”。因此直接引语的引号英语叫(quotation mark(s))。
33、Paragraph 段落
同古汉语一样,古代西方语言也是没有标点,不分段落,没有间隔的。古希腊人为了让当时的读者便于阅读,就在每一个新的内容开始的一行词的下面划一条横线,他们把这个横线叫做paragaphos。Paro即“by the side of”; graphos written”, 合起来即是“划在旁边”的意思。英语的paragraph就是从希腊人的这个习惯作法paragraphos来的。
34、Comma 逗号
英语里有许多语法术语是从希腊语来的。Comma一词来自希腊语的komma,意思是“分开之点”,即短暂停顿的符号。
35、Period 句号
英语的“句号”叫period或 fullstop。Period来逢希腊语的periodus,意思是“周期”,“循环”,period至今仍保留着这层意思。到了16世纪末,这个词则用来指任何动作的完成时刻,继而指一个句子的完结,或一句话后的停顿时间,最后才变成一个圆点,标志一个句子的结束。
36、Hyphen 连词符号
英语的连词符号“-”,拼作hyphen,是从希腊语来的,而这种符号出现之前,hyphen是一个副词,原是一个短词hyph’ ben,意思是under-one,即“在一起”。后来结合成一个词,连词符号“-”正是将两个或几个词连在一起的意思。
37、Euphemism 委婉语
委婉语或委婉词是一种修辞手段,即采取婉转的、温和的、可接受的词语来表达某些不大好听的内容。例汉语里的“死”字,是个不大好听的字眼,人们创造了许多生动的委婉语来取代“死”这个令人厌恶的字眼,如:“逝世”、“去世”、“过世”、“老了”、“见马克思去”、“交粮本”等等。英语里也避开“die”这个字眼,而说“He went to his reward.”
Euphemism是从希腊语来的,eu,意思是“好”,phemi意思是“说”,合起来则是“说得好听点儿”。委婉语的宗旨正是这样。
38、Glossary 词汇表
glossary一般指某个特别领域的词汇或术语的汇集。它是从希腊词glossa 来的,意思是“舌头”,进而指“语言”、指“词汇”、指“词义解释”。Glossary就是“词义解释汇集”。
39、Derivation 派生
从一个主要事物的发展中分化出来叫“派生”。“派生法”是英语的重要构词法之一。这个词是从拉丁语的derivo变化来的,de即“away from”;rivus. “river”,合起来即“河流主流的支派”。动词derive在英语中的最早含义是“改变河流的流向”。现在则指任何从主要根源的“导出”,“引出”、“派生”、“衍生”。英语里也叫derive,这同词汇的“派生”颇相似。
40、Verse 诗句
我国旧进把依靠写作、抄写等谋生叫做“笔耕”,很自然地把写字同耕地联系起来。英语的verse,追溯其根源,也恰好是同耕地有联系的。它是从拉丁语词versus来的,意思是犁子翻过的“犁沟”。把写作比成“耕地”是很形象生动的,不仅其辛苦雷同,而且其动作也颇相近。
41、Dictionary 字典
一本字典,就是人们对词汇的发音、拼法、含义等所作的解释的记载,即人们是怎么“说”的。它来自拉丁语动语dico,意思是“说”、“讲”。
同出于dico 之源的还有不少英语词,如,ditto,意思“同上”、“同前”,即和上面所“说”的一样; contradiction(矛盾),contra是“相反”、“反对”的意思,全词的意思是“说话自相矛盾”; verdict(陪审团的裁决),vere是“真实地”,全词即“正确地评说”,dictator(独半夜凉初透裁者),意即“我一个人说了算”。都和“说”有关。
42、Magazine 杂志
这个词来自阿拉伯语的makhzan,意思是贮放粮食和其他物资的仓库。超初,所有的书都被叫做magazines,因为它们被看做“知识的仓库”。直到十九世纪,这个词才专指“期刊”。
不过,当我们用这个词作“弹瑞脑消金兽药仓”、“子佳节又重阳弹盒”、“(照相机)底片盒”等讲时,仍用的是“仓库“的原义。现在法语的magazin作“商店”讲,也用的是原义。
43、Pamphlet 小册子
这个词来自12世纪时一首著名的爱情诗Pamphilus seu De Amore(《为人人所爱》)。这首诗是以未装订的活页出现的,流传甚广,极受欢迎,而且人们给它取了个绰号叫pernphilet。后来,任何类似的薄本,纸面的小册子统称为pamphilet。最后又简写作pamphlet。
44、Volume 卷
volume一词来源于拉丁语词volumen,经古法语进入英语。Volumen的意思是“一卷书写过的东西”,古代拉丁文字是书写在一种纸莎草作成的纸上或羊皮纸上的,为了阅读方便,就卷在一个卷轴上。这倒颇似汉字的“卷”,中国古时的文字是刻在竹筒上,然后穿起来卷成一捆一捆的,或写在帛上、纸上、卷起来收藏的,因此书籍的数量论“卷”。
前面museum一词的行文中提到古埃及王于公元前三世纪时创立了举世闻名的亚历山大博物馆,其中包括一个大型的图书馆,是世界上第一座公共图书馆,原藏70万卷纸莎草纸和羊皮纸书写的书籍,但这座图书馆连同博物馆一起,被后来的次战火焱毁。
45、Folio 对开本
一张大纸,只折叠一次装订成册的大型书籍,英语叫folio。这个词是从拉丁词folium来的,意思是“一片树叶”,引伸指“书的一页”继而指整张纸对折的大型书籍。
46、Atlas 地图集
Atlas是希腊神话中的大力神,因支持巨人族首领泰坦反对主神宙斯,被罚作苦役,用头和肩将天撑起。现代人则把Atlas想象成一个身背地球的巨人,有的地理课本或地图集上也把它印封面,不过这种观念已经是很晚的事了,因为古希腊神话里还没有“地球”的概念。
1595年,比利时地理学家和制图家Gerardus Mercator第一次在他的一册地图集的卷首使用了atlas作为地图集的书名,并绘有Atlas肩负地球的形象就流传开来。
另外,一些当代大建筑物的巨型石柱雕成巨人形象,支撑着整座建筑,这种雕像英语统称atlas,大概是因为他们很象被罚作苦役的大力神Atlas的形象吧。
非洲北部摩洛哥境内有一座山脉,叫做“阿特拉斯山脉”据希腊神话传说,就是大力神Atlas变的,因此叫Atlas Mounrain.
浩瀚的大西洋的名字也是从Atlas的名字来的,叫做the Atlantic Ocean。其中的Atlantic就是Atlas的形容词,意思是“巨大无比的”。
47、Album 影集、集邮簿
这个词来自拉丁语的Manus(手)和scriptus(写),manuscript即“手写的”。
和这个词来源相近的postscript,意思是信末签名后的“附言”、“又及”。Post是“在后”的意思,postscript即“写在后面”。在信中,postscript多缩写成P.S.。
49、Topic 题目
这个词是从古希腊哲学家亚里士多德(384—322BC)——古希腊哲学家柏拉图的学生,古马其顿国王亚历山大大帝的老师——的一篇著作的标题Ta Topika中来的,意思是“平凡小事”,后来topic一词便成了“标题”、“题目”的总称。
现代英语中说的topical songs(地方歌曲)仍含有topic早期的含义,因为这些歌曲唱的大都是与“日常小事”有关的内容。
50、Symposium (专题)论文集
在英语中,不同著作者对某一题目的专题论文集或专题讨论会叫symposium,这个词追溯其源倒很有意思,原来是“在一起喝酒”的意思,sym即“together”;pino则是学术问题,古希腊哲学家就把这种谈话、讨论的场面叫做symposium,以后短文、评论、论文汇集的小册子或杂志上的论文集都采用了这个名字。
51、Anthology 选集
anthology指的是诗、文、曲、画等的选集。这个词本身就是一首诗。我们知道,所谓“选集”,是从某人或一些人的作品中选出精华编辑而成的集子。编辑的工作,就象是从万紫千红的百花园中采撷心爱的花枝编制五彩缤纷的精美的花篮敬献给读者。Anthology正是“采集花朵”之意,是从希腊语anthologia来的,anthos即“花朵”,lego即“采集”。
52、Blurb 简介
blurb一词指的是“印在书籍护封上为该书作广告的简介或短评”转指“大事吹捧的广告”,如报纸上的广告短文、推销商品的简短有力、生动诙谐的短文播词等。这个词是美国幽默作家Gelett Burgess(1866—1951)创造的。1907年在一次零售书高协会举办的宴会上,每位来宾的餐具旁边都摆放了一本Burgess先生的新书《你是庸俗讨厌的人吗?》(Are You a Bromide?)。当时社会上流行一种风气,即在书的护封上为作者及该书内容大吹大擂,大作广告。Burgess先生对这种作法很看不惯。为了抵东篱把酒黄昏后制这种歪风邪气,他选了一位病态美女的照片作护封,称她为Miss Belinda Blurb,并且写是道:我衷心希望用她的照片作为评介,以结束所有的广告评介。”遗憾的是,他非但没有刹住这股歪风,反倒为人们创选了blurb这个词。
53、Anthem 圣歌
anthem最初是教堂里应答轮唱的赞美诗歌,牧师领唱,唱诗班作答。它来自希腊语antiphona。其字面含义正是“应答轮唱”的意思,anti即“against”或“in return”,phone即“sound”,也就是“对歌”。这个词进入古英语时写做antefne。不过唱诗班取消了牧师的领唱。其拼法几经演变,最后才成为今天的anthem。现在唱圣歌更简单了,成了教堂中全体会众的大合唱。另外,anthem现在还可用来指“国歌”、“校歌”。
54、Copy 抄本
copy起源于拉丁语词copia,经法语的copie而进入英语,原义是“多”。当一份文件、一篇文章有了抄本、副本、复制件时,就“不再是一本”了,而变成了“多”本。
电影底片洗印成的正片,即“拷贝”。用的就是copy这个词的译音。
55、Index 索引
“索引”是指示书刊中的项目或内容所在页码的资料,通常按一定次序排列,便于查找。在拉丁语里,index意思是“食指”。从“食指”引伸到“索引”,这同中国人的习惯倒是一致的,我们也通常用食指指示事物。
不过,英语现在指导“食指”叫做index finger又是一个词义“重叠”。
56、Novel 小说
查一下字典,你就会发现,novel除了作“小说”解以外,还可作“新的”、“新奇的”解,而novel的字面含义正是这样,它是从拉丁语的novella演变过来的,意思是“新的东西”。
57、Fiction 小说
这个词是从拉丁语词fictio来的,意思是“编造”、“虚构”,其实小说在某种意义上讲就是“编造”、“虚构”出来的东西,当然,是在一定生活基础上的“编造”和“虚构”“科学幻想小说”英语叫science-fiction。
58、Biography 传记
“传记”是叙述一个人生平经历的书或文章。Biography是从希腊语词biographia来的,bio,意思是“生活”、“生命”;grapho是“写”。合在一起即“生活的写照”。“自传”叫autobiography,即“自己的传记”。
和bio(生活、生命)有关的还有一些词,如biology(生物学),biosphere(生物圈,生命层)。
59、Romance 浪漫文学
romance指的是“浪漫文学”、“传奇故事”、“风流韵事”等。我国的电影《张铁匠的罗曼史》中的“罗曼”就是这个词的译音。
上面这些意思看上去似乎和城市名“罗马”(当时拼作Roma)并无关系,然而它们不仅从字形上有关,而且romance一词确是从Roma变化来的。Romance来自古法语的Romans,是拉丁语Romanus(罗马人)的派生词,其最初的含义是罗马人广为流传的一首歌曲或一则韵文故事。由于歌曲或故事的内容大都是描写骑士的冒险或恋爱故事的,于是romance就转化为“传奇故事”、“风流韵事”、“浪漫文学”等含义。
60、Sketch 速写
sketch,即“速写”,是绘画的一种方法,即一边观察对象,一边用简单线条把其主要特点画出来。Sketch也可指扼要描写事情的情况、及时向读者报道的小品文,如见闻录、随笔、特写等。
Sketch的原义正是:“一下了画出、写出”、“即席的”等义,追根求源是来自希腊语的schedios,在此基础上产生了拉丁语词schedium,意思是“即席诗歌”;继而产生了意大利语的schizzo;继而又产生了德语的schizze,荷兰语的schets;英语听sketch就是在荷兰语schets的基础上产生的。
61、Discussion 讨论
一场讨论有时会导致激烈的争论,甚至会产生不同的派系,这大概是discussion一词作“讨论”解的由来,因为它是从拉丁语的discussus派生出来的,原义是“四分五裂”。
62、encyclopedia 百科全书
这个词是从希腊词enkyklopaideia来的,en即“in”;kyklos, “circle”’ paideia, “education”, 合起来即“包罗整个教育以及知识领域的事物”。
63、alphabet 字母表
这个词是从希腊语的alphabetos来的,而后由拉丁语进入英语,中古英语时期写作alphabete.
64、Letter 字母,书信
letter这个词来源于拉丁词littera,意思是“字母”,同linere(涂沫)可能是近亲。同出于littera一源的还有一些词,如literal(文字上的),即“一个字母、一个字母地”;literature(文学);illiterate(文盲),即“不识字母的”;“文人”,英语叫a literary man或a man of letters。
Littera的复数是litterae,意思是“书信”。当你把一个个字母写在一起时,你就写成了“书信”,因此letter还作“书信”解。
65、Capital 大写字母
这个词来源于拉丁语caput,意思是“头”。大写字母,在一词之“头”,因此叫capital。
另外,一个国家首都,可以说是一个国家的“头脑所在”,“首”就是“头”,因此也叫capital。在建筑上,柱冠、柱顶部分也叫capital,因为它位于位子的“头”部。Capital作“资本”讲时,也同样来源于caput,即“头”与cattle(家畜、牛群)同出一源。在最初的时候,人们的财富,或叫“资本”,是以他的家畜头数来计算的,即有多少“头”。
67、英语数词的来历
one,来源于拉丁语unus(即“一”的意思)。同出此源的有unity(统一),union(联合),unanimous(一致的)等。
Two,来源于拉丁语duo(即“二”的意思)。当你第二次考虑一件事情的时候,你已经对这件事情产生了“怀疑”,英语叫doubt,也出于duo;
Hundred(百),在古代斯堪的纳维亚语中写作hundrath是hund(百)加上garathjan(计数)的中间几个字母合成的。
Thousand(千),古英语中写作thusend,是从拉丁语的tumere(膨胀)以及其它一些词中节选了一部分,再加上hund(百)而合成的。意思是说“千”是“膨胀了的百”。
Million(百万),来自古意大利语的milione,mile-是一个拉丁语前缀,意思是“千”。Milione是“千”的加强式、扩大式。这个词经法语进入中古英语时写作milioun,后来演变为今天的million。
68、英语“加、减、乘、除”的来历
英语的“加”叫add,来自拉丁语addo,ad即“to”; do “put”合起来即put to,也就是“加上”。
减,英语subtract,来自拉丁语的subtractus;sub即“away”; tractus “taken”。“减”就是“take away(去掉)”。
“乘”叫multiply,来自拉丁语的multiplico;multus是“many”的意思;plico, “fold(倍)”,multiply即“manifold(多数倍的)”。
“除”叫divide,是“分开”的意思,来自拉丁语的divido; di即“apart”;vid-, “separate”.
另外两个数学上常用的词plus(“+”号),minus(“—”号),也是从拉丁语的,意思分别是“多”和“少”。
69、Quiz 测验
quiz可以指课堂上的“测验”、“小考”等,比test(测验)还要小些;也可指广播、电视节目等中的“智力测验”、“一般知识测验”等。如Follow Me(《跟我学》,BBC的电视教学节目)中的“London Quiz”(伦敦知识测验)
据说“quiz”一词是18世纪末爱尔兰共和国首都都根据柏林一家剧院的经理James Daly创造的。一天,他和别人打赌说他可以在一夜之间造出一个新的、毫无意义的、却又不能为人们接受的词来。他花钱雇了一些顽童,连夜在都柏林城中的每一面墙壁上用粉笔写上“quiz”的字样。第二天一早,人们发现了这个词,但谁也不知道它的含义是什么,于是这个毫无词义的“quiz”不久就有了“智力测验”、“恶作剧”等词义。
70、Googol 10100
这是一个巨大的数字,1后面100个“0”。它是美国哥伦比亚大学数学教授爱德华•卡斯纳(Edward Kasner,1878—1955)根据他的小侄子富于幽默的提议杜撰的新词。
在googol的基础上,又有人造出了更大的数字googolplex,即“1010 100”,这是一个相当大的数字。Piex是duplex的简写,意思是“加倍的”“双重的”。从1010到1010 100数学上又叫“googol群”。
16个短语助你出口成章
The flowers died from want of water.
这些花由于缺少水而枯死了。
Some of the wounded soldiers died for want of medicine.
有些士兵因为缺乏药物而死去。
2、for the use of 供……使用的
This parking lot is for the use of employees only.
这个停车场只供员工使用。
This dining hall is for the use of teachers.
这个饭堂是供教师使用的。
3、in support of 为了支持……,为了拥护……
He spoke at the meeting in support of my idea.
他在会上讲话支持我的想法。
They decided to stay in support of the new leadership.
为了支持新的领佳节又重阳导班子,他们决定留下来。
4、so as to 为了(做)……,以便(做)……
They made a lot of lively programs so sas to attract more children.
为了吸引更多的孩子,他们制作了很多生动活泼的节目。
I left home at 5:00 in the morning so as to be there on time.
我早上5点钟就出门,以便准时到达那里。
5、in search of 为了寻找……,为了寻求……
He went to the south in search of better prospects.
他为了寻找更好的前途到南方去。
She immigrated to New Zealand in search of a quiet life.
她为了过上平静的生活移民到新西兰去。
5、in search of 为了寻找……,为了寻求……
He went to the south in search of better prospects.
他为了寻找更好的前途到南方去。
She immigrated to New Zealand in search of a quiet life.
她为了过上平静的生活移民到新西兰去。
7、for ones own safety 为了某人自身的安全
For your own safety please dont smoke inside the plane.
为了你自身的安全,请不要在飞机上抽烟。
Please fasten your seat belt for your own safety.
为了你们自己的安全,请系上安全带。
8、for future reference 为了以后参考,为了今后备查
Keep all the price lists on file for future reference.
把所有的价格表存档,以便今后备查。
You can take this booklet home for future reference.
你可以把小册子带回家,留着以后参考。
9、for reasons of 因……理由,为……缘故
The road has been closed for reasons of safety.
为了安全起见,路已经被封了。
They switched to a new product for reasons of better profits.
为了更好地获得,他们转向了一种新产品。
10、in memory of 为纪念……,为追悼……
She set up an educational fund im memory of her mother.
她为了纪念她母亲而设立了一个教育基金会。
This musem was built in memory of the great writer -Lu Xun.
这个博物馆是为了纪念伟大作家鲁迅而建造的- hitlgq at 2008-6-19 20:42:55
11、in order to 为了……
Most students study hard in order to please the teacher.
为了让老师开心,多数学生努力工作。
Business schools are trying to improve their courses in order to produce better graduates.
为了培养出更好的毕业生,商务学校在改进他们的课程。
12、for sb.s benefit/for the benefit of 为了……的利益为了帮助……
It is not his fault. He did it for your benefit.
这不是他的过错。他是为了你的利益才这样做的。
All the donations are for the benefit of the disabled children.
所有的捐款都是为了帮助残疾儿童。
13、for fear of 以免,以防
Put on a coat for fdar of catching a cold.
穿上外衣以免感冒。
The weather in London is so changable that people always bring their umbrella with them for fear of rain.
伦敦的天气很多变,人们总是要随身带着雨伞以防下雨。
14、as a result 结果是
As a result, the unemployment rate began to fall.
结果,失业率开始下降。
As a result, 50 per cent of the groundwater in cities is polluted.
结果,城市50%的地表水受到污染。
15、in honor of 为纪念……,为庆祝……
They are holding a birthday party in honor of the prince.
他们为王子举行生日会。
The book was written in honor of those who died in the war.
这本书是为纪念在战争中死亡的人而写的。
16、in favor of 为了支持……,赞同……的
He spoke at the meeting in favor of the plan.
他在会上发言赞成这个计划。
Most educators are in favor of distance learning.
多数教育家支持远程教育。
《黑客帝国》中的神话【转】
《黑客帝国》作为一部超越了传统科幻电影的划时代经典作品,它的卓越之处还体现在无穷无尽的链接感上。正是这些意义的延伸,才给观众带来更多的观看乐趣。
尼奥(Neo)/托马斯·安德森(Thomas Anderson)
在希伯来语中,托马斯的意思是双生。这象征着尼奥平时的双重身份:一个是程序员托马斯·安德森,一个是黑客尼奥。而安德森在希伯来语中的含义是“人之子”,这正是耶稣的身份。
组成Neo(尼奥)的这三个字母掉转顺序后就可以组成“one”,表示他就是那个拯救人类的救世主“The One”。而“基薄雾浓云愁永昼督”一词在希伯来语中的本意就是“被指定的那个人”——The One。
墨菲斯(Morpheus)
在希腊神话中,墨菲斯是梦神,拥有改变梦境的能力。在电影中,墨菲斯是把人们从梦境般的虚幻世界中唤醒的指路人。
墨菲斯指挥的飞船是“尼布甲尼撒”号,这是用巴比伦的智慧之神的名字命名的。而在《圣经》中,尼布甲尼撒是巴比伦的国王,曾找人解梦。而在电影中,墨菲斯等人乘坐“尼布甲尼撒”号飞船去找先知诠释什么是真实。
崔尼蒂(Trinity)
Trinity的意思是“三位一体”,在基薄雾浓云愁永昼督教中,“三位一体”指得是圣父、圣子、圣灵。而在现代心理学的奠基之作《梦的解析》一书中,“三位一体”指代了女性意识,她能够进入神秘的领地和完美的境界。 三位一体的思想在印度神话中也很重要,也就是毁灭,维持,重生三重含义,在印度神话里面分别对应的是湿婆,毗湿努,梵天三大主神,印度神话由于其复杂的宗教历史以及庞大的印度教神话导致神话里神的地位并不是固定的,而是随着掌权者的不同而不断变化着的,甚至把不同宗教派别体系放在一起还有重叠的现象,不过发展到后来已经基本确立了上面所提到的三神的主导位置。
先知(Oracle)
Oracle的希腊语本意是解惑、传递解释神的预半夜凉初透言,可以是人、地方,也可以是物品。这些预半夜凉初透言通常是模糊的,是现实的一种扭曲,所以能解释的人一定要很有智慧,但即使是他们也不一定能保证预半夜凉初透言正确。先知的目的是用自己看到的模糊景象指导信徒,但不能帮他们做决定,决定本身完全取决于人们主观的意愿。 在希腊是神谕、预半夜凉初透言的意思,也指中国的甲骨文,而甲骨文的作用就是占卜未来。这里翻译为“先知”。
史密斯(Smith)
英文中的Smith意思就是铁匠,而他的车牌号是IS 5416,这都暗含着宗教含义。在《圣经·以塞亚书》第54章16节里说到:吹嘘炭火,打造合用的器械的铁匠是我所造;残害人、行毁灭的也是我所造。这正暗指特工史密斯在矩阵系统中的作用——消灭一切危害矩阵运行的异常程序。
梅罗纹加(Merovingian)
梅罗纹加是法莫道不消魂国封建社会中六个王朝的第一个,欧洲中世纪的黑暗历史正是从梅罗纹加王朝开始的,经历六朝,正符合电影中矩阵曾经有六代版本的故事。在电影中,梅罗纹加是一个曾经很有力量的人,而且他喜欢说法语,居住在法莫道不消魂国式的城堡中。
法莫道不消魂国的梅罗纹加王朝也是欧洲浪漫神话的发源时期,而这些神话的核心人物则是“堕落天使”,他们因为背叛上帝被赶出天堂,撒旦正是这些堕落天使的首领。这也正符合电影中梅罗纹加在矩阵中的身份——他是所有背叛矩阵的程序人的首领,利用自己的能力来对抗矩阵。
塞拉夫(Seraph)
塞拉夫是先知的守卫者,这个名字在欧洲中世纪神话中是天使9个等级里级别最高的六翼天使。当尼奥在矩阵中第一次见到他的时候,他的代码呈现了与众不同的金色。塞拉夫在矩阵中的作用相当于保护先知不受侵害的防火墙,非常有力量,曾经打败过史密斯。
卡玛拉(Kamala)
卡玛拉在梵语中的意思是“莲华”,代表的是清净。在佛教中有句真言就叫做“卡玛拉”。在影片中,卡玛拉是一个由程序自行产生出的新程序,是矩阵世界中第一个由人工智能培养出来的智能程序。在影片结尾暗示了她具有改变矩阵世界代码的能力。
奈娥比(Niobe)
Niobe是希腊神话里面底比斯的皇后,由于妒忌女神勒托而被女神的两个孩子阿波罗和阿尔忒米斯杀掉自己的14个孩子(7男7女,能生得这么对称真不容易啊……),最后只能悲伤的离开欧洲。奈娥比在第3部驾驶回锡安的船莫乔尼尔号--Mjolnir,就是北欧神话中的Mjolnir Hammer,即是雷神之锤,雷神托尔Thor的宝物。托尔是奥丁的长子,星期四就是为他命名的。
Bane
被Smith附体的人类,意思是祸根、毁灭的根源、克星。
《黑客帝国》:人学启蒙的史诗
《黑客帝国》自从1999年复活节公映以来,迅速获得了极大的好评,被认为是电影新时代的开创。四年过去了,这个三部曲的故事已经在和平和谅解中结束,但黑客帝国的余音却大大超越了电影本身,成为一种黑客现象。《黑客帝国》成了一个庞大的产业,涉及了游戏、漫画、出版、工业设计、服装和文教等方面;《黑客帝国》是一场电影的革莫道不消魂命,玄学和娱乐的完美结合,把原本深奥的理论用最轻松的方式传达给生活在快节奏中的观众;《黑客帝国》是一场概念的变革,从此战争的胜利不再是一方压倒另一方,而是怀着宽容的诚意,求得矛盾的调和;《黑客帝国》还是一个美好的大同理想,希望有一天,这个世界所有的智慧实体都能不因种族、文化和理想的差异共享一片阳光,无论他们的身体是肉体还是钢铁。
与其说《黑客帝国》是一部未来科学的里程碑,不如说它是一部人学的里程碑。大凡成功的科幻作品,总是以警世恒言的方式出现,幻想技术的可能形式,在一个技术不成问题的世界中放大我们现世的问题,警示我们现代社会的问题和困境。科幻作品固有的末日预半夜凉初透言特征正宣告着《黑客帝国》借助了科学技术的躯壳,却归根结底是人学。我们本无需从情节的小细节中去猜度电子世界的规律,在电影情节中挑毛病,不用去彻底弄懂人体是如何成为机器的电池,或者辩论锡安是否是真实的世界,因为,这些技术的探究对把握电影的人学内涵并无帮助。信仰是不需要证明的,相信自己的信仰,认识你自己,释放自己的心灵,这才是沃卓斯基世纪之响的全部目的。
70年代末,个人计算机和网络的兴起给人强烈的震撼,一些人开始思考整个社会在未来可能的倾向。这批作家试图考察影响社会发展的各个方面,并在此基础上汇总,在80年代早期,终于完成了自己的体系,开始掀起一个新的科幻潮流――赛伯朋克。《黑客帝国》的场景设定正是如此,电影设想了并不美好的未来,有个统治系统,有人在试图反抗。统治系统压制反抗,但这种压制目的不在于消灭反抗力量,而在于使反抗者觉得自己“似乎”真的是在革莫道不消魂命。在某种意义上,赛伯朋克中的统治系统允许存在反抗,因而统治得也更不着痕迹。这正是锡安面临的困境——他们的反抗不过是Matrix的升级需要。影片结尾,尼奥取得了胜利,但人类依然逃脱不了人机一体的困境。
《黑客帝国》三部曲可以说是一部人类思想和信仰的大融会,人类文明的历史正对应了《黑客帝国》三部曲的顺序,以鲍德里亚的后现代拟像为故事开始的舞台,以柏拉图的洞穴寓言和笛卡尔的“我思故我在”作为思辩的载体,以基薄雾浓云愁永昼督教的寓言作为第一部的中心议题,以存在主义的自由和选择作为第二部的核心,而决定论则是选择的干扰,汉学的中庸和阴阳在第三部的大结局取得了完全胜利,佛教的大智慧贯穿着所有的故事,把希望寄托在未来。“Matrix是一系列的问题,是一种机制,引导无知和空虚的心灵尽可能质疑这个世界”,该片的执行制作人梅森这样说,《黑客帝国》所有的思想闪光都不是原创,却提醒着我们,我们陷入着对科技的依赖,抵抗着它对我们的控制,但科技本身不是问题,我们要质疑的还是我们自己。
尼奥和技术的对抗,对技术双刃剑的思考都是老声常谈了,但当机器已经和人类平起平坐,他的英雄道路就因对“生灵”定义的改写而改变了。第一集,尼奥从一个平凡的捣乱黑客成长为基薄雾浓云愁永昼督教式的弥赛亚,他的暂时死亡洗涤了人类因不认识真理而造成的原罪,他牺牲后的复活开创了通向真实的钥匙,这是一个完全基薄雾浓云愁永昼督教的开端。第二集,尼奥开始怀疑他的战斗是否有意义,锡安的数毁数建,没能给人类带来他们所期盼的胜利,人类已经认识了真理,却依然在战争的虚无感中徘徊,原来仅有这个真莫道不消魂相不是人生的全部。在存在主义的教导和决定论的拉锯战中,尼奥离基薄雾浓云愁永昼督的性格远去了。第三集,尼奥不再为所谓的真理而战,在认识到机器的人性后放弃了战争胜利的诉求,转而求和,因为他明白,真理不能赐予人类长生,人类固有的贪欲正在把真理扭曲成和人工的世界同样无意义的战场。
人类尝试过用血与火洗涤世界,“替天行道”,以暴制暴的短暂的成功却陷入了反战主义的斥责,人们在战争的一片萧索中审视自己的信念,虚无主义和存在主义在这一刻迸发,却陷入更深的困惑,百无出路中,他们转向东方文明,从而在世纪之交掀起了一场向东方传统文化吸取精髓的“新纪元”运动,这就是第三集的基础。或者意欲的自我调整,适可而止,中庸之道,走中国儒家和道家的道路;或者意欲的限制和消灭,走佛教的道路。电影从第一集开始就贯穿了佛教的态度,但人类的实际行为却告诉我们,他们的贪嗔痴依旧是他们的业障,就只有中国的中庸之道才是解决眼下战斗的办法,但不是简单的妥协。尼奥和史密斯本来就是相生相克的一体,没有尼奥,机器的霸权将大行其道,没有史密斯,人类将尽一切可能战胜机器,最后必须是二者合一。就这样,尼奥在慈悲的光芒中释然而去,用一个矛盾重重的开端开创了一个和解的新时代。
故天将降大任于斯人也,必先苦其心智,空乏其身,行弗乱其所为,所以动心任性,增益其所不能。英雄产生的基础各有各的不同,但他们成功的过程却是类似的三步曲:放逐,自我的或者别人引起的;修佳节又重阳炼;回到人群中解救他人。但是,西方的英雄和东方的英雄还是有区别的。西方的英雄的力量来自于身外,而东方的英雄则更偏重于认识自己的内部,所谓心就是佛,认识到人法地,地法天,天法自然的奥秘,用悟和证提升自己的能力。
用这两个模型来观察尼奥的一生,我们发现他是两个模式的结合。第一集尼奥的力量来自于外部的爱情和真理的渴求,他获得真理就获得了力量。第三集,尼奥的力量来自于他的内心,当他和史密斯的决战进入到最后关头,他最后参透了战争的意义,主动放下屠刀,成就了一个顶天立地的非好莱坞式英雄形象。
圣经《创世纪》说到伊甸园里有两棵树,一棵是知识树,亚当吃了那果子就能辨别善恶,另一棵是生命树,吃了能永生。上帝把他们逐出伊甸园,是怕他“伸手又摘生命树的果子吃,就永远活着”。宗教比较学家堪佩尔写道,“西方人吃的是知识树的果实,东方人吃了生命树的所产,如果两种文化能结合,将是神的力量”。
沃卓斯基在电影中运用了大量有含义的符号,明显一些的有人名,那些名字背后的神话典故不但标志了他们的个性,也决定了他们的认识高低,决定了他们是宿命。电影中的颜色都是有含义的,Matrix的绿色代表了腐佳节又重阳败和邪有暗香盈袖恶,当和平到来,Matrix恢复了清新,绿色就尽数褪去了。锡安的颜色是靛色,那是金属和没有阳光照耀的冷色,从色彩学上隐喻了真理和理智。红色是危险和生命的颜色,白色和黑色的对比是阴阳的对立和统一,太多了,几乎每个镜头都能找到这样的对应,不一而足。电影中那些不起眼的小物品和标志牌,在功能达到满足后却也散发出其深厚内涵的芬芳,这一切概念的无限链接,都在提示我们,《黑客帝国》正在成为一部人类的历史百科全书。
释放你的心灵吧,在这本哲学通俗读物中,你能找到房龙在《宽容》中所说的,“信仰总是伴随着怀疑,诚实地相信自己正确,却又从不能使自己的怀疑转化为坚固绝对的信念”。《黑客帝国》系列电影最大的成功之处莫过于把哲学和科学融合到娱乐中,是这样一个奇迹,它是一部波普文化的大成,一个电子游戏,一次基薄雾浓云愁永昼督教和佛学的扫盲,也是自由和平等最终到来的寓言。在哈佛大学的讲堂里,《黑客帝国》系列甚至成了哲学基础课的重要部分。它属于我们每一个人,任何人都能在这样一部宽容和慈悲的电影中找到属于自己的东西。
学外语与做翻译【转】
原文地址:http://www.fane.cn/forum_view.asp?forum_id=33&view_id=29643
昨天晚上与女朋友一起看 CCTV9 ,当我听到 CCTV9 的记者把 drama 读成 "['dra:ma]",我立即给她纠正,应该读成 "['dra:mE(么)]"。女朋友说,没错啊,他们国家也这么读。我说,自从我学英语以来一直读成 "['dra:mE(么)]",不可能是我错。于是我们打开电脑查 drama 这个单词,经查瑞脑消金兽证,是我说的对了。
女朋友不服输地说,既然你明白了记者的意思,何必那么斤斤计较她的读音呢?
我想了想,她说的确实有道理,“学”与“用”应该有很大的区别。
在大学四年的外语学习中,我的老师们对我们严格要求,每一个单词的读音,每一个单词的拼写都必须正确。毕业后,我也当了外语老师,在教书的四年中,我对学生们要求非常严格,对他们范的每一个小错误都给予纠正。
但是做了这些年的翻译之后,我有时候反思:那些年对学生要求严格对不对?学外语的目的是什么?
接着我与女朋友争论的话题说开,“学外语”是“学”的过程,“做翻译”是“用”的过程。两者也应该有很大区别。
从两者的目的而言:“学外语”的目的是“学好以便将来用于交流”。“做翻译”的目的是“在不同语言之间的传达信息”。所以,在“传达信息”的过程中重要的不是“纠正错误”,而是“将信息传达好”。那么,只要小毛病无伤大雅,也就没有必要对这些小毛病大惊小怪、痛心疾首。
语言的第一目的(最终目的)是“交流”,不管是做翻译、还是做其它与语言相关的工作,千万不要忘记学习语言的目的,不要只为“学”而“学”,或者不要只为“应试”而“学”。
前几天看到“一位牛人 通过二级笔译的经验”时,甚为惊叹!~ 惊的是一个从未有翻译经验的“牛人”能通过二级笔译,叹的是翻译认证体制与中国目前为了“应试”而“学”的教育体制。
回到正题,“学外语”是“做翻译”的基础。基础打牢之后需要充分实践,在实践中摸索经验、积累经验。书本上的东西是远远不够的。
“学”的过程中,学生们往往是比较盲目的,不知道将来哪些会“用”的到。只有在“用”的过程中,你才会体会到哪些最常用,也会慢慢忘掉那些用不到和不常用的知识。
另外,书本上的知识、老师教授的技巧也是不见得完全正确,只有最适合自己的知识与技巧才是最好的。
现在我自己回头看看,发现我的词汇量可能还不如通过8级时多,但是会用的词汇,经常用的词汇量要比大学时期盲目背诵单词时的应用词汇多得多。而工作中常用的词汇已经深深地印在脑海里,想忘也忘不掉。
今天和段老师也谈到了英语交流中的“犯错”问题,从中学学英语的那天开始往往我们过多地强调语法如何正确,语音如何正确,表达如何地道等等,结果就是越来越多的人宁愿做“哑巴”,不愿意用英语交流,因为一开口便是“错”,别人会不断纠正,直到纠得不能表达为止。我在日本时接触了不少来自印度、巴基斯坦和南美洲的技术人员,大家共同使用英语交流,那个“英语”真不敢说,大概只能称作“印度英语”、“巴西英语”吧,可是一看到他们自信地操着“英语”交流时,我对于学英语用英语的观念彻底被 ** 了。其实我们自己学说普通话时何尝不是如此呢?给用英语交流更多宽容吧。
推荐一个适合各种拓展学习需求同学的论坛

http://bbs.topsage.com/
如:
大家考研网-大家考研论坛
考研英语
考研政治
考研数学
考研专业课
考研信息
英语学习网
公共英语(PETS)
大学英语四六级(CET)
自考英语
出国英语考试论坛
上海中高级口译考试
新概念英语(NCE)
行业英语
全国翻译资格考试
全国职称英语考试
剑桥商务英语(BEC)
英语托业考试论坛(TOEIC)
剑桥少儿英语考试(YLE)
英语资料下载及其他
谈语音语调的魔力和重要性【转】
作家冰心正在路上走着,听见路边的喇叭正播放她的一篇作品。听着听着,就不由自主地停了下来。冰心怎么也没想到,自己的文章经过播音员读出来,竟变得如此感人!文章经过播音员的朗诵加工,得到了升华,达到了一个更高的境界。这里是播音员的动人的语音语调的魔力起了作用。冰心激动不已,决心要找到这位播音员,好好地跟她谈一谈,好好地向她学习。经过多番努力,冰心的愿望终于实现了。两人一见如故,很快就成了莫逆之交。
说起语音语调,我就不禁想起我的一位大学老师。他说的是一口标准的灵格风贵族式英语,对语调研究得很深。他说的英语很有味道,而且他的话也很有内涵。听他的课简直就是一种享受。有一天,他给我们讲语调,在黑板上写了大大的:‘Come in. ‘让我们上去划出尽可能多的语调曲线,并说出各种语调的背景。同学们热情很高,纷纷抢上去发言,并划出各种语调曲线。可是划出了六条曲线之后就没人上去了。因为大家再也想不出还有什么别的语调了。这时老师就来帮大家分析:那六种语调实际上才是五种,里边有两种是重复的。老师又在黑板上划出了八种曲线,并一一加以解释。这时我们才如大梦初醒。语调里竟有这么大的学问,一个小学生都会的‘Come in.‘读起来竟然有这么多的变化!从此以后,我们再也不敢小瞧英语的语音语调了。
我教学生时,我对学生的语音语调十分重视,让他们背课文时是先检查语音语调,如果背得一字不错,但是语音语调错了,我也算他错。有一次,有个学生背诵时字字正确,但语调错了。我说他错了。他不服气。我就说:’这句话是主人公在生气时说的,而你平平淡淡的读出来。如果让你来当电影导演,你的演员这样背台词,你能让他通过吗?’他才没话说了。
图片和文字的不同大家都很清楚,但讲出来的话和文字的不同就有很多人没注意到。语音语调里含有很多感情成分,情绪成分,有时还有很多非常微妙的东西,都是用文字很难以表达的。所以对语音语调是万万不可掉以轻心的。要认真揣摩里边细微的变化,掌握语音语调的真谛。
学英语的很多朋友只注意单词,不注意语音语调,用中国的语音语调来听英语,结果很多单词老是听不出来。他们就埋怨录音不好。其实这是因为英语的语调和汉语的语调的不同所致。英语的语调像一条丝带,或是一段歌曲,词词相连,轻的(介词,冠词,代词,连词,叹词)可以轻到几乎听不清楚,没经过训练的人有时一句只听到几个重读的词(名词,动词,副词,形容词,数词)。汉语的语调则像锯齿,字字另起音,字字清楚。因为英语读起来是像一条带子,所以就有所谓的连读,有时一连起来滴里嘟噜的,很难分辨那个音是那个词的,这在汉语是没有的。用听汉语的方法来听英语,当然听不清楚了。
最后我还要谈一谈[新概念英语]。有一位学者在[英语世界]上发表文章说:‘[新概念英语]的录音完全可以和最经典的[灵格风英语]相媲美。‘这就是说,[新概念英语]的录音是英语录音的又一巅峰之作,是英语录音的瑰宝。全国的外语院校每年都要举行一年一度的学术交流会。参加的有老师和一些优秀的学生。有一次交流会上,一位北外的学生上台讲了他的学习体会。他的语音语调令所有的在场学生佩服得五体投地。他的讲话一结束,就被同学们围了起来。大家纷纷问他是如何学到如此精彩的语调的。他说他是背[新概念英语]学来的。大家都不相信。要知道,能参加这个交流会的都是各校的尖子,谁没学过[新概念英语]?他是个聪明人,马上就看出来大家的想法了。他问大家是怎么背的。大家都说是先读,然后听录音并跟读,最后背下来。他笑了笑,说:‘我不是这样学的。我是先读,然后听并跟读,再把课文连同语音语调一起背下来,反复练习,直到自己认为读得和原录音差不多了,就录下音。再用两台录音机同时放原录音和我的录音。要两台录音机放出来的音听起来好像是合唱时我才罢手。‘高手是如此珍爱新概念英语的录音,而我们很多朋友对新概念英语的录音只是听几遍就放到一边去了,岂不是把这举世瑰宝给白白浪费了!希望大家也能像那位高手一样好好珍爱[新概念英语]的录音,让这块举世瑰宝放出更耀眼的光芒!
我说了这么多,就是希望朋友们学英语一定要认真的学好语音语调,才能学得快,学得好,真正把英语学到手。
[灵格风英语]是风行世界近百年的经典英语教材,其录音语音语调都堪称世界第一。但是其语调是贵族式的,如准备到上层社会去使用,就比较合适。[新概念英语]的语调是平民式的,比较适合一般人在一般场合使用,所以近年来更受欢迎。
你的读音和语调都不错。开始的时候或许会觉得[新概念]读得有点装腔作势,因为那是英式读法,就该如此。新概念的语音语调是现在最好的了,不要对它有任何怀疑。书法中有一句话:先要[无我],然后才能[有我]。就是说在学习之初,就要绝对无条件地照着学,不能有丝毫的自己的意见。等到学会了,才可以有自己独到的见解。因为初时脑子里根本没有树立正确的参照物,没鉴别对和错的能力。
基薄雾浓云愁永昼督教婚姻誓言中英文版
, [Groom's name], take you [Bride's name], to be my wife, my partner in life and my one true love.
I will cherish our friendship and love you today, tomorrow, and forever.
I will trust you and honor you
I will laugh with you and cry with you.
I will love you faithfully
Through the best and the worst,
Through the difficult and the easy.
What may come I will always be there.
As I have given you my hand to hold
So I give you my life to keep
So help me God
我(新郎的名字)请你(新娘的名字),做我的妻子,我生命中的伴侣和我唯一的爱人。
我将珍惜我们的友谊,爱你,不论是现在,将来,还是永远。
我会信任你,尊敬你,
我将和你一起欢笑,一起哭泣。
我会忠诚的爱着你,
无论未来是好的还是坏的,是艰难的还是安乐的,我都会陪你一起度过。
无论准备迎接什么样的生活,我都会一直守护在这里。
就像我伸出手让你紧握住一样,
我会将我的生命交付于你。
所以请帮助我 我的主。
I, [Bride's name], take you [Groom's name], to be my husband, my partner in life and my one true love.
I will cherish our friendship and love you today,
tomorrow, and forever
I will trust you and honor you
I will laugh with you and cry with you.
I will love you faithfully
Through the best and the worst,
Through the difficult and the easy.
What may come I will always be there.
As I have given you my hand to hold
So I give you my life to keep
So help me God
我(新娘的名字),请你(新郎的名字)做我的丈夫,我生命中的伴侣和我唯一的爱人。
我将珍惜我们的友谊,爱你,不论是现在,将来,还是永远。
我会信任你,尊敬你,
我将和你一起欢笑,一起哭泣。
我会忠诚的爱着你,
无论未来是好的还是坏的,是艰难的还是安乐的,我都会陪你一起度过。
无论准备迎接什么样的生活,我都会一直守护在这里。
就像我伸出手让你紧握住一样,
我会将我的生命交付于你。
所以请帮助我 我的主。
Entreat me not to leave you, or to return from following after you,
For where you go I will go,
and where you stay I will stay
Your people will be my people,
and your God will be my God.
And where you die, I will die and there I will be buried.
May the Lord do with me and more if anything but death parts you from me.
真诚的恳求上帝让我不要离开你,或是让我跟随在你身后
因为你到哪里我就会去到哪里,
因为你的停留所以我停留。
你爱的人将成为我爱的人,
你的主也会成为我的主。
你在哪里死去,我也将和你一起在那里被埋葬,
也许主要求我做的更多,但是不论发生任何事情,都会有你在身边生死相随。
免费英语语音聊天室
目前国内仅存的最早提供免费聊天室的网站——湛江电信的碧海银沙聊天室,简称“碧聊”。为广大用户免费提供最高在线10人的语音聊天室(使用语音聊天功能需要安装插件),需要更多在线人数就要付费了。

http://www.lingr.com/
Lingr is an open community of chatrooms. You can chat about anything you want, in public or private rooms. No account is required, and no special software. Just choose a room and start chatting!
You can read more about Lingr on the About page, or get help in the Help section.

http://www.popbook.com/chatroom/

http://www.popbook.com/chatroom/
我喜欢的聊天室
http://zh.englishbaby.com/community/chat
我喜欢的网上资料库【转】
| ——无声的老师 |
| 作者:陆芳 单位:同方知网 |
| 我初步了解中国期刊网,那是在大学的文献检索课上,那时刚进大学没多久,什么都好奇,什么都不懂。在老师的指导下,点击中国期刊网,通过各个链接,犹如进入一个知识的大观园,想查的专业性的资料,在这里都可以得到解决,而且省时、省事、质量好、效率高。比起学校的图书馆里的图书,方便多了,不要挤在图书馆的书架前一本本搜寻自己需要的资料,有时赶上大家一起查资料,还要看谁动作快,谁先抢到有价值的书。进期刊网查资料,只要一台电脑就可以轻松解决。 大学以后的日子里,只要涉及我所学专业的一些知识,要查资料、回答问题,很自然的我就到CNKI里寻找我想要的资料,看看各家的说法,取人之长,补己之短。时间长了,我慢慢的喜欢上这位无声的老师,只要你输入要求,他就给你答案,不仅告诉你即时的一些研究,而且还告诉你一些前辈研究的阶段性的成果,可以看到事物的发展、变化。他还通过知网节,提示你一些相关的资料研究。“究天人之际,通古今之变,成一家之言”。就是在这位老师的帮助下,每次交课题研究、回答问题,我总是看到老师的满意的微笑,同学惊奇、羡慕的目光。渐渐的,大家交流多了,周围更多的人开始使用中国期刊网,后来还有老师向我们介绍人薄雾浓云愁永昼大资料复印中心、万方、维普等,但是实际操作起来,期刊网更方便、便携、快捷。人薄雾浓云愁永昼大资料复印中心每次要用,都要写申请条去老师那借盘,使用的人一多,大家就争资源,就显示不出方便的特点;万方、维普、虽然都是在网上操作,但是由于没有类似于知网节的便携条件。渐渐的大家就抛弃了他们,唯独喜欢中国期刊网,整整的成了期刊网的超级粉丝。 大四论文答辩时,期刊网再一次显示了他的优越性。我当时写的论文题目是《关于柳宗元对骚体赋的继承和发展》,柳宗元处于唐朝,研究唐朝的资料很多。我首先就要知道关于柳宗元的研究有那些,目前处于什么水平,已经发表的论文对柳宗元的那些方面做了怎样的研究。知己知彼,才能百战不殆。就这样在知网节的帮助下,什么问题都迎刃而解。我因为使用期刊网的时间比较长,所以在资料的的收集和整理上,很有针对性,就这样我比别人节省了时间。当别人还在收集资料时,我已经开工写论文了,顺理成章的第一批通过了论文答辩。 毕业以后,工作性质的缘故,经常要查资料,因为是出版行业,所以对资料的准确性有严格的要求。百度搜索的资料链接很多,五花八门,但是通过比较就会发现,很多都自相矛盾,不知该相信谁。比如一篇文言文的版本很多,不知道那个是正确的,那个是错误的。这时去查很多的书本资料不现实,时间和资料都不允许。这时期刊网又一次大显身手,工具书集锦在线很快就解决我的难题,节省时间不说,还保证了效率…… 很幸运的,我能够进入公司工作,和期刊网有亲密接触。在以后的工作中,我们应该把大家使用的心得和体会告诉大家,让更多的人知道这位无声的老师。相信在大家的努力下,我们会伴随期刊网一起成长,做的更好。 |
转载地址:http://www.cnki.com.cn/homePage/case/case_article50.htm
新型词汇辅助记忆平台
LangLib网络版词汇辅助记忆系统是由北京博智天下信息技术有限公司的英语语言教学专家和软件设计专家共同研发的一种新型词汇辅助记忆平台。
该系统基于庞大的语料库进行设计和开发,根据用户对词汇的具体需求动态生成相应的词汇书。同时,系统可以按照用户指定的学习时间、阅读速度、记忆能力等条件,并根据专家经验以及艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线为用户定制属于自己的单词记忆计划。
用户在单词记忆的过程中可以动态标记单词当前的记忆状态,可以随时修改单词的排列顺序,可以动态调整单词数量,还可以在不同阶段定制不同方式的记忆计划。在这一强大系统的帮助下,用户的单词记忆周期可以极大地缩短,其效率能得到明显提升。
http://www.langlib.com/Default.aspx
| 关于单词系统的使用说明: | |||||||||||||||||||||
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关于《梅里厄姆韦氏词典》【转】
李笑来,载于:http://www.xiaolai.net/?p=702
美国有很多种韦氏(Webster)词典,比如兰登屋就有一种Random House Webster Unabridged Dictionary。国内学生常提的《韦氏词典》,指的是《梅里厄姆韦氏词典》(Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary)。

关于《梅里厄姆韦氏词典》(Merriam-Webster)的权威性,基本上不容置疑——事实上,权威的词典很多,并且都同样权威,比如,牛津的、剑桥的、甚至微软的也都很权威。然而,中国学生常常被告知的“GRE考试的词汇主要依据就是美国韦氏学院辞典!根据统计比较,GRE反义词所考短语用词大多是M-W词典中的原话。”基本上属于以讹传讹。首先,GRE考试当年的类反题目(现在的GRE考试中已经剔除了单纯的词汇题目)中几乎没有考过“短语用词”。其次,ETS在设计考试的时候,基本上不会用哪一本词典里的“原话”。事实上,GRE考试从来没有把哪一本词典当作唯一的参照物。
《梅里厄姆韦氏词典》的电子版,目前在网上可以找得到的有两种版本:2.5版和3.0版。我个人认为3.0版并没有什么真正有意义的改进。2.5版反倒相对更好用一些。在emule上,往往还有很多50M左右大小的版本,不要用。首先现在的硬盘都很大,几百兆的空间不值得节省。其次,那50M的版本之所以体积小,实际上是因为去除了《梅里厄姆韦氏词典》的一个最重要的功能——“真人发音”。这个词典最好这样安装到电脑上:把光盘里的所有文件拷贝到硬盘的某个目录里面,然后从硬盘上开始安装(否则,以后想听真人发音,就需要光盘总是在光驱里)。
《梅里厄姆韦氏词典》电子版的“真人发音”,是我个人认为目前可以找到的所有电子版词典中制作最为精良的——发音最清晰(准确当然不用提),音量最稳定。音标,向来被认为是英语学习的重要难点之一,可是,有了“真人发音”的电子词典之后,哪怕不懂音标也无所谓了。另外,国内太多的印刷版“英汉词典”印表标注都是错误百出的,很误事。比如,recognize,这个单词,co常被读为[ki]——在《梅里厄姆韦氏词典》查询任何一个单词之后,如果词条是蓝色字体,即意味着说,双击那个蓝色的单词,就可以听到标准发音。

再比如,fortunate这个单词,很多英汉词典中就多了一个元音/3/——相当于多了一个音节!

另外,《梅里厄姆韦氏词典》还支持多种检索方法,这是其它词典无法做到的。
Entry word is…
Defining text contains…
Rhymes with…
Forms a crossword of…
Is a cryptogram of…
Is a jumble of…
Homophones are…
Etymology includes…
Date is…
Verbal illustration contains…
Author quoted is…
Function label is…
Synonymy paragraph contains…
Usage paragraph contains…
Usage note contains…
Advanced Searches内还可以使用“与(ADN)、或(OR)、非(NOT)”构建比较复杂的搜索表达式。而在Browse内,可以搜索“Entry Word starts with”和“Entry Word ends with”
另外,《梅里厄姆韦氏词典》还有很多图释,比如sloth这个词(关于sloth这个词,还有一则好玩的轶事。)

点击那个小眼睛的图标,就可以看到:

最后,《梅里厄姆韦氏词典》最牛的地方在于它有一个“Spelling Help”。查找英文单词的时候,一个常见的窘境是,我们只知道某个单词的发音却不知道拼写,于是无法查到那个单词。然而,有了“Spelling Help”,就非常方便了。比如,我输入corisbondant这个显然不是单词的字符串,那么,“Spelling Help”就根据这个字符串可能的发音给我几个可能的建议——通常情况下,都可以找到我们需要的单词(这个例子中,就是correspondent)。金山词霸也有类似功能,但不如这个完善。(在金山词霸里面输入corisbondant,会告诉你:抱歉!本地没有该词条解释,您可以选择以下方式:请到网络查询、给出拼写近似的单词、加入用户词典)
在线《梅里厄姆韦氏词典》:http://www.merriam-webster.com/
英语发音练习网络资源
经常有同学问我关于中小学英语教学中的英语发音教学的问题,这里一并回答
英语发音的规律?
碰到了生词的时候,在没有音标的情况下,怎样读出它的发音?
单词的绝妙规律——英语单词的“语音认字”和“语音记忆”
凡学英语的中国人,没有不感到英语单词难背的,每个单词就像电话号码一样难记难背,不要说学会英语的说听说读写,仅背单词一项任务就几乎占尽了中国人全部的学英语时间,凡准备过英语考试的人都有这样的体会,复习中根本就没有时间练习听说读写,基本上刚刚能背完几遍众多的英语单词就匆匆忙忙地参加考试了,考试中也基本上是凭那点临时记忆的单词来猜蒙答案,根本就谈不上什么听说读写的能力,难怪通过了考试也还是不会听说读写。很多大学生干脆就觉得,自己多年来学英语,其实就忙活了一件事,那就是背单词,每到考试前就背单词,每考一次背一次,初考背、中考背、高半夜凉初透考背、四六级考试背、考研托福还是背…… 背来背去就那么几千个英语单词,似乎怎么也记不住,这到底是怎么回事?
中国人记英语单词难,主要问题就出在只记单词的“形”,而不记单词的“音”。
“音、形、意”是任何语言文字的三大要素,但不同语言文字的记忆原理不同。汉字是象形文字,记汉字主要靠记住汉字的“形”;而英语单词是拼音文字,记住拼音文字的关键是记住文字的“音”。中国人没有人背过汉语拼音,却都会使用汉语拼音在计算机上打汉字、在手机上发短信,就因为记住了汉字的发音,按照发音就可以写出汉语拼音,这就叫“语音记忆”。英语单词也是一样,每个英语单词是由 26 个字母组合出来的一组声音,如果能记住单词的“声音”,就可以按照“声音”写出单词的字母拼写。拼音文字靠发音来记忆, 这是天经地义的客观规律, 违背了这个客观规律,去记单词的“形”,那就相当于死背一个电话号码,要记住成千上万个英语单词,就相当于要记住成千上万个电话号码,谁的脑袋有这么大的记忆力?因此就会出现记了忘、忘了记,记来记去还是记不住的灾难性后果。
那么 为什么过去中国人没有人想到过英语单词的“语音认字”和“语音记忆”呢?这是因为过去大家没有发现英语单词的音形对应规律。很多人都抱怨说,汉语拼音是音形对应的,怎么发音就怎么写,当然可以语音记忆,可英语单词的发音是没有规律的,一个字母有好几种发音,因此没办法用语音记忆。这种认识是极为错误的,英语单词其实存在着极为有规可循的对应规律,不然外国人怎么来记忆单词?造成中国人普遍 没有发现这一对应规律的根本原因是人们一直没有发现英语单词的“慢速发音”,即慢速、饱满、大声的精确发音。
什么叫慢速发音呢?每一个英语单词都有两种发音:一种是众所周知的人们在字典上可以看到的用音标标出来的发音,叫“快速发音”,另一种是大家不知道的(或根本没想到会存在的)英语发音,叫“慢速发音”。
快速发音是一种简化、模糊的小声发音,是一种不十分精确的近似发音,就像我们平时用汉语快速讲话的发音一样,深究起来很多音都是简化发音,比如说快速说“学英语”三个字时,听起来很容易像“徐一语”。快速发音虽然不严格精确,但它却是日常生活中人们自然使用的正常发音,如果你在日常生活中说话时把每个汉字的音都发得咬牙切齿地准确,那反而会把人吓跑,觉得你不正常。然而在初学一种语言文字的发音时,慢速发音却是事关生死地重要,“学英语”三个字就必须发成“ xue ying yu ”,若一开始就发成了“徐一语”,那往后的学习还不乱套?十分遗憾的是,中国人目前在字典上、磁带上、教科书上所看到的一切英语单词的发音音标,都是按照快速发音的样子标出来的,这使得中国人学英语多年来其实一直也不知道自己所背的那些单词到底是什么发音,因此一直也就没法发现英语单词的音形对应规律,因此就只好把英语单词当成电话号码死记硬背。
“慢速发音”就是英语单词的慢速、饱满、大声的发音。这听起来好像容易做到,其实试一下你就会发现很难做到,这就好比快骑自行车时容易,慢骑了反而不容易,有人甚至还会摔倒。因为过去大家看到的单词音标都是带有重音的音标,这种音标只在重音的位置上准确标音,而在轻音的位置上都是快速模糊的近似标音,真让你把轻音的地方发准了,你会发现还真就做不到,甚至从来没想过轻音的位置该如何发音。只有听到了单词的慢速、精确、大声的发音,你才能恍然大悟地发现英语单词的音形对应规律,才能发现用语音来记忆单词的绝妙的规律。
比如单词 astronomy( 天文学 ) ,它的快速发音是 [ 反estr反Cn反emi] ,这个音标是人们在字典上可以看到的快速音标,其中除“ tr反C ”外,其它音都是近似标音,听见这个发音时你没有办法写出单词的拼写,因为音标 [反e] 是一种近似发音,它对应 a 、 e 、 i 、 o 、 u 等多个字母,你不知道该写出哪个字母。而 astronomy 的慢速发音是 [ a s- tr反C-n反eu-mi] ,这个音标是人们在字典上看不到的精确发音音标,这个音标的发音与单词的拼写音形对应,听到它你完全可以不费力地写出 as-tro-no-my 这个单词。这种靠慢速发音写出英语单词拼写的方法就叫“慢速发音记忆法”
有同学可能会问,英语中听到一个发音时有时可写出好几个字母,比如听到音标 [ 反v] 时,写 u 和 o 都有可能,这怎么办呢?不要担心这个问题,不要以为汉语拼音是一一对应的,可以用声音来记忆,其他文字只要不是一一对应,就必须要死记硬背。其实拼音文字的音形之间除一一对应外,还有其他的对应方法,比如英语单词的对应规律就叫做“顺口对应”,它虽然有一个发音对应多个字母的现象,但一个字母在单词中所采用的发音应该是最顺口的那个发音,凭着这个规律也能判断出单词的拼写,再加上开音节、闭音节等其他发音规律的配合使用,判断出单词的拼写还是有足够依据的。对于少数确实不遵守对应规律的单词(比如外来语单词),也还可以通过眼睛阅读来熟悉他们的形状,只要你听说读写同时进行,你会有足够的时间和机会来看到并记住“学校”的拼写是 school ,而不是 skool ,“电脑”的拼写是 computer ,而不是 komputer 。
有的同学还可能会问,改记“形”为记“音”,不还是要记忆吗,记“音”是否也一样困难?请不要担心这个问题,人的大脑记音的能力比记形要强一千倍,人记住 10 个电话号码不容易,但记住成千上万的声音却十分容易。人可以毫不费力地记住从小到大所听过的一切歌曲的主旋律,可以毫不费力地记住从小到大所认识的一切人的声音,可以不知不觉地记住和分辨出自然界里的一切声音。如果电视里有一个歌星在演唱一首歌曲,或着有一个政治家在发表演说,不用看人你也能一下子听出他是谁。多年不见面的老朋友,一打电话就可以听出是他的声音。人的大脑有先天强大的记音的优势,人类正因此才发明了语言,把世上万物命名为声音,然后用声音记住它们,并用于交流。用声音来记忆语言文字,特别是记忆具有拼音文字属性的英语单词,则好比龙归大海,鹰飞长空,将出现势如破竹游刃有余的记忆优势,将彻底解决你多年来烦恼的学英语难题。
还有的同学还会问,用慢速发音记住了单词,那单词的快速发音还会不会呢?更不要担心这个问题,慢骑自行车要是过了关,加快还用学吗?
还有的同学还会问,那过去已经知道的“字根”、“联想”等记忆方法还有没有用呢?回答是“有用”,但不关怎么说,字根、联想等记忆方法还属于记形,而不是记音,不是根本的记忆方法,中国学生目前背英语单词最大的问题是忽视语音记忆,走出背单词苦海的最根本办法还是记音。
还有的同学还会问……
不要问了,记英语单词,就应该靠记音,这是没什么好商量的事情,是客观规律。外国人都是这么做的,因此外国人没有背单词这码事,中国人不知道英语单词的准确发音,去记形,因此才出现了各种各样的记忆困难。有了英语发音,英语单词怎么记都容易,没有了发音,什么问题都出来了,请赶快学会用准确的语音来记忆英语单词吧,它将使你走出背单词的迷茫,苦海无边,回头是岸。
英语发音规则
按发音规则记
首先记清什么是开音节,什么闭音节。以不发音的e结尾的单词是开音节;以元音结尾的单词是绝对开音节。反之以辅音结尾的单词是闭音节。元音在开音节单词里面发它字母本身的音,在闭音节单词里面也有它的发音规则。如:
name——map time——sit
[ei] [æ] [ai] [i]
my,why——many,sixty(y是半元音)等。
[ai] [i]
a在重读音节中,ss前发[a:]的音。如:glass,class,classroom等。
2.按字母组合记
在记all这个单词时,记住这个单词字母组合发[ɔ:l]的音。在记tall,wall,small,ball等单词时,复习all,这样马上就能记住。
3.相同字母组合的单词放在一起记
如:for,forty,horse,morning,sport等都有or字母组合,发[ ɔ:]的音。在记now[au]时,先复习cow,how,掌握字母组合的发音。
4.换一字母记
如:coat——goat。在记goat单词时,先复习coat,只换一个字母,就能读出来并且当时就能记住。又如:big——bag,in——on,man——map,map——cap等。
5.加一字母记
在记any时,复习an(不定冠词),在an后面加一字母y,就是新学的单词any。如an——any等。
6.去一字母记
在记back之前,复习black。去掉l就是新学的单词back。如:black——back等。
7.合成词放在一起记
在记classroom之前,先复习class和room,把这两个单词合在一起就是所要学的新单词。如:class,room——classroom;to,day——today;home,work——homework等。
8.音同,字不同的单词放在一起记
如:too——two,there——their,our——hour,
[tu:] [ðɛə] [auə]
right——write等。
[rait]
9.容易读错的单词放在一起记
如:horse——house等。
[ ɔ:] [au]
10.反义词放在一起记
如:open——close,long——short等。
11.相对的词组放在一起记
如:go to school——go home,get up——go to bed等。
12.介词放在一起记
如:in,on,of,at,to,for,near,beside,under,behind,in front of等。
1) 时间前面用介词at。如:at twelve,at ten fifteen等。
2) 公共汽车站、火车站前面用介词at。
如:at the bus stop,at the railway station等。
3) 中午,夜晚等前面用介词at。
如:at noon,at night,at home,at work,at school,at the factory,at the cinema,at once,at first,at last,at a street corner,at that time,at the foot of,at the end of,at the doctor’s,at the age of,at the Children’s Palace,at the gate等。
1) 早上,下午,晚上,白天,周(星期),月,年,四季(春、夏、秋、冬)等前面用介词in。
如:in the morning,in the aftetnoon,in the evening,in a day,in a week,in a month,in a year,in spring,in summer,in autumn,in winter等。又如:in the tree,in the street。但road前面用介词on。如:on the road。
2) 星期几前面用介词on。
如:on Sunday,on Monday——on Saturday等。
13.冠词用途记
a,an表示数量有“—”,an用在元音前面。The是特指或说话人双方都知道。如:a boy,an apple。The book is on the desk。
14.人名,地名,国名,周日,专有名词第一字母大写记。
如:Mike,Beijing,China,Monday,Young Pioneer等。
15.词性归性记
如:名词,代词,形容词,动词,介词等。
如:book,bike,these,they,yellow,green,come,guess,in,behind等。
16.单词分类记
如:1)学习用品:bag,pencil——box等。2)服装鞋帽:cap,coat,shoe等。3)食物:cake,egg等。4)交通工具: bike,car,bus等。5)动物:sheep,horse,pig等。6)人物:people,girl,student等。7)人体部分: head,face,hair,hand等。
17.词性变化记
如:work——worker,teach——teacher,drive——driver等。
18.W,h发音记
单词中w,h在一起,一般w发音[w]。但h后面是元音字母“o”时,h发音[h]。如:what,white,why,where;who,whose等。
19.通过句型记
在背句型的过程中,把单词记下
如:How many days are there in a week?通过背这个句型,记住week这个单词。这样句型背会了,单词也记住了。
20.口语记
俗话说:拳不离手,曲不离口。英语要经常讲,记下的单词和句子,惯用语就不易忘。
如:May I come in?yes,come in.(Come in,please.)
May I close the window?Yes,do (please).
How are you?I’m all right(fine) ,thank you.
Excuse me. May I ask a question?
Yes. What is it?等。
只有经常讲,上口,记下的句子不但忘不了,单词也就记住了,而且当要用的时候就能脱口而出。
21.唱英语歌曲记
通过唱英语歌,不但记住了单词和句子还提高了学习英语的兴趣,提高了欣赏音乐的审美能力。
正确掌握48个音标(元音20个,辅音28个)。掌握5个元音的发音规则。如:
[ei] [I:] [ai] [əu]
a— e— i(y)— o—
[æ] [e] [i] [ɔ]
excuse
[(j)u:]—
u— blue
[ʌ]
给一个单词注音标的时候,首先判断是开音节还是闭音节。然后在单词里找元音。是开音节的,元音发它字母本身的音。是闭音节的,发它规定的音。(词尾是e 的,e一般不发音。两个e除外。如:see)。反之由音标写单词也是一样,根据它的读音规则写出相应的单词。不规则单词除外。如:have[hæv,h əv]。
1) 开,闭音节:
plate——[pleit] [greid]——grade
thank——[θæηk] [bæg]——bag
bike——[baik] [ʃain]——shine
fish——[fiʃ] [ʃip]——ship etc.
2) 字母组合按发音规则记。如:
tea ——[ti:] [mi:t]——meat
see ——[si:] [ni:d]——need
dear ——[diə] [niə]——near
down——[daun] [nau]——now
horse——[hɔ:s] [ʃɔ:t]——short
hair——[hɛə] [tʃɛə]——chair etc.
二、句型归类,梳成辫子记。
中学英语分为两大类:
1.“是”句(verb to be):凡句子里有am,is,are,was,were的句子,简称为“是”句。Be going to和there be结构属“是”句。
2.“动”句(verb to do):谓语是行为动词或实义动词的句子,简称为“动”句。
3.句子分类
按句子用途分为四种:
1)陈述句;2)疑问句(①一般疑问句,②特殊疑问句即W,h句。因为这种疑问句开头第一个字母是W或h。③选择疑问句,④反意疑问句);3)祈使句;4)感叹句。
按句子结构分为三种:1)简单句;2)并列句;3)复合句。
4.there be结构(包括some和any的用法)。
5.Have句(verb to have):凡句子里出现have,has,had的句子,简称为have句。
6.Will句:凡句子里出现will,shall,would,should的句子,简称为will句。
7.情句:凡句子里出现情态动词can,may,must等的句子,简称为情句等。
记句型先记基本句型。基本句型记住了以后,可替换单词。反复练习,掌握了基本句型,后变成否定句,再变成一般疑问句,肯定、否定回答。最后变成复数形式的 句子。再变为一般疑问句……(变化同前)。进一步可划线提问等。同学之间可随时进行对话。造成气氛,形成环境。自己也可用同样的方法进行练习。对话和朗读 课文时带上表情,语调。
三、语法编成口诀记
`1.There be结构(存在有)
“有句型,there be,有某物,在某地。”(表存在即存在有)如:There are some pens on the desk.变成一般疑问句。口诀:“是调前,改大、号。”
Are there any pans on the desk?回答:Yes,there are (some).No,there are’t(any).注:are调在前面,a大写,句号变问号。
Some用在肯定句,any用在疑问句或否定句里。
2.Have句(所属有)
如:She has an English book。变成一般疑问句。口诀:“have调前,改大、号。”
Has she an English book。回答:Yes,she has.No,she hasn’t.
注:美国英语按动句变 如:Dose she have an English book?回答:Yes,she does.No,she doesn’t.
3.Will句
如:I will (shall) go to your school tomorrow afternoon.变成一般疑问句。口诀“will调前,改大、号”。
Will you go (come) to our school tomerrow afternoon?
答:Yes,I will (shall).No,I won’t (shan’t).
4.情句
如:I can answer this question.变成一般疑问句。口诀:“情调前,改大、号。”Can you answer this question?回答:Yes,I can. No,I can’t.
5.动句
如:I study English.变成一般疑问句,需用助动词。口诀:“do加前,改大、号。”
Do you study English?回答:Yes,I do. No,I don’t.又如:He studies English.变成一般疑问句。口诀:“每遇到,三特殊,用does,不用do,加does,要注意,前面加,后面去。”
Does he study English?
回答:Yes,he does. No,he doesn’t.
注:三特殊即he,she,it。前面用助动词does,后面studies还原去s。
用通俗的语言把基本语法编成口诀,象背乘法口诀那样上口。掌握了语法,不至于将所学的单词,词组死搬硬套。按英语习惯进行练习,持之以恒,就能取得良好的效果。
学英语如盖房,词如砖,法如梁。语法通了,从中找出规律及习惯用法。反过来通过语法记单词,记单词中间学语法。相互记忆。语音,语调掌握了基本知识以后,通过广播、电视、电影来模仿。大胆实践,自然就解决了这个问题 。
元音字母在重读音节中的读音
handbag[?]
blackboard[C:]
+ day[ei]日子 > Sunday 星期天 holy神圣 + day[ei]日子 > holiday
假日 break中断 + fast[α:]斋戒 > breakfast[E] 早餐 cup茶杯 + board木板[C:] >
cupboard[E] 碗柜
paper plane pig ship pen
handbag[?]
blackboard[C:]
+ day[ei]日子 > Sunday 星期天 holy神圣 + day[ei]日子 > holiday
假日 break中断 + fast[α:]斋戒 > breakfast[E] 早餐 cup茶杯 + board木板[C:] >
cupboard[E] 碗柜
paper plane pig ship pen
英语发音十大规律
规律一
一个说英语不超过十个小时的中国人,根本就没有什么顽固的英语口音.
对于不自信的同学我们应该这样来理解,我们虽然学外语十几年了,读的却不多,真正到说就更少的可怜了,所以即使有错误习惯,或是发音的口音都不是什么大问题,况且对于一个说英语不超过十个小时的中国人来说,我们根本就不具备什么英语口音。
发音的模仿是从精听模仿开始的
所谓精听是体现在反复多遍的听,同时亦是反复多遍的听一个句子。其实我们的母语学习就能很清楚的反映出这个规律。任何一个土生土长的中国人或是美国人,他们的地道的发音,第一句话“爸爸,妈妈”又何尝不是反复的听了上千遍,又模仿了上千遍才变得这样地道的呢?
等听到对声音有了印象了再开始模仿
在学习绘画的时候,我们会被要求要仔细观察物体的轮廓,明暗,及色彩细致入微的每一处变化,如此才可以在画纸上表现得更出色。一个观察不仔细的人是画不出出神入化的作品的。对声音的印象越深刻,也就越能更好的让自己开口模仿。
模仿是从听开始的,听正确的发音还有听自己的发音
同学们知道在模仿发音的时候要多听,但是许多同学们还只是多听,很少开口去读自己所听到的东西,更很少去细心比较两者之间的不同,这就好比学习舞蹈一样,在仔细观看教练跳的同时,我们更要仔细的观察自己跳舞的动作,再作出比较。
真正决定你发音好坏的不仅仅是你的嘴型,舌位,而是你的脑海中对正确发音的印象深刻与否
同学们一提到发音的学习,就会很快联想到嘴型,舌位,口腔图。可是大多数在学校或是班里发音很好的同学,他们无一例外的是经过大量的听,而并不都是很熟悉这些所谓的嘴型,舌位的解释,更有很多外国人,也根本讲不清楚他们的嘴型与舌位如何,如何,显然提高发音的练习重在体会,而体会的养成在于一开始你听的多吗?对英语的声音你听到了很熟悉吗?
帮你真正纠正自己发音的永远是你自己
经常有同学找到老师要求老师帮助纠正发音,老师读过之后,同学会似懂非懂的点点头,当时好像是懂了,在老师的指导下发声,有时会有一两次发音对了,但是回去之后,发现感觉又回到了开始,其实靠听老师读几次是远远不够的,我们要反复的多听,复读机应该是我们练习发音最好的老师,磁带的发音会更加地道,而且没有有些外籍老师的口音,当然最重要的是他永远都会非常热心,不知疲倦的重复的念给你听。
改变发音的过程是是一个不断调整的过程,更是养成良好的发声习惯的过程
对于发音比较流利的有两种.其一是发音好坏并不重要,只要能说出口,大概能表达的意思也就可以了。这种说法不能认可。因为发音的好坏直接关系到听力及运用语言的自信。 其二是发音好了才可以练习开口表达,一味的只注重发音,对发音永远吹毛求疵,要知道发音是一种习惯,纠正发音的过程实际上是养成一种良好的发音习惯的过程,习惯的养成并非是一时一日,在养成了正确的发音习惯之后,应做到坚持每天去模仿,去运用,在不断模仿练习和运用的实践中不断提高发音的水平。我们的自己的小孩有哪一个是发音练习好了,才开口说话的呢?我们不都是在边模仿发音的同时开口学会说话的吗?
发音的练习模仿和表达能力的提高是同步进行的
有些同学们会把发音的练习提高看成是独立甚至是非常孤立的,其实一个只会把英文读得很好听的人,就好像一个只会在岸上挥舞着双臂说自己水性很好的人一样,没有一点实际的意义,语音的提高与练习就应该和阅读,听力,词汇,写作一样,不能被孤立开,是应该和语言能力中的听说一样,在边模仿边练习中同步的提高的。
正确发音习惯的养成,在很大程度上取决于你运用的多少
任何在运用语言的时候所犯的错误,会是发音提高的一个重要的阶段。就比如搏击手的技能除了在练习时的体会之外,只有在不断搏击体验中完善和提高。
语调的生动取决于我们英语表达的熟练程度和表达时的语境与心情
同学们过去曾花了很多时间在语调的模仿以及学习句子的句中疑问动词来训练自己的语调,而真正的有效的语调练习是要建立在能熟练的运用语言这门工具基础之上的,试想想,一个连站都站不稳,一个跚跚学步的人去学习如何走得有气质和风姿绰越,显然是无俚头的。
另外,如果很感兴趣,不妨推荐一个网站(不过要付费哟)

http://www.sprew.cn/index.php
当然也有免费的:
http://hi.baidu.com/%CE%DE%CF%DF%E5%75%B7%E7%EC%F5/blog/item/9ad70595b71760097af48024.html
*************************************
英语发音练习网络资源
转载自:http://hi.baidu.com/sxczwxzl/blog/item/8aae531b6d5618d0ac6e753c.html
牛津大学出版社香港中文站上,有一个英语音标Flash教程,《Guide to English Phonetc Symbols》(http://www.oupchina.com.hk/dict/phonetic/home.html),讲解的是牛津词典应用的DJ音标,是我目前能在网上找得到的制作最为精良的DJ音标教程。
爱荷华大学有一个在线的美国音标学习程序:《Phonetics: The Sound of American English》(http://www.uiowa.edu/%7Eacadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html)。该程序提供完整的FLASH图示,包括口腔侧面剖解图、发音步骤、真人正面口型示范。
更完整的IPA音标朗读示范,可以在Paul Meier(http://www.paulmeier.com/ipa/charts.html)的网站上找到。双元音朗读示范制作得非常直观——并且还同时提供了英音和美音的对照。
Paul Meier的网站上,还可以找得到各种英语方言的示范。比如,点击以下Flash画面,你可以听到Cockney口音的英文,看看你能否适应?
除此之外,你还能听到的口音有:Hampshire, Irish, Liverpool, Nother Ireland, Scottish, Welsh, Yorkshire; American Southern (Kentucky/Tennessee) , Deep South (Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississippi), Downeast New England, General New York, South Boston…以前提到过的这个网站上(http://alt-usage-english.org/audio_archive.shtml),也有很多不同口音的英语朗读示范。
想用好英语,确实应该先学音标。不过,以上的资料都可能太过高级。还不如用以下这个貌似稍嫌简陋但已经足够的FLASH教程。
这点基础打磨完毕,就可以进阶了。可能很多人并不知道,我的网站上有很多宝贝,比如这个:The Sound and Style of American English(http://www.xiaolai.net/misc/SSAE/)。(含MP3文件)David Allen Stern博士的经典。
关于商务英语
其实没有一个什么专门的商务英语概念。所谓商务英语,无非是英语加上一些固定的商务表述方法和词汇短语。无论什么角度来看,首先重要的是英语本身。语言的结构和表述方法是基本,所以应该从从基础开始。
商务英语首先是英语,我们大部分人外语只用学英语,这是一个幸运。
不论我们用什么样的眼光来看待,我都觉得外语只用学英语,这真是我们的一个幸运。当然大家都会说你站直了说话不腰疼,英语是我最痛苦的伤疤。的确,可是试想一个老外在学中文呢?或者试想你学的是日语或者德语呢?我大学的专业是英语,二外是日语,自己也自学了德语,其实日语的学习是痛苦,很痛苦的。日语是一种黏着语,助词、助动词是一定要搞懂的,另外动词的变形、名词的音读和训读、句型、惯用型,越学越难,离所谓的“日语似汉语”就越遥远。德语就更麻烦,所有的名词要有阴阳性,每一个词搭配的词也要符合这个规则,而很多阴阳性是没有规律的。动词要变位,要记住每一个的变位形式。英语却没有,或者说,几乎。当然它偶尔也要变位,比如I am, he is...但是不用每个词,每个时态吧。所以,第一步,商务英语首先是英语,要把语言本身的结构啃下来,英语总体来说和中文还是有对应的,I love you 就是我爱你,不像德语的Ich liebe dich.日语的あなたを愛しています。关于英语结构,什么语法之类的,我的推荐读物就是《薄冰英语语法》,中国学生的语法了得,大概因为在中学咱就把人家盎格鲁萨克逊人几百年搞得规则全部搞定。
商务英语其次是商务概念的英语表达
说白了,就是你的概念会不用英语表达。这个方面更像是词汇的学习。我们讲商务,就是要说话地道,感觉是操练过的。举个以前讲座时举过的例子,marketing,每个人都想想英语如何去解释?懂行的人就说,4C 或者 4P 或者 5P 或者 7P,什么乱七八糟的。当然了,这个就是商务的英语,比如4c就是指Customer need, cost,convenience, communication。好,那你用英文讲述一个市场观点的时候,从这个方面入手就很能镇住人。中国是一个大学都开商科,相信懂这个的不少,说得头头是道的也不少,那您英语哪?一个好办法,把你的商科的教材附录都拿出来看看,每一个词汇你的对应英文都明白么?
关于这个方面,我的推荐读物是,一个《MBA十日读》中英文的你都可以买到,不错的一本小书,中信出版社出的。另外要深入研究一下的话,可以看看Business或者Entrepreneurship之类的外文原版书,或者至少看看China Daily的商务版这类书目前多如牛毛,大家可以挑选比较一下。
商务英语的第三点是商务表达习惯的养成。
很多商务写作也是有一些习惯的。比如句子多讲究层次,I want,I will 这类直白的句型在正式的文件中都很少看到,我们会说,It will be great..for us to do...等等,另外一个所谓的商务表达习惯是一些所谓的“黑话”或者称之为“行话”(jargon),就是一个公司自己的一些说法,当然也有很多公司开始去模仿。例如一份公司内部的英语文件充斥着字典上八辈子也查不到的 Macom, KPI, FYI, AFAIK, HTH:
Macom=Management Committee,管理层
KPI=Key performance index 核心指标
FYI=For your information 供你参考
AFAIK=As far as I know,据我所知
HTH=Hope this helps 希望有所帮助
这个部分需要的是积累和从有经验的人那里多多请教,其实不难,但是好像这样说就是一个职场身份的标记。
商务英语第四部分不可忽视的是听力,或者说是对英语的敏感。
这个方面很重要,你将来的老板也许说的语音比你都差!比如什么印度佬啊,巴基斯坦人啊,南美某个国家的人呀,这可都是我在日本时的痛苦经历。但是他们讲的句子和用词都是符合商务规范的,你需要掌握的就是对这个部分的敏感程度。很多语境你可以猜到,如果你听得够多。目前其实我们有很多条件,CCTV-9的BIZ China就有很多很不错的素材,有一定功底的同学应该上网多听听CNN financial(www.cnn.com可以找到)和Bloomberg(www.bloomberg.com)的财经新闻。只要你坚持练习,你的商务知识和听力敏感一定可以获得大的提高。
商务英语的第五部分就是要有阅读的积累
商务英语的阅读其实是很模式话的,如果你经常看一些英语的财经报纸的话。可以说,要想真正的掌握商务英语,就要每天的大量阅读。商务的世界每天都在变化,都会有很多新的词汇和概念出来,要想走在别人前面,就要有扎实的功底和广阔的知识面。麦肯锡和很多银行的面试就有一个重要的环节,甩给你一份当天的华尔街日报,半个小时看完,写一篇报告!能去这样的地方绝对是你职业能力的一个巨大考验也是巨大认可。大家可以上网查查一些渠道去大的投行和外资金融机构争取好的实习机会,推荐大家多多看看商务类的英语报纸和杂志 我每天都会看看Financial Times(www.ft.com)。
商务英语的最后一个部分,如果你需要考试,BEC或者TOEIC,这个有同学开始在问我,证是一定要去拿的,早拿必晚拿好,快拿比慢拿好,拿了比不拿好!你可以现在就去考试,但是对不起,你如果前面的基础工作都不做,那商务英语的学习还不如大学英语!










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